Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry.pdf

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Triclinic Boric Acid WHAT IS MATTER? Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. CLASSIFICA...

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY Triclinic Boric Acid WHAT IS MATTER? Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER Composed predominantly of atoms (building blocks of matter, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons), Pure Substance molecules (groups of atoms bonded together), and ions Cannot be separated to other materials by any (charged particles formed when atoms gain or lose physical process. electrons). Types: Interconvertible with energy. ○ Elements ○ Compounds STATES OF MATTER Element Solid > Liquid = Melting One type of atom. Liquid > Gas = Vaporization Has definite chemical composition and cannot be Gas > Plasma = Ionization decomposed by simple physical or chemical means Plasma > Gas = Deionization into two or more different substances. Gas > Liquid = Condensation Liquid > Solid = Freezing Compound Made up of two or more different types of atoms but are still one type of molecule. States/Phases of Matter Cannot be changed into a simpler substance under Phases Volume Shape Particle Particle normal laboratory conditions. of arrangement Movement Matter Mixture Made up of two or more pure substances, which are Solid Fixed Fixed Touching each None not chemically combined, and can be separated by other physical processes. Types: Liquid Fixed None Still touching; Fluid ○ Heterogeneous Mixture molds to ○ Homogeneous Mixture container Gas None None Far apart; fills Freely Heterogeneous Mixture container moving Two or more distinct phases. completely Substances are not distributed evenly and sections look differently. e.g. oil and water. PLASMA (MESOPHASE/LIQUID CRYSTALS) Homogeneous Mixture Has solid-like and flow-like properties. Only one phase or single phase. Resembles those of a crystal in the formation of loosely All substances are distributed evenly. ordered molecular arrays similar to a regular crystalline Every section looks the same. lattice and anisotropic refraction of light. E.g. sugar and water. E.g. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Types: ○ Solution TWO MAIN TYPES OF LIQUID CRYSTALS ○ Suspension or Coarse Mixture ○ Colloids Smectic - Soap or grease-like Nematic - Thread-like Solution - A uniform mixture composed of solute and solvent, wherein atoms, molecules, or ions of the BOARD EXAM REVIEW substance become dispersed. E.g. salt in water. Solvent - A substance that dissolves a solute, Six Distinct Crystal System Example resulting in a solution. E.g. Water (“universal solvent”) Solute - Smaller amount of substance that is added to Cubic Sodium Chloride the solvent. Tetragonal Urea Suspension or Coarse Mixture - Homogeneous dispersion where solid particles are dispersed throughout a liquid or Hexagonal Iodoform gas but are not dissolved; finely divided solid materials distributed in a liquid. E.g. mud in water. Rhombic Iodine Monoclinic Sucrose  Colloids - Contain particles bigger than those in solutions - Melting point and Freezing point but smaller than those in suspension. E.g. milk. - pH - Particles of solute are not broken down to the size of - Color the molecules but are small dispersed throughout - Concentration the medium. - Optical activity - Boiling point - Temperature Solution Colloids Suspensions EXTENSIVE/EXTRINSIC PROPERTIES Solutes Well-dispersed Dispersed Dispersed Particles Small Bigger than Bigger than Mass dependent. solution colloids Example: Solubility Highly soluble Soluble Insoluble - Volume - Weight Water Milk Mud + H2O - Pressure Tyndall PHYSICAL CHANGES IN MATTER Effect Change in phase. Brownian The chemical composition of the substance is unchanged. Motion Only the rearrangement of molecules changes. E.g. Liquid water > Ice Tyndall Effect - The scattering of light by particles in a colloid or a fine suspension. It causes the beam of light to CHEMICAL CHANGES IN MATTER become visible as it passes through the colloid or suspension due to the scattering of light by the small In both intrinsic and extrinsic properties. particles. Change in chemical composition. Chemical bonds between atoms must break and form to generate completely new substances. E.g. 2H + O > H2O PHYSICAL CHANGES/PHASE TRANSFORMATION Brownian Motion - It is the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas) resulting from TYPES OF CHANGES Melting From liquid to solid, usually caused by heating. collisions with the fast-moving molecules of the fluid. Melting Point - Temperature at which Founded by Robert Brown. crystalline changes to liquid. PROPERTIES OF MATTER Solidification From liquid to solid of a substance (can INTENSIVE/INTRINSIC PROPERTIES also be due to chemical reactions, not just cooling) which is a solid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Characteristics of any sample of the substance regardless of the shape or size of the sample. Freezing From liquid to solid, caused by cooling a Mass dependent. liquid. Example: Freezing Point - Temperature at which - Density  chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of those liquid turns into crystalline solid. atoms to give new combinations. Theory: The Billiard Ball Model - Atoms are hard Boiling From liquid to gaseous (vapor) at a temperature called boiling point. indestructible spheres. ○ Was disapproved when Subatomic Particles Boiling Point - Increased in temperature, were discovered. the vapor pressure equals to atmospheric pressure, resulting in formation of bubbles Joseph John Thompson - Discovered “electron.” of gas within the liquid. Cathode Ray Experiment - Particles ejected from a neutral material were shown to have a negative 1 atm - Atmosphere at seas level; where boiling points are measured. electrical charge since they are attracted to a positively charged metal plate. *Note: Temperature is proportional to Theory: Plum Pudding Model - Distribution of pressure; water boils at lower temperature electrons in a positively charged environment. at higher altitude because of the decrease “An atom is a sphere of positive particles”. in pressure. Ernest Rutherford - Discovered “nucleus.” Evaporation Molecules within the liquid-gas interphase going into the gas phase; from liquid to Disproved the Thompson’s Theory 5 years later. gaseous (vapor) due to the escape of Gold Foil Experiment - Positively charged alpha molecules from the surface. particles are fired at a thin foil of gold, resulting in most passing through but 1/18k scattering wildly with Vapor Pressure - Possessed by any liquid high energy in random directions. where some particles will spontaneously 99% passed while