History of Pharmacy PDF

historical in pharmacy Primitive People-Afraid of the forces of nature. -Afraid of diseases. -Trial and error. -Knowledge of materials with healing properties would thus have been passed down through the tribes, Avocadoes target the health and function of the womb and cervix of the female they look...

historical in pharmacy Primitive People-Afraid of the forces of nature. -Afraid of diseases. -Trial and error. -Knowledge of materials with healing properties would thus have been passed down through the tribes, Avocadoes target the health and function of the womb and cervix of the female they look just like these organs. Avocadoes help women balance hormones, shed unwanted birth weight, and deter cervical cancers. It takes exactly nine months to grow an avocado from blossom to ripened fruit. Mithridates -King of Pontus about 100 BC Practiced the art of poisoning and preventing/counteracting poisons. Father of Toxicology Mithridatum (most popular formula as antidote for all kinds of polsoning) HIPPOCRATES -"All parts of the body which have afunction ifused in moderation and exercised in labors in which each is accustomed, become thereby healthy, well developed and age more slowly, but if unused they become liable to disease, defective in growth and age quickly." Hippocrates (460 #C - 370 BC) ANAXIMENES -About 570-500 BC Suggested AIR as the source of all things (pneuma) AVICENNA -Muslim physician * Persian philosopher * Book of the Cure * Canon of Medicine * (compilation of the Greek and Arab works and most important text in the history of medicine * Use of around 760 drugs HERACLITUS -About 556-460 BC Viewing FIRE as the essential material uniting all things RHAZES -The greatest physician of the Islamic world * Treatise on the Small Pox andMeasles THALES OF MILETUS -About 639-544 BC -Considered WATER to be the basic building block of all matter ALBUCASIS * from the Arabic dominion in Spain * prepared documents which included a detailed description of the pharmaceutical process for the preparation of drugs in various dosage forms Panacea -Hygicia Salus -Greek Goddess of Universal Remedy Solution to all problems; Cure-all * Aesculapius had 2 daughters: * Hygeia - goddess of health * Panacea - represents medicine ROMANS -By the 3rd centuryB.C.E. (Before Common/Christian Era), the Romans had adopted a religious healing system called the cult of Asculapius (a Greek god of healing). * Initially, they built shrines, but these expanded in time to include spas and thermal baths with doctors in attendance. * When plagues occurred in Italy in * 431 B.C.E, the Romans built a temple to the Greek god Apollo, who they believed had healing powers. The clay is washed, refined, rolled to a mass of proper thickness, formed into pastilles and impressed with an official seal by priestesses, then sun-dried. The tablets were then videly distributed ommercially. Rhazes (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya Razi, 834-932 AD) Albucasis (Al-Zahrawi, 936-1013 AD) Dhanvantari -God of medicine and physician of the gods -The god of Ayurveda INDIA * the traditionalHindu system of medicine * Ayu (life) * Veda (knowledge) Rx Symbol Latin word "recipe" = "take" Alternative theories that it evolved from the Eye of Horus * Egyptians used a drawing of the eye of Horus as a magic sign to protect themselves from disease, suffering and evil. * it was painted on the papyrus rolls used for writing about medicines * For thousands of years, the eye of Horus remained as a sign of the god's help to the suffering and medicine and doctors. * But over the years, the sign changed from the eye of Horus to the sign for Jupiter, the chief god of the Romans. Jupiter's sign looked much like the printed number "four," * That sign changed, also. Today, it is the easily-recognized capital "R" with a line across its foot. ARABS * Large number of their medical documents were adapted from the works of Galen and were translated to Arabic. * Rise of ALCHEMY:discovered POTABLE GOLD (elixir of life or eternal life or a "cure all") andAQUA REGIA (a highly corrosive liquid that will dissolve gold) * In 754, the first pharmacy and drugstores were opened in Baghdad. * The first apothecary (pharmacist) shops were also opened in the Islamic world. HIPPOCRATES * 5th Century BCE * Father of Medicine * Hippocratic Corpus 420-370BC) "200-400 drugs of vegetable origin" * Describe the method of preparation of gargles, ointment and pessaries ANCIENT EGYPT -Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC) 21 yards long named after Georg Ebers, who recovered it in a tomb and purchased it in the nineteenth century -Collection of 800 prescriptions containing 700 drugs and recorded formulas for gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, lotions and ointments, -Papyrus Ebers (1500 BC) 21 yards long named after Georg Ebers, who recovered it in a tomb and purchased it in the nineteenth century Collection of 800 prescriptions containing 700 drugs and recorded formulas for gargles, suppositories, inhalations, poultices, lotions and ointments. 2737 BC PEN TS'AO CHING World's oldest pharmacoporia Earliest record of cannabis as a medicinal drug. Emperor Shen-Nung recognized its treatment properties for over 100 ailments such as gout, rheumatism, and malaria. Shennong 神農 -Shennong, known as the Yan Emperor, was the god of farming and botanical medicine in ancient China, -A legend says Shannong tasted hundreds of planes to find out which plants had medicinal effecks or polsonous elements. Through the process, he ingested poisonous plants more than 70 times In a day. -His self sacrificed practice led to knowledge about medicinal properties of herbs to treat diseases. * 365 native Herbal plants were documented and written * Ginseng, ma huang (ephedra), cinnamon bark, etc. BABYLONIANS * Cradle of civilization * Practitioners of healing : priests. pharmacists and physicians * Earliest known record of the practice of the art of Apothecary (archaicEnglish = one who formulates medicines) * (Greek = apotheke) and (Latin = apotheca) * Records were on clay tablets The Summerians * ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia * Pharmacy is recognized as early as 2000-1500 BC * Cuneiform writing (earliest known writing system) Did the Doctrine of Signatures actually save patients? * when properly applied, has in fact been for some cultures an indispensable tool in medicine * did sometimes prove fatal, when wrong dosages and plants were used to treat an illness * If the patient did not recover, it was simply regarded as "God"s will" GREEKS * Realized the advantage of a trademark (identification and representation) * first therapeutic agents to bear such a mark was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating on the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C. * astringent clay formerly used as a medicine PYTHAGORAS * 7 x 4 is 28, the length of the lunar month and the menstrual cycle * 7 % 40 is 280, the number of days of a full-term pregnancy * They also believed that a baby that was born in the seventh month, rather than the eighth, would enjoy better health. * The 40-day quarantine period to avold disease contagion comes from the idea that the number 40 is sacred. * Egyptians regarded Horus as the father of medicine * son of the two primary Egyptian deities Osiris andIsis * His uncle Seth killed his father * Lose his left eye when he avenge his father's death * Thoth, the god of wisdom and the patron deity of physicians and scientists, magically healed the eye and gave it back to Horus who used it as a remedy to restore his father Osiris to the world of the living. EMPEDOCLES -assumed instead that all matter was composed of four essential ingredients, FIRE, AIR, WATER, and EARTH, and that nothing either comes into being or is destroyed but that things are merely transformed, depending on the ratio of basic substances, to one another. Did you know? Licenciado Don Inocencio Madrigal y Garrido: First Dean of Pharmacy Since the first Filipino physicians graduated only in 1877, most Filipino per force had to consult herbolarios for more than three centuries more during the colonial epoch. By decree of the governor-general, the few available Spanish and other European physicians and pharmacists in the colony were to serve mostly their own kind. Before 1871 Some Filipinos have acquired knowledge in pharmaceutical matters through actual experience in drugstore under the guidance of pharmacists from foreign countries By virtue of this practical training and after passing an examination, the government granted licenses as Farmaceutico de segunda clase. 1843 Medical practice observed by the natives was recognized and allowed by Governor Francisco Alcala de la Torre due to the lack of qualified personnel, but their practice is limited to the Filipino natives only. FR. LORENZO RODRIGUEZ * DEAN OF PHARMACY - From JANUARY 7, 1946 to JULY30, 1968 @UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS * THE LAST DOMINICAN PRIEST AND PHARMACIST WHO SERVED THE LONGEST TERM AS DEAN OF THE FACULTY OF PHARMACY Doctors Of Pharmacy * Dr. Mariano Vicenciodel Rosario y San Jose(1869-1943) * 2nd Filipino Doctor of Pharmacy and the 1stFilipino "double" doctor of pharmacy and of medicine * First dean of U.P. College of Pharmacy in 1935 - He wrote authoritatively a history of pharmacy and chemistry in the pre-American period Curanderos -A curandero is claimed to administer shamanistic and spiritistic remedies for mental, emotional, physical and spiritual illnesses * make use of simple herbs, waters, or mud to allegedly effect their cures * Folk therapist Early Definitions of the Pharmacy Profession ERNEST FRANCOIS AUGUSTE FOURNEAU * African sleeping sickness (Human African trypanosomiasis) - It is a vector borne parasitic disease caused by protozoans transmitted to humans by bites of TSE-TSE flies (all the species in the genus Glossina) which have acquired the parasites from infected humans or animals - S/S: Fatigue, high fever, headache muscle ache, disturbed sleep pattern * River blindness - the blackfly that transmits the infection, lives and breeds near fast-flowing streams and rivers, mostly near remote rural villages - The infection can result in visual impairment and sometimes blindness. * Developed chemical compounds that fight against specific pathogens * played a major role in the discovery of synthetic local anesthetics such as amylocaine, * Played a role in the synthesis of suramin (treat African sleeping sickness and river blindness.) EMIL VON BEHRING & EMILE ROUX Independently developed the diphtheria antitoxin (made from equine (horse) blood STANISLAS LIMOUSIN * Introduced the use of medicine dropper * Developed the oxygen inhalation device * Invented the glass ampules WILLIAM PROCTER, JR. - The Father of American Pharmacy DANIEL B. SMITH - First President of the American Pharmaceutical Association. THE SHAKERS * First U.S. industry in medicinal herbs * A religious sect who cultivated herbs and supplied medicinal herbs all over the world. * Begun about 1820, and commercially important by 1830 JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH CAVENTOU Isolated alkaloids such as quinine from cinchona bark FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADAM * German pharmacist * Pioneer of alkaloid chemistry * Isolated morphine from opium 1804(an alkaloid) DOCTORS OF PHARMACY Dr. Antonio Luna y Novicio * He completed the B.A. course at Ateneo in 1883 * He next studied Pharmacy at UST * 1888: Antonio managed to finish the Licentiate in Pharmacy inBarcelona * 1890: He graduated as the FirstDoctor of Pharmacy fromUniversidad Central de Madrid * El Hematozoario del Paludismo (The BloodParasites ofMalaria) (1893) * This was his most significant work (consist of45 pages) CARL WILHELM SCHEELE * Isolated oxygen * Discovered chlorine, manganese and lactic acid JOHN MORGAN * Advocated prescription writing * Pioneer of American medical education * Founder of the first medical school in the US JONATHAN ROBERTS The first hospital pharmacist in America CHRISTOPHER MARSHALL * Established an apothecary shop in Philadelphia (1729) * Pioneered the pharmaceutical enterprise * Practical training school for pharmacists FRANCIS BACON Known for his contribution to The Society of Apothecaries in London HERBOLARIOS In the early and late 19th century study and dispensing of medicinal preparation from plants, animals and other natural sources, is one of the most ancient sciences, which flourished in the Philippines even before the advent of the Spaniards. ANDREW CRAIGIE -America's first -Apothecary General Developed wholesaling and manufacturing business of drugs.  Late Middle Ages:eleventh century, pharmacies in southern and southern France established. in the public Italy were Nicolas of Salerno is the author of Antidotarium Nicolai (important source of information about medieval pharmacy) -Two Latin compilations: Antidotaria (dispensatories) collection of antidotes against the plague, and other malignant diseases. Receptaria (more modest formularies and pharmacopoeia) FIVE FILIPINO LICENTIATE IN PHARMACY 1. Rafael Garcia y Ageo: a criollo, who would join the Filipino professionals in Madrid a decade later 2. Rosendo Garcia y Baza: an artist-naturalist, who was one of the main illustrators of the grand edition of Manuel Blanco'sFlora de Filipinas 3. Leon Ma. Garcia Guerrero y Leogardo became the second rector of the Universidad Cientifico-Literaria of the First Republic, succeeding Dr. Joacquin Gonzales, the first Filipino Doctor of Medicine 4. Aniceto Merenguel - opened the first drugstore in Tondo 5. Tomas Torres y Perona - a criollo, who would succeed to the deanship of his Alma Mater Historical Pharmacy inthe Philippines 1871 First Faculty of Pharmacy in the Philippines was founded along with the first Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Santo Tomas (UST) in Manila. Early nineteenth century: retail pharmacies developed a separate manufacturing area, which included an area for extraction and purification, necessary for extraction of plant alkaloids such as quinine from cinchona bark used for malaria. * 1231-1240 AD: MAGNA CARTA:Pharmacy and Medicine are officially separated. * King Frederick II, a powerful European ruler, issued an edict (The Liber Augustalis) for the first time in Europe completely separating the professions of physicians and pharmacists, and issuing professional regulations for both. Mediquilos Folk doctors, "herbal scientists" or sometimes called "superstitious quacks" Diminutive for medicos -Boehringer and Merck have their origins in community pharmacies in Stuttgart (1817) and Darmstadt (1827), Germany, respectively. -Late nineteenth century: separation of the manufacturing business from the retail community pharmacy. -After the establishment of apothecaries in Baghdad (754 AD), the pharmacy profession started developing in Europe. -Early Middle Ages: monastic medicine = "Monastery medicine" refers to the traditional medieval European medicine, which was above all in the hands of monks and nuns. -Monasteries: "CENTER OF INTELLECTUAL LIFE"