Personality Development PDF

# Personality: Definitions and Its Components ## What is personality? Two images of heads are shown, each made up of multiple coloured puzzle pieces, with a question mark in the middle. ## Definition of personality Personality may be defined as the sum total of the qualities and characteristics...

# Personality: Definitions and Its Components ## What is personality? Two images of heads are shown, each made up of multiple coloured puzzle pieces, with a question mark in the middle. ## Definition of personality Personality may be defined as the sum total of the qualities and characteristics of a person as shown in her manner of walking, talking, dressing, and her attitudes, interests, and ways of relating to other people. ## Components of Personality ### Physical This Includes: - the mode of dressing - manner of walking - posture - body build - health - complexion - facial expression ### Intellectual How a person talks and what she talks about is what matters in the intellectual component of personality. He must develop his intellect. ### Social Good manners are included in this aspect of personality. To do the right thing at the right time, to act in the proper manner, to get along well with others - these are all parts of the social sphere of personality. ### Emotional Includes: - A person's likes or dislikes - whether she is outgoing or shy - calm or nervous - whether she loses her temper easily or keeps her cool ### Value system This includes a person's attitudes, values, beliefs, and philosophy in life. This aspect is referred to as CHARACTER. ## Structures of personality: The ID, Ego, Superego Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality is composed of three elements. These three elements of personality are known as the id, ego, and superego. They work together to create complex human behaviors ### The Id Functions in the irrational and emotional part of the mind. At birth, a baby's mind is all Id (want, want, want). It is the primitive mind. It contains all the basic needs and feelings. It is the source for libido (psychic energy). The Id has only one rule, the pleasure principle: I want it, and I want it all now. In transactional analysis, Id equates to "child." ### The Ego Functions with the rational part of the mind. The Ego develops out of growing awareness that you can't always get what you want. It is a mediator between the ID and the Superego. The Ego relates to the real world and operates via the reality principle. It realizes the need for compromising. ### The Superego The last part of the mind to develop. It might be called the moral part of the mind. It becomes a moral compass, embodying parental and societal values. Embodiment of parental and societal values. It stores and enforces rules. It constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far from reality or possibility, and it enforces rules. It constantly strives for perfection, even though this perfection ideal may be quite far from reality or possibility. ## The ID, Ego, and Superego A diagram shows a man’s head representing the ID, Ego, and Superego. Each part is a speech bubble showing a person with a thought bubble above them. - The **ID**'s Thought Bubble reads: ***"I want it now!"*** - The **Ego**'s Thought Bubble reads: ***"I need to do a bit of planning to get it."*** - The **Superego**'s Thought Bubble reads: ***"You can’t have it. It’s not right."*** ## Psychosexual Development Theory of Sigmund Freud ### What is psychosexual development? - Freud believed that adult personality problems were the result of early experiences in life. - He believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development. - He believes that each stage of development we experience pleasure in one part of the body than in others. ### What are erogenous zones? - Erogenous zones are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development. - A diagram shows a nude man and woman, with numbers on various parts of their body. ### What is psychosexual development? - Freud thought that our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between these early sources of pleasure (the mouth, the anus, and the genitals), and the demands of reality. ### What is fixation? - Fixation is the psychoanalytic defense mechanism that occurs when the individual remains locked in an earlier developmental stage because needs are under or over-gratified. ### Examples of fixation Examples: - Weaning a child too early or too late - Being too strict in toilet training the child - Punishing the child for masturbation - Smothering the child with too much attention ## Stages of Psychosexual Development ### I. Oral Stage - Occurs during the first 18 months of life, when the infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth. - Chewing, sucking, and biting are chief sources of pleasure, and these actions reduce tension in the infant. ### II. Anal Stage - The second stage of oral development that occurs between 1 1/2, until 3 years of age, in which the child’s greatest pleasure involves the anus or the eliminative functions associated with it. - In Freud’s view, the exercise of anal muscles reduces tension. - Through toilet training, the child comes in contact with the rules of society. ### III. Phallic Stage - Occurs between the ages of 3-6. - The word "phallic" comes from the Latin word "phallus", which means "penis". - During this stage, pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable. ### Importance of the phallic stage - In Freud’s view, the phallic stage has a special importance in personality development because this period triggers the Oedipus Complex. ### What is the Oedipus Complex? - The Oedipus Complex is the young child’s development of an intense desire to replace the parent of the same sex and enjoy the affection of the opposite-sex parent. ### Resolving the Oedipus Complex - At about 5-6 years of age, children recognize that their same-sex parent might punish them for their incestuous wishes. - To reduce the conflict, the child identifies with the same-sex parent, striving to be like him/her. - If the conflict is not resolved, the individual may become fixated in the phallic stage. ### IV. Latency Stage - It occurs at approximately between 6 years of age until puberty. - At this stage, the child represses all interest in sexuality and develops social and intellectual skills. - The pursuit of social and academic activities channels much of the child’s energy into emotionally safe areas and aids the child in forgetting the highly stressful conflicts of the phallic stage. ### V. Genital Stage - The final stage of psychosexual development occurs from puberty onwards - It is the time of sexual awakening, but the source of sexual pleasure now becomes someone outside the family. - Freud believed that unresolved conflicts with parents re-emerged during adolescence. - Once resolved, Freud believed that the individual is capable of developing a mature love relationship and functioning independently as an adult. ## Freud’s sexual fixation A diagram shows a nude woman lying on top of a man’s head, with a black and white depiction of a man’s face.