historical in pharmacy.pdf

historical in pharmacy * Book of the Cure * Canon of Medicine Primitive People-Afraid of the forces of * (compilation of the Greek and Arab works nature. and most important text in t...

historical in pharmacy * Book of the Cure * Canon of Medicine Primitive People-Afraid of the forces of * (compilation of the Greek and Arab works nature. and most important text in the history of -Afraid of diseases. medicine -Trial and error. * Use of around 760 drugs -Knowledge of materials with healing properties would thus have been passed HERACLITUS down through the tribes, -About 556-460 BC Viewing FIRE as the essential material Avocadoes target the health and function of uniting all things the womb and cervix of the female they look just like these organs. Avocadoes help RHAZES women balance hormones, shed unwanted -The greatest physician of the Islamic world birth weight, and deter cervical cancers. It * Treatise on the Small Pox andMeasles takes exactly nine months to grow an avocado from blossom to ripened fruit. THALES OF MILETUS -About 639-544 BC Mithridates -Considered WATER to be the basic -King of Pontus about 100 BC building block of all matter Practiced the art of poisoning and preventing/counteracting poisons. ALBUCASIS Father of Toxicology * from the Arabic dominion in Spain Mithridatum (most popular formula as * prepared documents which included a antidote for all kinds of polsoning) detailed description of the pharmaceutical process for the preparation of drugs in HIPPOCRATES various dosage forms -"All parts of the body which have afunction ifused in moderation and exercised in labors Panacea in which each is accustomed, become -Hygicia Salus thereby healthy, well developed and age -Greek Goddess of Universal Remedy more slowly, but if unused they become Solution to all problems; Cure-all liable to disease, defective in growth and age quickly." * Aesculapius had 2 daughters: Hippocrates (460 #C - 370 BC) * Hygeia - goddess of health * Panacea - represents medicine ANAXIMENES -About 570-500 BC ROMANS Suggested AIR as the source of all things -By the 3rd centuryB.C.E. (Before (pneuma) Common/Christian Era), the Romans had adopted a religious healing system called AVICENNA the cult of Asculapius (a Greek god of -Muslim physician healing). * Persian philosopher * Initially, they built shrines, but these * That sign changed, also. Today, it is the expanded in time to include spas and easily-recognized capital "R" with a line thermal baths with doctors in attendance. across its foot. * When plagues occurred in Italy in * 431 B.C.E, the Romans built a temple to ARABS the Greek god Apollo, who they believed * Large number of their medical documents had healing powers. were adapted from the works of Galen and The clay is washed, refined, rolled to a were translated to Arabic. mass of proper thickness, formed into * Rise of ALCHEMY:discovered POTABLE pastilles and impressed with an official seal GOLD (elixir of life or eternal life or a "cure by priestesses, then sun-dried. The tablets all") andAQUA REGIA (a highly corrosive were then videly distributed commercially. liquid that will dissolve gold) * In 754, the first pharmacy and drugstores Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn were opened in Baghdad. Zakariyya Razi, 834-932 AD) * The first apothecary (pharmacist) shops Albucasis were also opened in the Islamic world. (Al-Zahrawi, 936-1013 AD) HIPPOCRATES Dhanvantari * 5th Century BCE -God of medicine and physician of the gods * Father of Medicine -The god of Ayurveda * Hippocratic Corpus 420-370BC) "200-400 drugs of vegetable origin" INDIA * Describe the method of preparation of * the traditionalHindu system of medicine gargles, ointment and pessaries * Ayu (life) * Veda (knowledge) ANCIENT EGYPT -Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC) 21 yards long Rx Symbol named after Georg Ebers, who recovered it Latin word "recipe" = "take" in a tomb and purchased it in the nineteenth Alternative theories that it evolved from the century Eye of Horus -Collection of 800 prescriptions containing * Egyptians used a drawing of the eye of 700 drugs and recorded formulas for Horus as a magic sign to protect gargles, suppositories, inhalations, themselves from disease, suffering and evil. poultices, lotions and ointments, * it was painted on the papyrus rolls used -Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC) 21 yards long for writing about medicines named after Georg Ebers, who recovered it * For thousands of years, the eye of Horus in a tomb and purchased it in the nineteenth remained as a sign of the god's help to the century suffering and medicine and doctors. Collection of 800 prescriptions containing * But over the years, the sign changed from 700 drugs and recorded formulas for the eye of Horus to the sign for Jupiter, the gargles, suppositories, inhalations, chief god of the Romans. Jupiter's sign poultices, lotions and ointments. looked much like the printed number "four," 2737 BC PEN TS'AO CHING Did the Doctrine of Signatures actually save World's oldest pharmacoporia patients? Earliest record of cannabis as a medicinal * when properly applied, has in fact been for drug. some cultures an indispensable tool in Emperor Shen-Nung recognized its medicine treatment properties for over 100 ailments * did sometimes prove fatal, when wrong such as gout, rheumatism, and malaria. dosages and plants were used to treat an illness Shennong 神農 * If the patient did not recover, it was simply -Shennong, known as the Yan Emperor, regarded as "God"s will" was the god of farming and botanical medicine in ancient China, GREEKS -A legend says Shannong tasted hundreds * Realized the advantage of a trademark of planes to find out which plants had (identification and representation) medicinal effecks or polsonous elements. * first therapeutic agents to bear such a Through the process, he ingested mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a poisonous plants more than 70 times In a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean day. island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. -His self sacrificed practice led to * astringent clay formerly used as a knowledge about medicinal properties of medicine herbs to treat diseases. * 365 native Herbal plants were PYTHAGORAS documented and written * 7 x 4 is 28, the length of the lunar month * Ginseng, ma huang (ephedra), cinnamon and the menstrual cycle bark, etc. * 7 % 40 is 280, the number of days of a full-term pregnancy BABYLONIANS * They also believed that a baby that was * Cradle of civilization born in the seventh month, rather than the * Practitioners of healing : priests. eighth, would enjoy better health. pharmacists and physicians * The 40-day quarantine period to avold * Earliest known record of the practice of the disease contagion comes from the idea that art of Apothecary (archaicEnglish = one the number 40 is sacred. who formulates medicines) * Egyptians regarded Horus as the father of * (Greek = apotheke) and (Latin = apotheca) medicine * Records were on clay tablets * son of the two primary Egyptian deities Osiris andIsis The Summerians * His uncle Seth killed his father * ancient civilization founded in the * Lose his left eye when he avenge his Mesopotamia father's death * Pharmacy is recognized as early as * Thoth, the god of wisdom and the patron 2000-1500 BC deity of physicians and scientists, magically * Cuneiform writing (earliest known writing healed the eye and gave it back to Horus system) who used it as a remedy to restore his * DEAN OF PHARMACY - From JANUARY father Osiris to the world of the living. 7, 1946 to JULY30, 1968 @UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS EMPEDOCLES * THE LAST DOMINICAN PRIEST AND -assumed instead that all matter was PHARMACIST WHO SERVED THE composed of four essential ingredients, LONGEST TERM AS DEAN OF THE FIRE, AIR, WATER, and EARTH, and that FACULTY OF PHARMACY nothing either comes into being or is destroyed but that things are merely Doctors Of Pharmacy transformed, depending on the ratio of basic * Dr. Mariano Vicenciodel Rosario y San substances, to one another. Jose(1869-1943) * 2nd Filipino Doctor of Pharmacy and the Did you know? 1stFilipino "double" doctor of pharmacy and Licenciado Don Inocencio of medicine Madrigal y Garrido: First * First dean of U.P. College of Pharmacy in Dean of Pharmacy 1935 Since the first Filipino physicians - He wrote authoritatively a history of graduated only in 1877, most Filipino per pharmacy and chemistry in the force had to consult herbolarios for more pre-American period than three centuries more during the colonial epoch. By decree of the Curanderos governor-general, the few available Spanish -A curandero is claimed to administer and other European physicians and shamanistic and spiritistic remedies for pharmacists in the colony were to serve mental, emotional, physical and spiritual mostly their own kind. illnesses * make use of simple herbs, waters, or mud Before 1871 to allegedly effect their cures Some Filipinos have acquired knowledge * Folk therapist in pharmaceutical matters through actual experience in drugstore under the guidance Early Definitions of the Pharmacy of pharmacists from foreign countries Profession By virtue of this practical training and after ERNEST FRANCOIS AUGUSTE passing an examination, the government FOURNEAU granted licenses as Farmaceutico de * African sleeping sickness (Human African segunda clase. trypanosomiasis) - It is a vector borne parasitic disease 1843 caused by protozoans transmitted to Medical practice observed by the natives humans by bites of TSE-TSE flies was recognized and allowed by Governor (all the species in the genus Glossina) Francisco Alcala de la Torre due to the lack which of qualified personnel, but their practice is have acquired the parasites from infected limited to the Filipino natives only. humans or animals - S/S: Fatigue, high fever, headache muscle FR. LORENZO RODRIGUEZ ache, disturbed sleep pattern * River blindness - the blackfly that transmits the infection, FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM lives and breeds near fast-flowing streams * German pharmacist and rivers, mostly near remote rural villages * Pioneer of alkaloid chemistry - The infection can result in visual * Isolated morphine from opium 1804(an impairment and sometimes blindness. alkaloid) * Developed chemical compounds that fight against specific pathogens DOCTORS OF PHARMACY * played a major role in the discovery of Dr. Antonio Luna y Novicio synthetic local anesthetics such as * He completed the B.A. course at Ateneo in amylocaine, 1883 * Played a role in the synthesis of suramin * He next studied Pharmacy at UST (treat African sleeping sickness and river * 1888: Antonio managed to finish the blindness.) Licentiate in Pharmacy inBarcelona * 1890: He graduated as the FirstDoctor of EMIL VON BEHRING & EMILE ROUX Pharmacy fromUniversidad Central de Independently developed Madrid the diphtheria * El Hematozoario del Paludismo (The antitoxin (made from equine (horse) blood BloodParasites ofMalaria) (1893) * This was his most significant work (consist STANISLAS LIMOUSIN of45 pages) * Introduced the use of medicine dropper * Developed the oxygen inhalation device CARL WILHELM SCHEELE * Invented the glass ampules * Isolated oxygen * Discovered chlorine, manganese and WILLIAM PROCTER, JR. lactic acid - The Father of American Pharmacy JOHN MORGAN DANIEL B. SMITH * Advocated prescription writing - First President of the American * Pioneer of American medical education Pharmaceutical Association * Founder of the first medical school in the US THE SHAKERS * First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs JONATHAN ROBERTS * A religious sect who cultivated herbs and The first hospital pharmacist in supplied medicinal herbs all over the world. America * Begun about 1820, and commercially important by 1830 CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL * Established an apothecary shop in JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH Philadelphia (1729) CAVENTOU * Pioneered the pharmaceutical enterprise Isolated alkaloids such as quinine from * Practical training school for pharmacists cinchona bark  Gonzales, the first Filipino Doctor of FRANCIS BACON Medicine Known for his contribution to The Society 4. Aniceto Merenguel - opened the first of Apothecaries in London drugstore in Tondo 5. Tomas Torres y Perona - a criollo, who HERBOLARIOS would succeed to the deanship of his Alma In the early and late 19th century study Mater and dispensing of medicinal preparation from plants, animals and other natural sources, is one of the most ancient sciences, which flourished in the Philippines Historical Pharmacy inthe Philippines even before the advent of the Spaniards. 1871 First Faculty of Pharmacy in the ANDREW CRAIGIE Philippines was founded along with the first -America's first Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the -Apothecary General University of Santo Tomas (UST) in Manila. Developed wholesaling and manufacturing Early nineteenth century: retail pharmacies business of drugs. developed a separate manufacturing area, Late Middle Ages:eleventh century, which included an area for extraction and pharmacies in southern and southern purification, necessary for extraction of plant France established. in the public Italy were alkaloids such as quinine from cinchona Nicolas of Salerno is the author of bark used for malaria. Antidotarium Nicolai (important source of * 1231-1240 AD: MAGNA information about medieval pharmacy) CARTA:Pharmacy and Medicine are -Two Latin compilations: Antidotaria officially separated. (dispensatories) collection of antidotes * King Frederick II, a powerful against the plague, and other malignant European ruler, issued an edict (The Liber diseases. Receptaria (more modest Augustalis) for the first time in Europe formularies and pharmacopoeia) completely separating the professions of physicians and pharmacists, and issuing FIVE FILIPINO LICENTIATE IN professional regulations for both. PHARMACY 1. Rafael Garcia y Ageo: a criollo, who Mediquilos would join the Filipino professionals in Folk doctors, "herbal scientists" or Madrid a decade later sometimes called "superstitious quacks" 2. Rosendo Garcia y Baza: an Diminutive for medicos artist-naturalist, who was one of the main -Boehringer and Merck have their origins in illustrators of the grand edition of Manuel community pharmacies in Stuttgart (1817) Blanco'sFlora de Filipinas and Darmstadt 3. Leon Ma. Garcia Guerrero y Leogardo (1827), Germany, respectively. became the second rector of the -Late nineteenth century: Universidad Cientifico-Literaria of the First separation of the Republic, succeeding Dr. Joacquin manufacturing business from the retail community pharmacy. -After the establishment of apothecaries in Baghdad (754 AD), the pharmacy profession started developing in Europe. -Early Middle Ages: monastic medicine = "Monastery medicine" refers to the traditional medieval European medicine, which was above all in the hands of monks and nuns. -Monasteries: "CENTER OF INTELLECTUAL LIFE"