Pharm 332 - Microbiology & Public Health Handout v2 2023 PDF

PHARM 332: Module 6 MICROBIOLOGY & PUBLIC HEALTH  HI STOR Y A N D N OTA BL E SCI EN TI STS e.g. cork cell * All living things A Robert Hooke...

PHARM 332: Module 6 MICROBIOLOGY & PUBLIC HEALTH  HI STOR Y A N D N OTA BL E SCI EN TI STS e.g. cork cell * All living things A Robert Hooke Cell theory My] came from cells A Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Father of Microbiology Francesco Redi Opposed Theory of Spontaneous Generation John Needham Theory of Spontaneous Generation To Needham: “Microbes entered after boiling because your flask is open!” Lazzaro Spallanzani From Needham: “Vital force was lost because you covered your flask, you bastard.” Oxygen is important to life Anton Laurent Lavoisier To Spallanzani: “There was not enough Oxygen in the flask to support life!” Rudolf Virchow Proposed Theory of Biogenesis: ‘Omni Cellula Celluli’ ‘Microorganisms are present in air, but air itself does not create microbes’ # Louis Pasteur (Pasteur Flask) "swan-neck flask" Coined “vaccine” (developed immunity for anthrax, rabies, cholera) Fermentation, Pasteurization -in treating surgical wounds * Joseph Lister Father of Antiseptic Surgery (Phenol/Carbolic acid) Father of Microbiological Techniques, Koch Postulate, Germ Theory M. tuberculosis (Koch’s bacilli) * Robert Koch B. anthracis V. cholerae Richard Petri Petri dish ~Proper handwashing A Ignaz Semmelweis Surgical handwashing to prevent Puerperal Childbirth Fever MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY Istantimicrobial * Paul Ehrlich Father of Chemotherapy (Salvarsan) - * Emil von Behring Diphtheria toxin # Domaqk Prontosil * Alexander Fleming Penicillin * Florey and Chain Penicillin use in therapy A Selman Waksman Streptomycin Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccine * 1 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  hindiagad marecognize ng immune system ~ Mammals Capsule BA CTER I A L CEL L M plan,sell wall L mimic normal substances in the hostcells blood cell, etc. Archaea Bacteria can live in extreme environment e.g. Vitaminerals, (Ev Me) - Cell Component Prokaryotic Bacteria Eukaryotic exposed - Nucleus - contains DNA No -[Nucleoid) and nucleus Yes - True Nucleus Nuclear membrane No Yes Organelles No Yes DNA No histones Linear, associated with histones Cell wall Peptidoglycan None in animals and protozoa only Division Binary fission Mitosis Sexual Recombination None, DNA transfer only Meiosis Ribosomes 70s 80s, 70s in organelles Bacterial Cell Component Description Use Polysaccharide or polypeptide Evasion of phagocytosis Capsule Welch method/Negative staining Adherence/Attachment Resistance to - India ink or Nigrosin desiccation Peptidoglycan (NAG, NAM) Endotoxin (G-) - Lipoprotein (lipid A) Shape Cell Wall Resistance to lysis - More heat stable than exo - MOA: Release TNF Adherence (fimbriae)Conjugation Hair-like structures Pilus/Fimbriae (pilus) Pilin (protein) Virulence Motility Chemotaxis Flagellum Flagellin (protein) Run and tumble movement Survival Spore Dipicolinic acid (heat resistance) Heat and chemical resistance MI CR OBI A L GR OW T H Physical Requirements 1. Temperature Psychrophiles - cold loving (0°C) Psychrotrophs - grow in refrigerator (20-30°C) Mesophiles - moderate (25-40°C) body temperature Thermophiles - heat loving (50-60°C) Hyperthermophiles - extreme thermophiles (80°C) *Minimum growth temperature, Maximum growth temperature, Optimum growth temperature 2. pH (Optimum: 6.5-7.5) Acidophiles, Alkaliphiles, Neutrophile Istomach Saginal, /intestines probiotic Clactobacillus) - depends on pH 2 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  ISOLUTE SUCKS L sucks out the Osmosis - hypertonic solid a liquid cell the water regarideinside hypotonic a Laffects tonicity - - isotonic (ideal) ↑ absorbs Hed releases H20* solute - = Labsorbs 3. Osmotic Pressure/Salt Concentration Her Extreme halophiles - require high concentration for growth Obligate halophiles - grows at extremely high concentration (nearly 30%) Facultative halophiles - require high salt but can grow at concentrations up to 2% Chemical Requirements 1. Carbon Chemoheterotrophs - get C from their source of energy (CHON, CHO, lipids) Chemoautotrophs & Photoautotrophs - get C from carbon dioxide 2. N, S, P, Trace elements need oxygen *Acrobes * Facultative - could live w/ or mout certain element Oxygen 3. Snot - Anaerobes * of oxygen - absence all microbes * need -can live wout oxygen Obligate - Arly needs oxygen Bacterial Physiology Generation Time – time for bacteria to double in size and split into two Growth Curve ③ 1. Lag Phase (0) bacteria gather energy nutrients - the starts to - - 2. Log Phase/Exponential Growth Phase (1) multiplies; - bacterial cells a ① 3. Stationary Phase (2) stop;platue; peak pagdami - ng 4. Death Phase/Logarithmic umm Decline Phase (3) Idedine - immune system acts -taking drugs/meds CULTURE MEDIA Nutrient materials prepared for the growth & cultivation of organisms in the laboratory Types of Culture Media Synthetic/ Chemically Defined Media (notnatural composition is exactly known. used in microbial assay Purpose: Growth of /make Chemoautotrophs, Photoautotrophs, & Biological Assays. their instead of own food sunlight using energy from chemical reactions Charnesandlighttraderenewed threeenergy Non-synthetic/ Complex Media I natural quantity/composition -notknown exact from natural (media) sources sources composition is not exactly known beef broth, agar Purpose: Growth of most Chemoheterotrophs organisms. Differential Media differentiate organisms, using color reactions ;color change Purpose: Differentiate of colonies of desired microbes from others. Ex: MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar, Eosin Methylene 3 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  will ~only compatible grow Selective Media allows growth of some organisms, inhibits the growth of some. Purpose: Suppression of unwanted microbes; encouraging desired microbes. Examples Microorganism Grown McConkey Agar G(-)organism Mannitol Salt Agar Staphylococci Eosin Methylene Blue lactose and sucrose fermentation Brilliant GreenAagar Salmonellla Bismuth Nitrate Agar * Sauboraud’s Dextrose Agar Fungi Loefflers Serum Corynebacterium diphtheriae Middle Brook Agar M. Tuberculosis Lowenstein- Jensen Thayer-Martin Agar Neisseria Bordet-Gengou Agar Bordetella pertussis Campy-BAP Campylobacter NY EAST STAIN (ATS) Skirrow’s Agar L microbacterium only ⑦ Carbolfuchsin (red or pink) di mamatal para microbacterium and L primary stain matinghead and (* sample) color the number of (mordant) Steam-magiging ~Pamparami - & Application of heat matanggal and hindim icrobacterium ③ Acid alcohol (decolorizer) - Enrichment Media - if certain microbes destroy blue (countertain) ④ Methylene A Kapag pink, (t) and microbacterium contain added nutrients Lhindimicobacterium (blueish color) cultivation of Fastidious Organisms. Purpose: Similar to selective media but designed to increase numbers of desired microbes to detectable levels. Ex: Chocolate Agar, Blood Agar ① Crystal violet (primary stain) all microbes will become people (bram(+) Grams-1) - or Isneep'sbloodandhood (sheep'sbadat ② Mordant (iodine) - will intensify the color of primary stain GRAM SAAINING retain purple dye in Grams) bacteria - matatanggal and Gram of bacteri a Staining Methods -to A ③ Decolorizer (Alcoholwash) decolorize the color - (purple ( Gram (-) L Gram (t) Gram (t) bacteria will stay pink ④ Safranin (counterstain) - Lana nawagging purple pink (oram ofbasterial - - Stain Uses aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye. I. Simple used to highlight microorganisms to determine cellular shapes & arrangements react differently w/ different kinds of bacteria in order to distinguish II. Differential among them one of the most useful procedures because it classifies bacteria Gram Stain into two large groups: gram(+) & gram(-) used to distinguish Mycobacterium species & some species of Acid-fast Stain Nocardia used to color & isolate specific parts of microorganisms, such as III. Special capsules, endospores & flagella sometimes used as diagnostic aid. 4 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  Negative Stain used to demonstrate the presence of capsules Endospore Stain used to detect the presence of endospore Flagella Stain used to demonstrate the presence of flagella ⑧8- cocci Icoccus/grapes OpP-bacilli Idongated here streptocOCCUS L chain onnected 1side only 88:tennisncket on cocciin BACTERIOLOGY Other infections caused by S. aureus Sty, boil, cellulitis, impetigo, osteomyelitis · Pneumonia whitish or yellowish ~ Mucopurulentsputum * Gram-Positive Bacteria SPURPLE) 'punong-puno sputum CAP ng pus and Streptococcus viridans acquired premonia I community “green” /locsi in clusters found in the skin epidermis) 2.9 Furude-may Normal flora of the oral cavity pus Staphylococcus aureus Sgrapes) carbuncle a group of furundles Streptocccus mutans attracted to carbohydrates - * -G(+) cocci - - normal flora/microbiota Causes Chalitosis bad breath, dental carries CHO to lactic acid Lit could be pathogenic Kapag pumunta sa area no hindin aman nag-ggrow Folliculitis Infection of the hair follicle causing red, pus-filled Complication: brain abscess swollen follicles Streptococcus pyogenes Red - Impetigo drying skin - to Most virulent, important human pathogen Small, flattened, red patches on the face and limbs CM: which develop into pus filled vesicles that eventually o Scarlet Fever sIs:strawberry-like tongue - crust over.  Aka. Scarletina, erysipelas Necrotizing Fasciitis *  ID: Dick’s test AKA pyoderma using tampons who do not it Enzyme responsible: o Impetigo rashes · - ladies Toxic Shock Syndrome change regularly Deoxyribonuclease  Aka pyoderma - -streptokinase  s/s: yellow crusted lesions Occurs in young women scalding of the skin * Hyaluronidase (face) Caused by TSST 1 - Isobrang pamamal at S/Sx: Treatment: o Sepsis · PCN o Infectious endocarditis - Fever clindamycin - Hypotension o Tonsilitis, Strep throat (3-5x/yr = Erythoderma wit desquamation complications) if left untreated, itwill lead to endocarditis - Profuse diarrhea o Pharyngitis Multi-organ involvement Complications (1-4 weeks after infection) o Acute Rheumatic Fever Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome  Heart murmurs S/Sx:  Aschoff’s nodule Perioral erythema with sunburn like rash rapidly turning formation in the heart bright red then spreading to bullae which later on valves desquamates o Acute Glomerulonephritis o Rx: Penicillin V Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Rheumatic Heart Disease * (RAD) - permanent damage A enzymes Caused by ingestion of enterotoxin in the values of heart I breakdown certain Second most common cause of acute food poisoning Streptococcus agalactiae substances S/Sx: Normal flora of female genitalia possible damage permanent CM: neonatal sepsis/meningitis (from mother) ~ Acute salivation Scontamination of the blood - through vertical transmission Nausea - CS or cesarean (prevention] Vomiting Enterococcus (faecalis, faecium, durans) Abdominal cramps CM: Watery diarrhea o liver, intestinal abscess Gastroenteritis o UTI Septicemia Streptococcus bovis it will cause colon cancer;makikita lang siya - not Associated with age extremes, CVD, decompensated Normal flora of the colon diabetes, and heroin addicts Common org. isolated among patients with May complicate to endocarditis colon cancer blackening * * Indication of cancer 5 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  flesh-eating bacteria Clostridium perfringens- Spore-forming Gram-Positive CM: Gas Gangrene the odor that it will - create S/S: Myonecrosis – liberation of foul smelling gas Genus containing ENDOSPORE Rods ID Test: Nagler’s Test Lit will give extra RESISTANCE - Bacillus - Clostridium Tx Options: Clostridium o Amputation / Endigine resistance - in to bacteria ~clinically approved o Maggots – eat necrotic tissue i regenerate healthy to tissues Bacillus anthracis o Hyperbaric chambers – allows O2 to Only bacteria with an amino acid capsule penetrate for blood flow Causes anthrax ding ~improper use Cutaneous: exotoxin causes localized tissue pus-like Clostridium difficile (large intestine necrosis “black eschar lesions” Respiratory: “Woolsorter’s” disease ↑ Normal flora of colon of inflammation the colon CM: Pseodomembranous colitis GI: rare but fatal ; diarrhea o S/S: bloody diarrhea, abdominal Normal flora of sheep, goat, cattle cramps Encapsulated (with D-glutamic acid in capsule) o Associated with use of broad spectrum ID test: MacFaydean reaction test antibiotics Medusa head colony appearance Bacillus cereus found in fried rice - Non-spore forming Gram positive Non-encapsulated, motile Produces exotoxin Rods Causes food poisoning: emetic/diarrheal Corynebacterium diphtheriae ~beneficial Bacillus subtilis CM: UTI API V-shaped or palisades “Chinese lettering” I irregularly shape Source of Bacitracin (wound of Margaret Pleomorphic; aerobic/facultative anaerobic Tracey) mmm Treacy Non-motile, non-encapsulated endospore obligate anaerobes Screening test: Schick contains Clostridium botulinum - botulism Lab Dx: Loeffler’s slant / Normal flora of animals · Virulence:Diphtheria toxin-whitish patch in tonsils found in soil Inh. Release of(no Ach in skeletal muscles (HPLM) or contraction Listeria monocytogenes Human Perinatal - listeriosis Meningitis underground Acquired by humans through: Has tumbling end-over-end motility at 22C but o Deep wound infection not at 37C Formations of Hagella * o Consumption of vacuum packed or Facultative anaerobe ① MonotrichOUs flagellum in canned foods one side one Catalase ( ) - ② Lofotrichous o Consumption of honey by infants Produces hemolysin -two side or more in one S/S: limbs Only G(+) with endotoxin ③ Amphitrichous ~liliityung o Flaccid Paralysis both sides - Cold-loving - ·  Lack of muscle tone, “Flappy Propionibacterium acnes ④Peritrichous baby syndrome” More common in males due to inc. testosterone  Starts with facial muscles and sebum o Diaphragmatic paralysis – respiratory CM: Acne arrest S/S: comedone (black, whiteheads) o Diplopia, slurred speech, swallowing difficulty botulinum ~contains Used in dermatology – Botox Rx: Trivalent antitoxin Gram Negative Bacteria fecal matter of animals ropposite Clostridium 1- tetani sobra and contraction/uncontrollable contraction Escherichia coli Normal flora of horses, dogs Normally found in GI Stop the CM: Tetanus Become pathogenic only when they reach GABA S/S: tissues outside of their normal intestinal sites Dining o Spastic paralysis o Ricus sardonicus – sardonic O O EPEC: Pathogenic ETEC: Toxigenic infant and children’s diarrhea traveler’s Seating food diarrhea (Montezuma’s smile/”devil’s grin” revenge) foreign place from a neurotransmitters - regulate how much is the o Opisthotonus – hyperarching of back O EIEC: similar to shigellosis ; Bloody w/ pus containing stools & fever contraction muscles – spine may break 8 invasive ideverotoxin; bloody diarrhea ; virulent EHEC: no most o Lock jaw -way pilitin ibalik;massage first UTI Virulence (severity) caused by:* Kapag may sugat lang take land Sepsis Tetanospamin pwedeng pumasol si Clostridium E:Enterp - 6 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  abortion premature Meningitis ↑ o ulcerative lesions in genitalia we capsule teratogenic o Lymphadenitis in the groin area /bacilla Klebsiella pneumoniae IBrucella - nakagat on nakain and infected animal 2ndmost common cause of G(-) sepsis B. abortus (cow) Pneumonia (Atypical) B. suis (swine) ammoniacal smell B. cannis (dog) ~ Proteus 0 mirabilis converts ammonia urea -> B. miletensis (goat) Very 0 motile, alkaline urine CM: Brucellosis aka Malta fever, undulant Common cause of UTI and nosocomial fever, Bang’s dse infections (women, men (no Yersinia pestis ~florescence/Natural brightness need for staining Shigella dysenteriae shigellosis * CM: Bubonic plague aka black death, black Non-motile; non-lactose fermenter plague coloration from"ratfleas -black Highly adapted to humans S/S: buboes (wound) - necrosis Acid resistant Rodents – rat flea (vector) – humans Shiga toxin: inactivates 60s ribosomes dysentery · I - diarrhea died due to inflammation of color Francisella tularensis dehydration / Salmonella sp Centero bacteriaceae family CM: Tularemia aka rabbit fever, deer fly Mostly motile; non-lactose fermenter fever ·chice Most produce H2S ·SIX:swollen lymph nodes Crotten egg smell (for Form acid in glucose and mannose color differentiation -> change Bordetella pertussis - Aerobic Entert Lives in GI of animals Fastidious coccobacilli Salmonella (+) capsule in virulent strains ~Peri - Vibrio 1. Typhoid fever – S. typhi Strict aerobe DPT vaccine - - EC DTP vaccine, · DOC: Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, · whooping cough Septheria Tetanus Pertussis] Ceftriaxone Legionella pneumophila -Kumalat through air conditioning units 2. Sepsis – S. choleraesius Facultative intracellular 3. Diarrhea/Gastroenteritis – S. enetritidis Aerobic, fastidious () comma-shaped Natural habitat is water ~curved bacilli - Vibrio cholerae Causes Legionnaire’s disease and Pontiac Centerobacteriaceae family Exotoxin: cholera toxin fever Watery diarrhea: “rice watery” stools · Pontiac Fever;pneumonia-like symptoms Not an invasive infection Neisseria meningitides Neisseria * -08 Meningococcus L diplocooci Helicobacter pylori nasira na yung protective layer - Glucose and maltose fermenter Spiral shaped, highly motile, microaerophilic Piliated Produce large amounts of ~acidic urease Meningitis, meningococcemia Adherence factors, motility, mucinase · Rashes or small dots in skin; life-threathering if sepsis Gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcers Neisseria gonnorheae NLO ~discharge (prs) - ⑧ PUD strain Gonorrhea, STD Haemophilus ~influenzae similar s/s of flu - PID head inflammatory Disease) >if left Small uniform coccobacillus Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum Aerobic or facultative anaerobe D.rth"mesen:1% silver Nitrate (old) Encapsulated Pseudomonas aeruginosa it produces pigment (Green, Blue, Red) - 6 distinct antigenic types Motile, obligate aerobic rods Growth factors (X,Y) Occurs as single bacterium, in pairs in short Causes meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, chains sepsis (+) ferment CHO ;Does not ferment 210 Lab diagnosis: Chocolate agar UTI, pneumonia Haemophilus aegyptius Pigments produced: Aka Koch-Week’s bacillus, H.infuenzae biotype Pyocyanin blue - III FYE PINK Pyoverdin green/yellow-green - ~ red CM: Conjunctivitis Pyorubin - L formation of pus Pyomelanin black - Haemophilus ducreyi rulceration genitals on CM: soft chancre known as chancroid (hard chancre – CM of syphilis) S/S: Sexually transmitted Disease 7 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  could only grow and multiply stage Chlamydia and Rickettsiae / inside the host cell once Small, obligate, intracellular microorganisms 2. Acquired/STD o 1u st ~2nd Stage: hard chancre condyloma - Energy parasites o mi2 Stage: condylema – macupapular nd Contain DNA and RNA rash with cigar butt like burn Can synthesize own CHONS o Latent: Several years o um3rd Stage: gummas characterized by L Chlamydia CNS problems if leftuntreated (syphilis) Elementary Bodies (EB): infective form kissing, eating o ID test: venereal dse research lab test Reticulate Bodies (RB): non-infective form Causes conjunctivitis, cervicitis, pneumonia Sparrots) enhaling, (VDRL), Rapid plasma regain o Rx: Pen G (DOC) – administer at gluteus C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci BIRD INFECTION colorful maximuss Dinclusion conjunctivitisatypical pneumonia (Psittacosis IV: I not LAKA: Rickettsia common Ornithosis Borrelia recurrentis Pleomorphic coccobacilli Highly flexible Peptidoglycan-ctg muraminic acid and Can be cultured in fluid media (blood serum diaminopimelic acid and tissue) Growth enhanced by sulfonamides Causes Relapsing fever Rickettsia typhi Vector: transmitted via ticks, mites, louse, fleas · Vector:white footed mouse tick / white failed deer tick ·Murine Typhus ID test: Weil-Felix Test Borrelia burgdorferi · vector:Rat flea s/s: diffused rashes from arthropod bite CM: Lyme’s disease Rx: TCN, Chloramphenicol, increased Vector: Ixodes tick resistance to sulfonamides S/s: erythema chronicum migrans s/x: as he Rickettsia rickettsii · Bull'sManifestation eye Vector: wood tick or dog tick Leptospira interrogans Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Tightly coiled, thin, flexible Fever, conjunctival redness, severe headache, Causes Leptospirosis can only enter when you have wounds - rash CM: Leptospirosis / Weil’s Dse · AKA: Spotted fever o Commonly from rodents but may be Rickettsia prowazekii from dogs, bats, squirrels CM: Brill-Zinser’s Dse/epidemic typhus (vector = o Acquired by humans from louse) contaminated water S/s: nephritis, meningitis, conjunctivitis, & in originated Japan Orientia tsutsugamushi splenomegaly, jaundice bloodshoteyes CM: Scrub Typhus (vector = mite) Rx: Doxycycline (DOC) ·culture:Fletcher's Media Rickettsia akari CM: Rickettsial Pox (vector = mite) Acid Fast Bacteria - Genus: Mycobacterium I contains Rickettsia /from australis australia Rod shaped, aerobic Do not form spores Mucowaxyacididgal and ene CM: Queensland Tick Fever (vector = tick) Resist decolorization by acid or alcohol endo;snake-like, worm-like movement Mycobacterium ~red wort phlegm S Spirochetes tuberculosis Spiral, motile cork screw-like, ~movement: grill-like Intracellular organism Have axial filaments /endoflagella Slow growing (12-20hr) Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira Weakly G(+) cell wall Resist drying Treponema pallidum STD - Sensitive to UV, phenol, hypochlorite, heat Microaerophilic Virulence factor: cord factor, intracellular Darkfield microscopy, immunofluorescence, survival silver stains Growth: Lowenstein-Jensten medium Causes syphilis Aka Koch’s bacillus CM: Syphilis CM: 1. Congenital (newborn, during 4th month) o s/s: keratoconjunctivitis, perforated Xapektado Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) and iband partn g body Extrapulmonary na tuberculosis (EPTB) palate, ~collapsed bridge saddle nose, patchy mucus nose Tb of the skin, bones, kidney, and other organs ~teeth than normal; s/s: afternoon fatigue, pm fever, loss of appetite are smaller membrane, Hutchinson’s teeth space-out more o ID test: Flruoresent Treponema test and weight (rapid), cough, hemoptysis (bloody sputum) 8 | Prepared by: Santi Raphael B. Lledo, RPh  - cidal - Static Itkilltheeerie IIstoptreatgrowth its test: susceptibility · MIC S MBC Kirby-Bauer Disk diffusion Technique Diagnosis · - o Mantoux test (told) – tuberculin Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics – antagonize only o Purified protein derivative (new) a particular organism or group of Treatment: microorganisms (e.g. Penicillins) o TB Directly Observed Treatment, Short- - more potentagainst microorganism course (TB-DOTS) R-rifampicin, rifampin Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics ethambutol I process - -streptomycin Mycobacterium leprae isoniazid (INA) P - pyrazinamide Site of Process - Causes Hansen’s disease aka Leprosy Antibiotic cida