Physical Activities Towards Health And Fitness 1 PDF

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 24  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMEN...

PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 24  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the unit, the student must have: 1. Defined Basic Anatomy and Physiology. 2. Identified the proper functions of the organ systems of the human body. 3. Explained the relevance of Muscular and Skeletal system as initiator of movements. 4. Compared and contrasted the role that Muscular and Skeletal System play in the science of human movement. DISCUSSION Note: The information available in this module for students’ reading references are limited, therefore additional readings are highly encouraged and links for online readings are provided in the end of this chapter to foster further learning. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 25  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Human Anatomy - is the study of the structures of the human body. An understanding of anatomy is key to the practice of health and medicine. The word “anatomy” comes from the Greek words “ana,” meaning “up,” and “tome,” meaning “a cutting.” Studies of anatomy have traditionally depended on cutting up, or dissection, but now, with imaging technology, it is increasingly possible to see how a body is made up without dissection. Human Physiology - is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical function of humans, and serves as the foundation of modern medicine. As a discipline, it connects science, medicine, and health, and creates a framework for understanding how the human body adapts to stresses, physical activity, and disease. Human physiology is closely related to anatomy, in that anatomy is the study of form, physiology is the study of function, and there is an intrinsic link between form and function. ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY: ITS COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION Three Levels of Organization: Cells work together to form Tissues Tissues work together to form Organs Organs work together to form Organ Systems 11 Organ Systems of the Human Body 1. Cardio-vascular System – Major organs and structures: Heart, arteries, veins capillaries and blood. Function: Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells, prevents hemorrhage by forming blood clots, regulates body temperature, etc. 2. Respiratory System Major organs and structures: Lungs, bronchi (tubes to lungs), trachea (windpipe), mouth, larynx, nose, diaphragm. Function: Supplies oxygen eliminates carbon dioxide, helps regulate the acid-base balance of body, and helps produce sounds. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 26  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) 3. Skeletal System Major organs and structures: All the body’s bones, cartilage, joints and the ligaments that connect them. Function: Supports and protects the body, assists in body movements, houses cells that give rise to blood cells, and stores minerals. 4. Muscular System Major organs and structures: The body’s muscles, some under conscious control (skeletal or striped muscle), others working unconsciously (smooth or involuntary muscle). Function: Powers movement of the body, such as walking and throwing a ball, stabilizes body positions (postures), and generates heat. 5. Digestive System Major organs and structures: Mouth, teeth, tongue salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas Function: Performs the physical and chemical breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients for use by cells and helps eliminate solid and other wastes. 6. Excretory System Major organs and structures: Organs and glands involved in the removal of waste matter from the body: sweat glands, large intestines and the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). Function: Regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood, eliminates wastes, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance of the body, and secretes a hormone that regulates red blood cell production. 7. Reproductive System Major organs and structures: Male: Testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra; Female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva; Male and female sex hormones influencing sexual growth and function and secondary sexual characteristics, i.e. menstruation in females. Function: Produces gametes, which can unite to form a new organism, and hormones that help regulate metabolism. 8. Nervous System Major organs and structures: Brain, sense organs (eyes, ears, taste buds, smell and touch receptors), nerves, spinal cord. Function: Regulates body activities through action potentials (nerve impulses) by detecting changes in the internal and external environments, interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by inducing muscular contractions or glandular secretions. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 27  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) 9. Endocrine System Major organs and structures: Hormone-producing glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreas, thymus, parts of testes and ovaries, and small areas of tissue in the intestines. Function: Regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood to various organs of the body. 10. Integumentary System Major organs and structures: The skin and the structures derived from it, such as hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. Function: Helps regulate body temperature, protects the body, eliminates some wastes, helps produce vitamin D, and monitors certain stimuli such as changes in temperature and pressure. 11. Lymphatic System or Lymph-vascular System Major organs and structures: Structures involved in the circulation of lymph and the body’s defense against disease, including lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, thymus. Function: Serves as a site of maturation and proliferation of certain white blood cells (lymphocytes), and helps protect against disease through production of proteins called “antibodies” as well as other responses. THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN MOVEMENT: THE MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM Movement – basic movement skills are very important to an individual, if the students are properly learned with the basic skills, they are confident and competent enough to develop complex movement skills that will allow them to enjoy any sports and physical activity without hesitation. They will surely move with ease and free from injuries. Muscular System Muscle tissue, which comprises about 40% of the human body weight, consists of threads, of muscle fibers, supported by connective tissue. All living cells can move to some degree, but this ability is highly developed in muscles, which act by fiber contraction. Functions of the Muscular System Skeletal muscles perform a variety of different function, all of which are important to efficient performance of human body. The three functions relating specifically to human movement are: (a) contributing to skeletal movement; (b) assisting in joint stability; and (c) maintaining posture and body positioning. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 28  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) 1. Produce movement – skeletal movement is created as muscle actions generate tensions that are transferred to the bone. The resulting movements are necessary for locomotion or other segment manipulation. 2. Maintain postures and positions – muscle actions of a lesser magnitude are utilized to maintain postures. This muscle activity is continuous and results are small adjustments as the head is maintained in position or the body weight is balanced over the feet. 3. Stabilize joints – muscle tensions are generated and applied across joints via the tendons, providing stability where they cross the joints. In most joints, especially the shoulder and the knee, the muscle spanning the joints via the tendons are among the joint stabilizers. 4. Other functions – the skeletal muscle also provide four other functions that are not directly related to human movements. First, muscle support and protect the visceral organs and protect the internal tissues from injury. Second, tension in the muscle tissue can alter and control pressures within the cavities. Third, the skeletal muscles also contribute to the maintenance of the body temperature by producing it. Fourth, muscles control the entrances and exit through voluntary control over swallowing, defecation, and urination. Three kinds of muscle in body 1. Skeletal muscle (Voluntary Muscle) – also called as striated (striped) muscles. It worked together with the bones and tendons and is responsible for all forms of conscious movement e.g. running up a flight of stairs. It is also involved in the automatic reactions knowns as reflexes. 2. Smooth muscle (Involuntary Muscle) – it is called “smooth muscle because of the way it looks under the microscope. Its structure is made up of long spindly cell and is concerned with the involuntary movement of internal organs such as the guts and bladder. 3. Cardiac muscle (Involuntary Muscle) – makes up the main bulk of the heart and can only be found in it. Its structure is very similar to voluntary muscle, but the fibers are short and thick and form a dense mesh. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 29  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 30  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) Skeletal System The skeletal framework determines our shape and body size, and one can roughly predict adult height by doubling the height of a 2- year old. The skeletal system and frame can also be greatly influenced by nutrition, activity level, and postural habits. Adults has a total of 206 bones while a new born baby has around 350 bones at birth. Functions of the Skeletal System The skeletal system performs many functions: leverage, support, protection, storage, and blood cell formation. Two of these functions, leverage, and support are important in human movement. 1. Levers – the skeletal system provides the levers and the axes of rotation about which the muscular system generates the movements. A “lever” is a simple machine that magnifies force or speed of movement. The levers are primarily the long bones of the body, and the axes are the joints where the bones meet. 2. Support – the skeleton can maintain a posture, while at the same time being capable of accommodating large external forces such as those involved in jumping. The bones constituting the skeletal system increase the size from top to bottom as more of the body weight is assumed by the structure; thus, the bones of the lower extremity, lower vertebrae, and pelvic bones are larger their upper extremity, lower vertebrae, and pelvic bones are larger than their upper extremity or upper torso counterparts. 3. Other Functions – there are three additional bone functions not specifically related to human movement: protection, storage, and blood cell formation. The bones protect the brain and the internal organs. Bones also store fats and minerals. Finally, blood cell formation, called hematopoiesis, takes place within the cavities of the bone. Type of Bones There are several different types of bone, each designated to perform in varying ways. They are categorized according to shape, function and proportion of spongy and compact bone tissue. Spongy bone is a high-porosity bone that is a high-energy absorber, and compact bone is dense and offers strength and stiffness to the skeleton. 1. Long bones – these bones are longer than they are wide. e.g. clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, and the phalanges. 2. Flat bones – these bones consist of two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone and marrow in between. It protects the internal structures and offer broad surfaces for muscular attachment. e.g. ribs, ilium, sternum, and scapula. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 31  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) 3. Irregular bones – these consist of spongy bone with a thin compact bone exterior. These bones are termed “irregular’ because of the specialized shaped and function including: supporting weight, dissipating loads, protecting the spinal cord, contributing to the movement, and providing sites for muscular attachment. e.g. those found in the skull, pelvis, and vertebrae. 4. Sesamoid bones – it is a short bone embedded within the tendon or joint capsule. Other sesamoid bones can be found in the base of the first metatarsal in the foot where the bones are embedded in the distal tendon of the flexor hallucis brevis muscle, bond at the thumb where the bones are embedded in the tendon of the flexor policies muscle. The role of the sesamoid bone is to alter the angle of insertion of the muscle. e.g. patella. CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 32  PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1 | PE 109 MODULE 4 | MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT (MOVEMENT PATTERNS, EXERCISE BASED) (Continuation) EVALUATION General Direction: You may submit your answer/s through online learning platforms available with you or you may affix it here in this module. 1. What is Anatomy and Physiology in your own idea? 2. Give (1) one proper function for each organ systems of the human body. 3. What is the relevance of Muscular and Skeletal system in movement initiation? 4. Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the role that Muscular and Skeletal System play in the Science of Human Movement. Note: See attached rubrics for your reference. ADDITIONAL READINGS a. https://dragonfly-fitness.com/2018/08/08/the-5-basic-principles-of-fitness/ b. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxc34j6/revision/5 RESOURCES a. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248743 b. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zxc34j6/revision/5 c. Piamonte, RM, et. al. (2002) FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS d. Claravall, D. (2018) PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1: MOVEMENT ENHANCEMENT CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY – PONTEVEDRA | P a g e | 33