Module 1: Historical Development of Pharmacy Practice PDF

MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG...

MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG PHARMACY/PHARMACIES WHAT IS PHARMACY? A store/outlet where medicinal drugs are prepared, A Science and Practice of Discovering, Producing, dispensed and sold which is under the supervision of a Preparing, Dispensing, Reviewing and Monitoring licensed pharmacist. Medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, quality and affordable use of medicines. MEDICATION PHARMACY Also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug From the Greek word “Pharmakon”– drug or medicine The drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent Profession which is concerned with the art and science of disease or to promote well being. preparing drugs from natural and synthetic sources, and from suitable and convenient dosage form for DRUG administration for the treatment and prevention of diseases both of man and of animals. A chemical substance, typically of known structure, Embraces the knowledge of the identification, selection, which, when administered to a living organism, produces pharmacologic action, preservation, analysis, and a biological effect. standardization of drugs & medicine. FIVE HISTORICAL PERIODS IN PHARMACY PHARMACIST Ancient Through Early Modern Era: Also known as a Chemist or a Druggist. Human prehistory to AD 1500 Person considered the expert on drugs or considered as Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 the medication expert. Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 Legally granted responsibility to handle drugs and to Patient Care Era: 1970 to present know all about those drugs. Biotechnology and genetic engineering: The New Provides medication counseling and guidance to patients Horizon and healthcare providers. Serve as primary care providers in the community, and ANCIENT ERA may offer other services such as health screenings and immunizations. A healthcare professional who specializes in the Ancient man learned from instinct from observation of preparation, dispensing, and management of birds and beasts. medications to ensure safe and effective use Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing application. IMPORTANCE OF A PHARMACIST Why people got sick before: ○ Victim of evil forces Pharmacists play an important role in helping people get ○ God’s anger the best results from their medications. ○ Disease as a punishment of god Pharmacists are medication experts who enhance patient care and promote wellness. Use for treating ailment before: ○ Supernatural ○ Natural resources PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 1  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG The best known and most important Pharmaceutical Healer during the early days Record is the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a collection of ○ Shaman 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs ○ Priest ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT BABYLONIA Asclepius Babylon. Jewel of ancient Mesopotamia ○ God of the Healing art Often called the Cradle of Civilization ○ Was believed to impact healing by touching one with Provides the earliest practice of the Art of the his staff or serpent Apothecary Practitioners of healing of this era were Priests, Hygeia Pharmacists and Physicians, all in one ○ Daughter of Asclepius Clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the ○ Goddess of Health, Cleanliness and Sanitation prescription and directions for compounding, then an ○ Believed to have a healing potion invocation to the gods ○ The international symbol of the Pharmacy Profession “BOWL OF HYGEIA” 2 TYPES OF MEDICAL CARE IN BABYLONIA ○ ASIPU - Magical Healer. Rely on spells and magical Hippocrates stones. ○ Father of Medicine ○ ASU - Make use of Plant Materials. Drew from large ○ Greek physician collections of drugs and manipulated them into ○ Introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine. several dosage forms. ○ He showed in his writing and practices the fundamentals of scientific method of research. ANCIENT CHINA ○ Starts with observation and classification, rejection of unsupported theory, superstition. SHEN NUNG ○ Wrote the Oath of Hypocrites. ○ An emperor who investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs. Pedanius Dioscorides ○ He has tested many of them on himself and written ○ Greek Physician and Botanist, deals with Botany as the first Pen T-Sao or native herbal, with 350 an applied science of pharmacy. different drugs. ○ Published De Materia Medica, or, "On Medicinal ○ Medicinal plants included podophyllum, rhubarb, Substances" in five volumes. ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ephedra, ma ○ The books have recorded what he observed, huang etc. promulgated excellent rules for collection of drugs, their storage and use. ANCIENT EGYPT Mithridates VI ○ King of Pontus Discovered various dosage forms (enemas, infusions, ○ The Royal Toxicologist inhalations, lotions etc.) ○ He make the art of poisoning, ( preventing and Plant drugs such as acacia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium counteracting poisoning) etc. ○ He used himself as well as his prisoners as "Guinea They prepared drugs with mortar and pestle, hand mills pigs" on which to test poisons and antidotes. and weighing balances etc. PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG ARABIAN ERA Theophrastus ○ “Father of Botany" THE FIRST APOTHECARY SHOPS ○ Greek philosopher and natural scientists. The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and ○ Deals with the medical qualities and peculiarities of physician herbs. First privately owned drug stores. Developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, Claudius Galen confections, conserves, distilled waters and alcoholic ○ Greek pharmacist–physician liquids. ○ Practiced and taught both Pharmacy and Medicine ○ His principles of preparing and compounding Avicenna medicines associated with that class of ○ “Persian Galen” pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means ○ Persian, Ibn Sina called Avicenna - Galenicals ○ He was a Pharmacist, Poet, Physician, Philosopher ○ Originator of the formula for a cold cream. and Diplomat. ○ He gave contributions to the sciences of pharmacy Terra Sigillata and medicine by his pharmaceutical teachings. ○ Early “Trademark” drug ○ Also known as Sealed Earth SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE ○ A clay tablet originating in the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. In Sicily and Southern Italy, Pharmacy was separated ○ One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a from Medicine. Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who was Emperor of and religious dignitaries. Germany as well as King of Sicily, was In his palace in ○ Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper Palermo, he presented subject Pharmacists with the first thickness, the clay was formed into pastilles and European edict, which is known as the Magna Carta of impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then Pharmacy. sun-dried. The Three decrees of the Magna Carta ○ The tablets were then widely distributed ○ The pharmaceutical profession was to be separated commercially. from the medical profession ○ The pharmaceutical profession should be supervised Damian and Cosmas officially ○ Patron Saints ○ Pharmacists should take an oath to prepare drugs ○ Twin ship of the health professions reliably, according to skilled art and in a uniform ○ Damian, the Apothecary (Pharmacy) suitable quality. ○ Cosmas, the Physician (Medicine) CARL WILHELM SCHEELE ANCIENT MONASTERY Greatest of Pharmacist - Chemist Monastic Pharmacy He is known as the Father of Modern Plant Chemistry. The monks gathered herbs and simples in the field, or Discovered Oxygen, Chlorine, Prussic acid, Tartaric acid, raised them in their own herb gardens. Tungsten, Molybdenum, Glycerin, Nitroglycerin, and These they prepared according to the art of the countless other organic compounds. apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured. Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 3  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON He developed “sovereign remedy” that he called “rubila,” HONHENHEIN - PARACELSUS which he believed was effective in the treatment of measles, colics, headaches, sciatica and many other A Swiss physician and chemist ailment Influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on botanical science to one CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL based on chemical science. He believed it was possible to prepare a specific The Marshall Apothecary medicinal agent to combat each specific disease and Established his apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729. introduced a host of chemical substances to internal During 96 years, this pioneer pharmaceutical enterprise therapy. became a leading retail store, nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for EMPIRIC ERA pharmacists; an important supply depot. During the Revolution; and finally, it was managed by THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA granddaughter Elizabeth, America's first woman The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be pharmacist. followed by all apothecaries, originated in Florence. Christopher earned the title of "The fighting Quaker" The Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was during the Revolution; his sons, Charles and Christopher, published and became the legal standard for the Jr. city-state in 1498. It was the result of collaboration of the Guild of FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA Apothecaries and the Medical Society - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive interprofessional Colonial America's first hospital (Pennsylvania) was relations. established in Philadelphia in 1751. The first Hospital Pharmacy began in 1752. THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON The first Hospital Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his successor, John Morgan, whose practice as a In 1617, Francis Bacon (philosopher-politician) formed a hospital pharmacist (1755-56) separate company. John Morgan, First as pharmacist, later as physician, he The company is known as the "Master, Wardens and advocated prescription writing and championed Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the independent practice of two professions. City of London". This was the first organization of pharmacists in the ANDREW CRAIGIE Anglo-Saxon world. AMERICA'S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL JOHN WINTHROP The first man to hold the rank of a commissioned pharmaceutical officer in an American army was the The Governor who healed the sick Bostonian apothecary. He is a politician-physician His duties included procurement, storage, manufacture, First governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony with broad and distribution of the Army's drug requirements. interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany, He also developed an early wholesaling and and Materia Medica. manufacturing business. PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 4  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG FRIEDRICH WILHEM ADAM SERTURNER THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION FIRST OF THE ALKALOID CHEMISTS Under the leadership of its First President, Daniel B. German apothecary Smith. Discovered opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine. First Secretary, William Procter, Jr. Recognize and prove the importance of a new class of Twenty delegates launched The American organic substances: alkaloids. Pharmaceutical Association and opened membership to "All Pharmaceutists and Druggists” CAVENTOU, PELLETIER AND QUININE WILLIAM PROCTER JR. French pharmacists Messrs. Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Bienaimé THE FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY Caventou Graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in Isolated emetine from ipecacuanha in 1817; strychnine 1837 and brucine from nux vomica. Leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Peruvian barks that were so useful against malaria. Association Separation of quinine and cinchonine from the cinchona Served that organization as its first secretary; later, as its barks. president. AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS FOUNDATIONS A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION Faced with two major threats: Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the pharmacy course at ○ Deterioration of the practice of pharmacy the University of Michigan in 186 ○ Discriminatory classification by the University of He abandoned the traditional requirement of pre Pennsylvania medical faculty graduation apprenticeship. At the 1871 convention of The pharmacists of Philadelphia formed an association, the American Pharmaceutical Association which became The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, a He was denied credentials and the Michigan course school of pharmacy, and a self-policing board. pioneered other major changes: Sixty-eight pharmacists signed the Constitution of the ○ Laboratory pharmacy first pharmaceutical association in the United States. ○ A definite curriculum that included basic sciences ○ Program that demanded students' full-time THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS attention During the next thirty years, Dr. Prescott had the Shakers - First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs (in 1820). satisfaction of seeing his once revolutionary innovations The Shakers gathered or cultivated some 200 varieties; generally adopted by pharmaceutical faculties. dried, chopped, and pressed them into "bricks"; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE physicians world-wide. The Shaker label was recognized for reliability and quality The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the for more than a century. work of the medical profession. It was the first book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation's acceptance. PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 5  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG In 1877, the "U.S.P." was in danger of dissolution due to The serum became available in 1895, and the lives of the lack of interest of the medical profession. thousands of children were saved. Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing pharmacist as well 1903, Parke-Davis received U.S. Biological License No. 1. as physician, took the problem to The American New, improved biological products have continued to Pharmaceutical Association convention. become available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis Pharmacists formed a "Committee on Revision" chair vaccine. manned by hospital pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by pharmacist-educator Joseph P. Remington, and by Dr. ERNEST FRANÇOIS AUGUSTE FOURNEAU Squibb, their indefatigable collaborator. The "U.S. Pharmacopoeia" surged to new importance. French pharmacist. Developed Chemotherapy. THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS Research in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing Parke Davis & Company introduced standardized "Liquor organisms in the body Ergotae Purificatus" in 1879. Headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the firm's Chief Chemist, Institut Pasteur, in Paris. further developed methods of alkaloidal assay. His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds Messrs. Parke and Davis recognized the value of his work, advanced the treatment of syphilis. and in 1883, announced a list of twenty standardized He broke the German secret of a specific for sleeping "normal liquids." sickness; paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharmacologic compounds. and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals. From his laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic properties. His work led STANISLAS LIMOUSIN other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic research. PHARMACAL INVENTOR French retail pharmacist, combining scientific knowledge INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA with technical skill and with inventive genius. Among the many devices which he introduced to Large numbers of war-related injuries led to the growth Pharmacy and Medicine of industrial manufacturing in order to meet the need for ○ Medicine Dropper pharmaceutical products. ○ The System of coloring poisons (such as corrosive Firms other than the pharmacies themselves began sublimate) centralized manufacturing of medicinal preparations. ○ Wafer cachets (which found favor prior to mass The periods of development of manufacturing pharmacy production of the gelatin capsule). began as follows: His Greatest Contributions ○ Formative (1867) ○ Apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic ○ Botanical (1875) administration of oxygen ○ Standardization (1882) ○ Glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized ○ Biological (1895) for preservation of solutions for hypodermic use. ○ Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883) ○ Hormones (1901) THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS ○ Vitamins (1909) ○ Antibiotics (1940) 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of Many retail pharmacists protested the industrialization diphtheria antitoxin, Parke Davis & Company was among of manufacturing. the pioneers. PRPM110 MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 6  MODULE 1: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE PCPM101 a 1ST SEMESTER | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 - 2025 | PROF. OLIVIA LIMUACO | AELIXNR on IG THE NEW HORIZON Industrialization brought about: ○ Biologically prepared products Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to produce ○ Complex chemical synthesis drugs, hormones, and other products ○ Increased use of parenteral medications Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration of the ○ Standardized manufacturing structure of genetic material in a living organism Research into gene therapy and genetic defects has THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS greatly increased Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of cures for Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first major diseases such as cancer observed by Pasteur in 1877. Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went BOTICA BOIE undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of World War II, the pharmaceutical First Drugstore in the Philippines manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production An institution that served as a soda fountain and drug methods to penicillin; they reduced costs to 1/1000th company at the old Escolta. the original. It was founded in 1830 by a young Spanish Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the '40's. Intensive physician-pharmacist named Dr. Lorenzo Negrao. research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of men's microbial enemies. UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS PATIENT CARE ERA First Pharmacy School in the Philippines in 1871 UST was founded on 1611 Increased concentration on rational, targeted research Offered the course in BS Pharmacy and licentiate in through the use of computers. pharmacy. Well-coordinated teams of scientists and other The first Filipino to study pharmacy was Don Leon Ma. professions such as statisticians and financial managers Guerrero - Father of Philippine Pharmacy worked together. Multiple drug therapy led to adverse reactions, CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY interactions, and therapeutic outcomes that were greater than or less than desired. CEU was established in 1907. Patient-focused drug therapy evolved, centered on drug College of Pharmacy was the 1st college opened in 1921. control or drug monitoring C.D. The 1st Dean is Dr. Valerio Jarhling who prepared the Hepler established the concept of pharmaceuticals in the “TIKI TIKI” late 1980s. CLINICAL PHARMACY CONCEPT Area of pharmacy concerned with science and practice of rational medication use. Patient centered services that promote the appropriate selection, utilization and monitoring of medications. Its objective is to optimize individuals and improve therapeutic outcomes. 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