Group 1 Psychoanalysis 2S-VE04 PDF

Theories of Personality and Values Development 2S-VE04 BVE II - 12 Prof. Armina Mangaoil...

Theories of Personality and Values Development 2S-VE04 BVE II - 12 Prof. Armina Mangaoil August 22, 2024 Matrix/Summary Table: Theory Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud Name of 1. Acuno, Xyrine Nicole Facilitators 2. Augis, Miguel Guian 3. Galang, Elijah Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud Early life of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Sigmund Schlomo Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis Concept He was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia to a family of Jewish wool merchants. He went to school and attended university in Vienna, then he got married, trained as a research scientist and a doctor, and developed psychoanalysis. He was one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of the 20th century. He died on September 23, 1939 at his home in London which is now known as the Freud Museum. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a talking therapy that aims to treat mental health issues by investigating the relationship between the unconscious and conscious elements of psychological experience.(Pick, 2015). Freud invented the term “psychoanalysis,” which is considered to have two meanings: (1) a particular method of treating nervous disorders and (2) the science of unconscious mental processes. Psychosexual Stages of Development Sigmund Freud proposed that personality development in childhood takes place during (5) psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. Each of the 5 stages of Freudian psychosexual development theory is associated with a corresponding age range, erogenous body part, and fixation. Oral Stage (Birth to 1 year old) - During this stage, oral desire is the center of pleasure for the newborn baby. For example: - A 1 year old baby indulges in various oral activities like sucking, biting, breastfeeding, and chewing of different objects. Anal Stage (1 to 3 years old) - The child obtains great pleasure from defecating and the libido becomes focused on the anus. For example: - A child who takes pleasure in controlling and releasing their bowels. Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years old) - During this stage, the child begins to experience pleasure associated with their genitalia and starts to develop a strong sense of gender identity. For example: - A 5 year old child becomes more curious about his genitalia and develops a great sense of interest towards the closeness or relationship he has with his mother. Oedipus Complex Oedipus comes from a Greek mythology where a King of Thebes and a young man named Oedipus kill his father and marry her mother. The most important aspect of the phallic stage is the Oedipus complex. Two things that develop during this phallic stage-oedipus complex are the castration anxiety and identification. Electra Complex A girl unconsciously cultivates a sexual attraction towards her father, viewing her mother as a competitor. The girl covets her father, but realizes that she lacks penis which leads to the Freud phenomenon called ‘penis envy’. Then, the girl represses her feelings and learns to adopt a traditional female role by the guidance of her mother. Latency Stage (6 years old to Puberty) - The libido is dormant and no further psychosexual development occurs during this latency stage. For example: - A child is more engaged in hobbies and interests rather than sexual activities. Genital Stage (Puberty to Adult) - During the last stage, the libido re-emerges after its latent period and is directed towards peers of the other sex, marking the onset of mature adult sexuality. For example: - An 18 year old boy begins to experience sexual attraction and begins to explore their sexuality. Level of Consciousness Freud developed a topographical model of the mind, describing the features of the mind’s structure and function. Freud used the iceberg to metaphorically represent the three levels of the mind: the conscious (visible tip of the iceberg), the preconscious (just below the surface), and the unconscious (vast submerged portion). Conscious Mind - Freud described the conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. It includes everything like thoughts, feelings, and perceptions of which people are currently aware of. Thoughts Perception For example: - Being aware of the sights, sounds, smell, tastes, and touch sensations around you. Preconscious Mind - The preconscious is like a waiting room, in which thoughts remain until they “succeed in attracting the eye of the conscious.” This contains feelings and memories that are not presently active but can be accessed when needed. Memories Stored Knowledge For Example: - You are presently not thinking about your mobile telephone number, but now it is mentioned you can recall it with ease. Unconscious Mind - The unconscious mind is the primary source of human behavior according to Freud. Like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot see. It is the part of the mind that is inaccessible to conscious thought or recall because it is defined as “unacceptable” Fears Selfish Motives Shameful Experiences  Traumatic Experiences Immoral Urges For Example: - Freudian Slip. When someone accidentally uses a former partner’s name when referring to his current partner. Structure of Personality Freud analyzes the human psyche and divides it into three parts, which he calls the Id, Ego, and Superego. The three parts are all developing at different stages of our lives. Each one has a significant role to play in how the personality is developed. Id The id is the primitive and instinctive component of personality. The id is the impulsive and unconscious part of our psyche that responds directly and immediately to our pleasure and desires. It engages in primary process thinking, which is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy-oriented. For example: - Excessive drinking, drug use, or engaging in risky behaviors to seek immediate pleasure or indulge in forbidden thoughts. Ego The ego operates primarily at the conscious level. It is the rational part modified by the direct influence of the external world. It follows the reality principle and considers social realities, norms, and rules in deciding how to behave. For example: - Weighing the pros and cons of different options before making a choice. Superego Freud’s superego is the moral component of personality. It incorporates the values and morals of society. It contrasts with the id’s desires, guiding behavior towards moral righteousness and inducing guilt when standards aren’t met. For example: - Always evaluating the rightness or wrongness of actions and feeling guilty or ashamed if not following societal standards. Defense Mechanism Anna Freud defined defense mechanisms as "unconscious resources used by the ego" to decrease internal stress ultimately. Patients often devise these unconscious mechanisms to decrease conflict within themselves, specifically between the superego and id. Psychodynamic therapy is used by clinicians to help orient patients to their own unconscious processes. Displacement - Transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another. For example: - Being angry at your boss but taking it out on your spouse instead Denial - Dismissing external reality and instead focusing on internal explanations or fallacies and thereby avoiding the uncomfortable reality of a situation. For example: - Being the victim of a violent crime, yet denying that the incident occurred Repression - Adapting one’s behavior to earlier levels of psychosocial development. For example: - Being abused as a child but not remembering the abuse. Suppression - Consciously choosing to block ideas or impulses that are undesirable, as opposed to repression, a subconscious process. For example: - Being abused as a child but choosing to push it out of your mind. Sublimation - Transforming one’s anxiety or emotions into pursuits considered by societal or cultural norms to be more useful. For example: - Being upset with your spouse but going for a walk instead of fighting.  Projection - Attributing one’s own maladaptive inner impulses to someone else. For example: - Feeling attracted to someone other than your spouse, then fearing that your spouse is cheating on you. Intellectualization - The development of patterns of excessive thinking or over-analyzing, which may increase the distance from one's emotions. For example: - Losing a close family member and staying busy with making the necessary arrangements instead of feeling sad. Rationalization - The justification of one’s behavior through attempts at a rational explanation. For example: - Being denied a loan for your dream house, then saying it’s a good thing because the house was too big anyway. Regression - Adapting one’s behavior to earlier levels of psychosocial development. For example: - Hugging a teddy bear when you’re stressed, like you did when you were a child. React Formation - Replacing one’s initial impulse toward a situation or idea with the opposite impulse. For example: - Being Sad about a recent breakup, but acting happy about it. Dream A dream theory focuses on understanding the nature and purpose of dreams. Studying dreams can be challenging since they can vary greatly in how they are remembered and what they are about. Dream Analysis by Sigmund Freud The unconscious mind played a critical role in all of Freud's theories, and he considered dreams to be one of the key ways to take a peek into what lies outside our conscious awareness.  Freud believed the content of dreams could be broken down into two different types: The manifest content of a dream included all the actual content of the dream—the events, images, and thoughts contained within the dream. The latent content, on the other hand, is all the hidden and symbolic meanings within the dream. Other Dream Theory Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory - According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming, which was first proposed by J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, circuits in the brain become activated during REM sleep, which triggers the amygdala and hippocampus to create an array of electrical impulses. Self-Organization Dream Theory - According to the information-processing theory, sleep allows us to consolidate and process all of the information and memories that we have collected during the previous day. Some dream experts suggest that dreaming is a byproduct, or even an active part, of this experience processing. Creativity and Problem-Solving Dream Theory - Another theory about dreams says that their purpose is to help us solve problems. In this creativity theory of dreaming, the unconstrained, unconscious mind is free to wander its limitless potential while unburdened by the often stifling realities of the conscious world. Continuity Hypothesis Dream Theory - Under the continuity hypothesis, dreams function as a reflection of a person's real life, incorporating conscious experiences into their dreams. Essence of the Theory Many theories have been brought up in this discussion from psychoanalysis theories, dream theories also the psychosexual stages of development and the analysis of Anna Freud in Defense Mechanism and many more. Moreover, as we discussed and understood about this topic we learned that our personalities, attitudes, dreams, and the mechanisms are essential in our life. Furthermore, think how Sigmund Freud, his daughter and other authors of these topics greatly impacted our lives. The theory is about our unconscious desires and past experiences shape our behavior and emotions as we grow up including the difficult experiences we endured in our life. Also, we must be conscious that people must not tolerate the mechanisms to understand the theories and ourselves also. References Bailey, R., & Pico, J. (2023b, May 22). Defense mechanisms. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559106/ Freud, S. (2014, May 15). Sigmund Freud on psychoanalysis | Unconscious Mind, Dreams & Therapy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sigmund-Freud-on-psychoanalysis-1983319 Lantz, S. E., & Ray, S. (2022, December 5). Freud developmental theory. StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557526/ MSEd, K. C. (2024, March 6). 20 defense mechanisms we use to protect ourselves. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/defense-mechanisms-2795960 McLeod, S., PhD. (2024). Freud’s theory of the unconscious mind. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/unconscious-mind.html Mcleod, S., PhD. (2024). Freud’s Theory Of Personality: Id, Ego, And Superego. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html MSEd, K. C. (2024b, April 2). An Overview of Sigmund Freud's Theories. Verywell Mind.https://www.verywellmind.com/freudian-theory-2795845#toc-freuds-theory-of-dream-analysis MSEd, K. C. (2024d, May 16). Why do we dream? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/why-do-we-dream-top-dream-theories-2795931 Nash, J., PhD. (2024, July 29). Psychoanalysis: A History of Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory. PositivePsychology.com. https://positivepsychology.com/psychoanalysis/ Simply Psychology. (2024, January 16). Freud's Stages of Human Development: 5 Psychosexual Stages. https://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html Who was Sigmund Freud? - Freud Museum London. (2024, January 24). Freud Museum London. https://www.freud.org.uk/education/resources/who-was-sigmund-freud/