PHA112+Micro+1+%28Intro%292020.pdf

MPharm Programme Introduction to Microbiology Dr Callum Cooper [email protected] Microbiology textbooks Willey J.M. et al. Prescott’s Microbiology (8th ed.) Publisher: McGraw- Hill Higher Education. Madigan M.T. et al. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th ed.) Publisher: Pearson. Denye...

MPharm Programme Introduction to Microbiology Dr Callum Cooper [email protected] Microbiology textbooks Willey J.M. et al. Prescott’s Microbiology (8th ed.) Publisher: McGraw- Hill Higher Education. Madigan M.T. et al. Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th ed.) Publisher: Pearson. Denyer S.P et al. Hugo & Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8th ed.) Publisher: Blackwell publishing Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's: Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization, (5th ed.) Publisher Wiley-Blackwell EVERYTHING CAN BE USED FOR EXAM QUESTIONS! Learning Objectives Gain awareness of basic microbiology principles What is microbiology What are microorganisms How do we study microbes Describe and provide examples of relevant areas in which microbiology plays an important role Human health and wellbeing Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology What is microbiology? Microbiology is the generic term for the study of microorganisms (microbes) Includes but is not limited to bacteria, viruses, fungi, archea, parasites and protozoa Studies individual microbes and also communities of microbes Microbiology has a huge impact in a variety of fields… Fermented foods, baking, brewing, wine making Water and sewage treatment Agriculture and spoilage Study of pathogens and infectious disease Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology What are microbes? Microorganisms (microbes) are microscopic (1,000,000 tonnes/year produced Uses as an acidity regulator or flavouring Proteases Bacillus licheniformis (bacterium) Produces alkaline protease in response to nutrient limitation Enzymes used in laundry detergent Alkaline proteases digest protein-based stains > 1,000 tonnes/year produced Biotechnology: natural medicinal products Natural products of microbial origin include: Antimicrobials Penicillins, streptomycin (Fungi) Endolysins (Viral) Cholesterol lowering-agents Lovastatin (Fungi) Neurotoxins Botulinum toxin (Bacteria) Biotechnology: recombinant medicinal products Bacteria can be genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins; e.g Insulin (humulin) First produced in 1978 by Genetech then licenced to Eli Lilly In use > 25 years Recombinant Vaccines e.g. Gardasil Targets Human papilloma virus (HPV) Contains recombinant viral protein produced in a bacterium Microbial Spoilage Microbes can utilize almost anything to gain nutrients… Including NUCLEAR WASTE Microbial spoilage can be defined as the deterioration of a product by a contaminating microbe Pharmaceutical products can also be spoiled by microbes Can target raw materials or finished products Causes economic loss Increases risks to patients by affecting safety and quality Practical microbiology: Growing microbes In general, microbes can be grown in the laboratory using solid or liquid media; Nutrient rich Non-selective Specialist media exists… Identify unknown microbes Selectively culture specific microbes Practical microbiology: Looking at microbes Viruses Bacteria RBC (~100nm) (1-2µm) (~8µm) 1nm 10nm 100nm 1µm 10µm 100µm Chicken Egg (40-50mm) 1mm 10mm Naked eye Light microscope Electron microscope 100mm Practical microbiology: Molecular microbiology Extract genetic components DNA Targeted regions e.g PCR Whole genome sequencing RNA Gene expression Extract cell components Protein Immunological Profiling Structural studies Sequencing Summary What is microbiology and what are microbes ? Areas in which microbiology is important and relevant to pharmacy; Health and disease Biotechnology and industry How microbes are studied in the laboratory Extra reading Chapter 1: Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology Brock Microbiology Part I section 1 Prescott's Microbiology Part IX