Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Lecture_removed.pdf

5. Calcium hydroxide B2.3 Barium - “hydrated lime or slaked lime” - Mixed with 3-4x of water → “Milk of Lime” Barium ▪ Yellowish green in non-luminous flam...

5. Calcium hydroxide B2.3 Barium - “hydrated lime or slaked lime” - Mixed with 3-4x of water → “Milk of Lime” Barium ▪ Yellowish green in non-luminous flame - Saturated aqueous solution → “Lime Water” ▪ Ba+2 is highly toxic - Uses: ▫ Antacid 1. Barium chloride ▫ Mild astringent - Used in the treatment of Stokes-Adams disease ▫ Saponifying agent for oils “heart-block” - Veterinary use: constipation in horses 6. Calcium oxide - Rat poison - “Lime, Calx, Quicklime” - Slaking: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 2. Barium sulfate - Used in making insecticides - Radiopaque contrast media ▫ Oral: Barium meal 7. Sulfurated Lime Solution ▫ Rectal: Barium enema - “Vleminckx’ Solution” - Commercial use: making lithopone paints - Lime + sublimed sulfur - Treatment of acne 3. Barium hydroxide - “Caustic baryta” 8. Dibasic calcium phosphate - Aqueous solution → baryta water - Source of calcium and phosphorus - Use: CO2-absorbent - Can be supplied with ▫ Vitamin D → increases Ca absorption 4. Barium nitrate - Used in manufacture of green fire 9. Tribasic calcium phosphate - Precipitated calcium phosphate 5. Barium oxide - “Bone ash” - “Calcined baryta” - Antacid - Used in manufacture of hydrogen peroxide 10. Bleaching Powder 6. Barium sulfide - Chlorinated Lime, Chloride of Lime - Depilatory – removes hair from skin - CaOCl(Cl) H2O - Disinfectant, bleaching agent B2.4 Beryllium 11. Calcium sulfate Beryllium - As dihydrate → Gypsum – filler for wall paper ▪ Named after mineral beryl - As hemihydrate → Plaster of Paris - used in surgery ▪ Aka “glucinum” – sweet taste for making casts ▪ Be+2 – toxic 12. Calcium sulfide ▪ Never employed in medicine; used in wires for pianos - Sulfurated lime, calcic liver of sulfur, hepar calcis and scientific instruments - Treatment of acne B2.5 Magnesium B2.2 Strontium ▪ First isolated by Sir Humphry Davy, named after town Strontium called Magnesia ▪ Isolated by Sir Humphry Davy (through electrolysis) ▪ Found in the forms of ▪ Found in nature in the form of sulfate (barite, heavy spar) - Talc – native hydrated magnesium silicate ▪ Crimson red in non-luminous flame - Dolomite – CaCO3 MgCO3 ▪ Similar with Ca+2 ion but has weaker effect and less toxic - Kieserite – native magnesium sulfate ▪ Burns with a blinding white light – used in photography 1. Strontium bromide and pyrotechnics - sedative ▪ Mg-salts are laxative. 2. Strontium hydroxide ▪ Mg+2 - 2nd most abundant cation in the ICF - Used in sugar industry 1. Magnesium carbonate 3. Strontium nitrate - “Magnesia alba” - Used in pyrotechnics - Antacid, laxative - Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups - Abrasive in tooth powders //notes.piclec.kdo.1-2223 14  2. Magnesium citrate ▪ Cu ions - Laxative, cathartic - protein precipitant, fungicide - astringent, emetic 3. Magnesium hydroxide - acts as catalyst for the storage and release of iron - Antacid with mild laxative effect - Magnesia magma ▫ “Milk of Magnesia” ▪ Menke’s Disease - Cu Deficiency ▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO ▪ Wilson’s Disease - Cu Toxicity - Hepatolenticular degeneration 4. Magnesium oxide - Antidote: - Antacid, laxative ▫ British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) or Dimercaprol - “Magnesia” ▫ Penicillamine ▫ Light – made by heating MgCO3 to dull redness ▪ Copper alloys ▫ Heavy – MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → heat ▫ Brass – Cu + Zn 5. Tribasic magnesium phosphate ▫ Bronze – Cu + Sn - Antacid ▫ German silver – Cu + Zn + Ni ▫ Sterling – Cu + Ag 6. Magnesium sulfate - As heptahydrate → Epsom salt 1. Cupric citrate - Saline cathartic - Astringent, antiseptic 7. Magnesium trisilicate 2. Cupric sulfate - Antacid with adsorbent and protective property - “Blue vitriol or blue stone” - Emulsifying agent - Component of Fehling’s solutions and Benedict’s solution → solutions used to detect reducing sugars 8. Asbestos - Emetic - Fibrous minerals and poor heat conductors - Antidote for phosphorus poisoning 9. Talc 3. Cupric acetate and acetic acid - native hydrated magnesium silicate - Components of Barfoed’s reagent – test for reducing - filtering agent sugars 4. Basic cupric acetate B3. Group IB – The Coinage Metals - “Green verdigris” General Properties 5. Cupric hydrogen arsenite ▪ Cu, Ag, Au - “Scheele’s mineral, Swedish Green” - employed for ornamental and coinage purposes - “Noble metals” 6. Cupric acetoarsenite ▪ Occur free in nature - “Paris Green, Parrot Green” ▪ Chemically inert - Insecticide ▪ Slowly oxidized in air 7. CuSO4 ∙ 5H2O and CaO ▪ Malleable and ductile - “Bordeaux mixture” ▪ Best Metals for electrical conductivity - algaecide and fungicide for swimming pool - 1st Ag → 2nd Cu → 3rd Au ▪ Best Metals for heat conductivity - 1st Ag → 2nd Au → 3rd Cu B3.2 Silver ▪ Possess oligodynamic effect Silver - toxic effect of metals on microbes ▪ Latin name Argentum, “shining” ▪ white metal with metallic luster ▪ Ag+ ion B3.1 Copper - Protein precipitant Copper ▫ Colloidal silver preparations ▪ Latin name Cuprum, from “Cyprus” where many ores are - Antiseptic, astringent mined - Irritant, corrosive ▪ red metal - Argyria ▪ Cu+2 salts – blue to emerald green in non-luminous flame ▫ darkening of skin due to long period of use of silver preparations //notes.piclec.kdo.1-2223 15  1. Silver nitrate ▪ Chrysotherapy - Eye antiseptic for newborn babies - Treatment of diseases (especially RA) with gold - Silver nitrate pencil compounds ▫ Lunar caustic - Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) ▫ Toughened silver nitrate 1. Sodium aurothiomalate - Ammoniacal silver nitrate solution ▫ Howe’s solution ▫ Commonly used gold-based DMARD 2. Mild silver protein (19-23% Ag) 2. Auranofin - “Mild protargin” ▫ Orally available gold drug for RA - Mild antiseptic - Brands: Silvol, Argyrol 3. Gold-198 3. Strong protein silver (7.5-8.5% Ag) ▫ Radioactive isotope, anticancer - “Strong protargin” 4. Gold and sodium thiosulfate Complex - Stronger antiseptic action than mild silver protein - IV treatment of lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid - Brand: Protargol arthritis 4. Colloidal silver chloride - Antiseptic B4. Group IIB - The Zinc Group 5. Colloidal silver iodide - Antiseptic Zn, Cd, Hg 6. Silver sulfadiazine - prophylaxis, treatment of infections in burn wounds B4.1 Zinc 7. Silver bromide Zinc - Antiseptic ▪ Bivalent, +2 - Photography ▪ Burns with bluish-white flame ▪ Use of Zn metal 8. Silver oxide - Galvanizing iron → protects from corrosion - CO absorbent - Used in batteries 9. Silver picrate ▪ Use of Zn+2 ion - Picragol, Picrotol - Protein precipitant - Antiseptic - Astringent - Mild antiseptic B3.3 Gold - Adjuvant in insulin preparations to enhance stability ▪ Zn poisoning (Antidote: NaHCO3) Gold ▪ Zn deficiency (Parakeratosis) ▪ Latin name Aurum, “shining dawn, aurora” ▪ “King of all metals” 1. Zinc acetate - Due to color, scarcity and permanency - Astringent - Universal symbol of highest purity and value - Mild antiseptic - Most malleable and ductile metal 2. Zinc chloride ▪ Yellow color - Escharotic for gangrenous sores ▪ Selenic acid - As mouthwash - antiseptic and astringent - Only single acid that can dissolve gold - For embalming and preservation of the anatomical ▪ Aqua regia Specimens - Best reagent for dissolving gold - A mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (1:3) 3. Zinc iodide ▪ Pure gold = 24-carat or 1000 fine - antiseptic % 𝐴𝑢 = 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑥 100 % 𝐴𝑢 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑥 100 4. Iodine and Zinc oxide glycerite 24 1000 - Diluted Talbot’s solution - Antiseptic and astringent ▪ Pure gold is too soft → often alloyed with Cu or Ag for hardness 5. Zinc oxide ▪ Uses: - Zinc white, Chinese white - Gilding and plating - Antiseptic and astringent - As dental crowns, bridges and inlays (gold leaf) //notes.piclec.kdo.1-2223 16  - As ointment or dusting powder – treatment of B4.3 Mercury eczema, psoriasis, pruritis - Used in manufacture of adhesive tape Mercury - Used as paint pigment ▪ Latin name hydrargyrum, “Liquid silver or quick silver” - Calamine ▪ Shining silvery-white metal liquid ▫ 98% ZnO + 2% ferric oxide ▪ Forms amalgams (alloys) with many metals ▫ Very fine pink powder ▪ HYDRARGYRISM – chronic Hg poisoning ▫ Used in the form of powder, ointment or lotion – - Minamata disease – methylmercury poisoning in treatment of skin diseases Japan - Zinc-eugenol cement ▪ Pharmaceutical uses of Mercury ▫ 70% ZnO - Elemental Mercury ▫ Dental filler ▫ Quicksilver, hydrargyrum - Zinc oxide paste ▫ As ointment - treatment of syphilis and crab-louse ▫ Lassar’s plain zinc paste infestation - Zinc oxide hard paste ▫ Used in metallurgy of gold and silver ▫ Unna’s hard zinc paste ▫ Used in amalgams, thermometers, barometers - Mild mercurial ointment 6. Medicinal Zinc peroxide ▫ Blue ointment - Mixture of zinc peroxide, zinc carbonate and zinc ▫ 9-10% Hg hydroxide ▫ Parasiticide - Sterilized dry powder used in controlling surgical - Strong mercurial ointment infections due to anerobic bacteria ▫ Mercurial ointment 7. Zinc stearate ▫ 47.5-52.5% Hg - Dusting powder - antiseptic and astringent ▫ Treatment of syphilis - Mercury Mass 8. Zinc sulfate ▫ Blue Mass, Blue Pill - As heptahydrate – White vitriol ▫ Cathartic - Emetic and astringent - Mercury with Chalk - Mordant in dye – intensify or fixed stains ▫ laxative - White Lotion ▫ Lotion alba 1. Ammoniated mercury ▫ Zinc sulfate + potassium sulfide - “White precipitate” - Sulfide – for skin disease - As dusting powder – treatment of eczema and - Zinc - astringent parasitic skin diseases 2. Mercuric chloride B4.2 Cadmium - Corrosive sublimate, mercury bichloride Cadmium - Extremely poisonous ▪ Bivalent, +2 - Germicidal ▪ Uses - 0.10% concentration - Disinfectant hand wash - Electroplating with no high polish or luster desired - Used in preparing Yellow Lotion (Lotio flava, Yellow - Rust-proofing wash) ▪ Cd+2 ion 3. Mercuric cyanide - Similar action with Zn+2 ion but more toxic - Antiseptic, antisyphilitic - Poisoning → death due to arresting respiration ▪ Itai-itai disease - mass cadmium poisoning in Japan 4. Mercuric iodide - Mixed with KI to prepare Mayer’s reagent – a testing 1. Cadmium sulfate agent for alkaloids - Astringent in ophthalmic practice - Mayer’s reagent + KOH → Nessler’s reagent (test for 2. Cadmium sulfide ammonia in water) - Employed as yellow pigment “Jaune Brilliant” - Irritant poison - Action similar to mercuric chloride - Used to prepare Donovan’s Solution //notes.piclec.kdo.1-2223 17