Sports – Introduction - PE Reviewer PDF

SPORTS – INTRODUCTION Tactical Skills - these are decision making skills or strategies used in Sports different situations during the game - a...

SPORTS – INTRODUCTION Tactical Skills - these are decision making skills or strategies used in Sports different situations during the game - activity that requires physical action and skills where - a basic example is the use of quick pass and individuals or teams compete under a set of rules. movement against a taller but slower opponent in basketball - the use of tactical decision during game is called SPORTS CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE game sense NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS CHOOSING A SPORT Sports are classified into: Some of the considerations that will guide an Individual Sports individuals in their choice of sports include; - played by one participant on each competing side - one player is required to compete against other 1. weather extremities ( hot or cold ) for an outdoor individuals only sports activity - Ex. Badminton, table tennis, tennis 2. Enjoyment derived from the activity 3. Previous activities tried and enjoyed Dual Sports 4. Financial capacity or budget. Activities like skating, - are played by two competing pairs golf, and scuba diving require financial investment on - foster a higher amount of discipline, self confidence, equipment and actual activity focus and passion - 2 players are competing with another 2 opponents. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS - Ex. Aquatics – swimming, surfing, diving Athletics – running, jumping, throwing Team Sports Ball Sport – Basketball. Volleyball, soccer - are played by three or more players Bat and Ball Sports – baseball - many variable are considered to determine the Club and ball sports - Golf success or failure of the team, it depends on the Combat sports – Boxing, Karate, Taekwondo collective effort of all its players Cue Sports – Billiards - those are sports participated by 2 or more persons Dance Sports – cha cha cha, waltz, tango competing to a set of 3 or more opponents Extreme Sports – skateboarding, motocross - Ex. Basketball, Volleyball, Speak takraw Mind Sports – Chess Racing sports – motor racing, car racing What does one need to know in playing sports? Racket Sports – table tennis, badminton, lawn tennis Winter Sports – figure skating, hockey Some of the important aspects to consider in learning a sport Athletics - is an exclusive collection of sporting events that 1. History involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and 2. Court dimensions/venue walking 3. Technical and tactical skills - the most common types of athletics competitions are 4. Rules of the game track and field, road running, cross country running, 5. officiating and race walking Examples: TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS IN PLAYING * Running Event - 100 meter dash SPORTS * Jumping Event – triple long jump * Throwing Event – Javelin Throw Technical Skills – these are basic fundamentals skills needed to play by the game BALL SPORTS - Ball games ( or ballgames ), also balls sports are any Ex. of technical skills form of game or sport which feature a ball as part of In basketball ( dribbling, passing and shooting) the play In volleyball ( ball reception, attacking, spiking, and Ex. Basketball, Volleyball, Soccer setting ) COMBAT SPORTS COMPUTING THE NUMBER OF GAMES USING THE - A combat or fighting sports is a competitive contact FORMULA IN SINGLE ELIMINATION TYPE OF sports that usually involves one in one combat, in TOURNAMENT many combat sports, a contestant wins by scoring more points than the opponent, disabling the Formula: G= N-1 opponent ( knockout, KO ) or attacking the opponent Where: G= number of games in a specific or designated technique. N= number of entries - Combat sports share a long pedigree with the martial arts. COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF BYES USING THE Examples: Boxing, Taekwondo, karate FORMULA IN SINGLE ELIMINATION TYPE OF TOURNAMENT DANCE SPORTS - is the term used to described high level American Formula: Bye= p² - N style and international style ballroom dancing. Where: P = least power of 2 higher than N - it is done on a competitive level rather than Fixed value - 2, 4, 8, 16, 32..(2×2=4×2= 8×2=16×2) exhibition or social dancing and features various N= number of entries categories such as international Latin American, Bye – entities or team to advance to the next round international ballroom, American rhythm and without playing Examples: Rumba. cha cha cha - able to play during second round EXTREME SPORTS Ex. There are 6 participating teams in table tennis - a sub category of sports that are described as any kind of sports “of a character or kind farthest Computing the number of games removed from the ordinary or average” G= N-1 Examples: skateboarding, Car racing =6-1 G=5 RACKET SPORTS ] - are games in which players use a racket or paddle to Computing the number of byes hit a ball or another object Bye= p² - N - are sports of speed and agility and involve athletes of = 8 - 6 2,8,16,32 all ages Bye = 2 Examples: tennis, racquetball, squash, badminton and paddle tennis Ex. A bye MODE OF TOURNAMENTS B C Tournament D - a series of games or contests that make up a single E unit of competition, the championship playoffs of a F bye league or conference, or an invitation event Ex. Mode A - a way or manner in which something occurs or is B experienced, expressed or done. C D TYPE OF ELIMINATION E Single Elimination F - a type of elimination determines the winner by eliminating the loser in every match until there is one team left. - the easiest and fastest way to declare a winner It is best used when: - when the number of entries is large - when the time is short - when the number of playing venue is limited ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF SINGLE CHESS ELIMINATION History of Chess ADVANTAGES - the precursors of chess originated in northern This method is the simplest and most pedient way to India during the Gupta empire, where its early form in determine a winner. it can accommodate numerous the 6th century was known as chaturanga entries and limited time and facilities - chaturanga translates as the “four division” infantry, cavalry. Elephantry, and chariotry. That represented DISADVANTAGES by the pieces that would evolve into the modern pawn, - the best team may lose in an early round because of knight, bishop, and rook an “off day”, so the rightful winner may not be determined, many teams are eliminated in early play - in Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became Chatrang Double Elimination - The rules were developed further, and players started - once an entry lose there is another chance calling Shah! (persian word for king) when threatening the opponent’s king, and Shah! mat! Formula: G = 2 (N-1) (persian word for the king is finished) when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations Ex. N=4 persisted in chess as it travelled to other lands G= 2 (4-1) = 2 (3) ALL ABOUT CHESS TOURNAMENT ` G=6 - The first international chess tournament was held on London on 1851, Adolf Anderson won in London international tournament and London club tournament. This chess tournament was organized by an English player named Howard Stauton. The first world chess championship was held on 1886 and from that day came the world chess federation (FIDE) FAMOUS FILIPINO CHESS PLAYER Eugene Torre (FIDE ranking 2427 ) as of April 2027 - the veteran player - in the world competition in chess, our country has several players that are now well known in chess tournament. They compete internationally and ranked in FIDE ( world chess federation ) Wesly So Ranking 2770 (FIDE 09) as of march 2021 Fil-Am player Jannel May Frayna Title holder of the first player representing the Philippines to become a woman brand master (FIDE ranking 2200) as of April 2022 ALL ABOUT THE GAME Chess - is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each players has 16 pieces OBJECTIVE OF THE GAME: HOW TO WIN TOURNAMENT TIME STANDARD - The King one side is captured by placing it under an Blitz - has typical time limits of 5 minutes for each inescapable threat of capture player for all the moves - The contestants agree to a draw issue Rapidplay – is played with typical time limits of 30 minutes for each player for all the moves TYPES OF DRAW Local League – chess has typical time controls of 35 moves in 75 minutes and then perhaps 15 or 20 - Stalemate minutes to finish the game - Dead Position International Chess – has a standard time control of - Mutual Agreement 40 moves in 2 hours and then an extra hour to reach - Insufficient Materials move 60, After this, if the game is still in progress a - 50 move rule quickplay finish decides the game CHESS EQUIPMENT Pawn = 1 point Knight = 3 points Bishop = 3 points Rook = 5 points Chess Board Queen = 9 points king = ? points - the chess board is made up of an 8×8 grid. This grid results in 64 alternating colored squares, 32 light BASIC MOVES IN CHESS squares and 32 dark. The size of each individual square is identical, and the board should measure the Pawn- The pawn may move forward to the unoccupied same on all 4 sides square immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move it may advance two squares are - the best size chess board measures 21 inches long by unoccupied 21 inches wide by 0.75 inches in the thickness. The ideal size of the individual squares on the chess board En Passant – rule is a special pawn capturing more in measures 2 by 2 inches chess, En Passant is a French expression that translates to in passing which is precisely how this CHESS PIECES capture works 1 King 2 Bishops Knight – the knight move to any of the closest squares 1 Queen 2 Knights that are not on the same rank, file or diagonal, thus the 2 Rooks (or castles) 8 Pawns move forms an “ L” shape two squares vertically and one square horizontally or two squares horizontally - including 1 additional queen (for pawn promotion) and one square vertically. The knight is the only piece that can leap over the other pieces ANCIENT CHESS PIECES Bishop – can move any number of squares diagonally, Sha King ( king ) but may not leap over other pieces Pil Elephant ( Bishop ) Rukh Chariot ( Rooks ) Rook -can move any number of squares along any Farzin counselor/or (Queen ) rank of files but may not leap over other pieces along Asp Horse ( Knight ) with the king, the rook is involved during the kings Pujada foot soldier ( Pawn ) castling move CHESS EQUIPMENT Queen – combines power of the rook and bishop and can move any number of square, along rank, file or Chess clock diagonal but it may not leap over other pieces - Analog - Digital King – move one square in any direction. The kind has also a special move which is called castling and Chess Clock – are distinctive with two timers built involves also moving a rook into one unit , one for each player, the two clock are never running simultaneously but rather keep track of each players time used LOCATION AND NOTATION Chess Notation – is the languanges of chess and you will eventually need to learn it if you want to continue down this road and make your journey easier one of the first thing you learn when starting out is how to read each square - chess notation uses abbreviations for each piece, using capitalized letters. King = K Queen = Q Bishop = B Knight = N Rook = R Pawn =no notation - Capturing an enemy piece sees an “x” placed between the piece moved and the square the piece was upon - When the opponent’s king is threatened by check, a “+” sign is added to the end of the notation Castling kingside is written a “ 0-0” Castling queenside is notated with “0-0-0” CHESS OPENING RULES 1. Open with a Center Pawn 2. Develop with threats 3. Knights before Bishops 4. Don’t move the same pieces twice 5. Make as Few Pawn Moves as possible in the opening 6. Don’t bring out your queen too early 7. Castle as soon as possible , preferably on the King Side 8. Always play to gain control of the center 9. Try to maintain at least one pawn un the center 10. Don’t sacrifice without a clear and adequate reason