Anatomy of Human Movement and Performance PDF

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Department of Service Physical Education COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE BIOL 30143...

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Department of Service Physical Education COLLEGE OF HUMAN KINETICS Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE BIOL 30143 Assoc Prof. John Mark N. Nero Assoc Prof. Joana Marie Carina M. Gabunilas 1  ANATOMY OF HUMAN MOVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE BIOL 30143 John Mark N. Nero Joana Marie Carina M. Gabunilas ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning module may be reproduced, used in any form, or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the authors and the University. Published and distributed by: Polytechnic University of the Philippines Address: Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila Website: https://www.pup.edu.ph/ Email: Tel. No.: 2  The VMPGO VISION PUP: The National Polytechnic University MISSION Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting lifelong learning opportunities through a re-engineered polytechnic university by committing to: provide democratized access to educational opportunities for the holistic development of individuals with global perspective. offer industry-oriented curricula that produce highly skilled professionals with managerial and technical capabilities and a strong sense of public service for nation-building. embed a culture of research and innovation. continuously develop faculty and employees with the highest level of professionalism. engage public and private institutions and other stakeholders for the attainment of social development goal. establish a strong presence and impact in the international academic community. PHILOSOPHY As a state university, the Polytechnic University of the Philippines believes that: Education is an instrument for the development of the citizenry and for the enhancement of nation-building; and, That meaningful growth and transformation of the country are best achieved in an atmosphere of brotherhood, peace, freedom, justice and nationalist-oriented education imbued with the spirit of humanist internationalism. SHARED VALUES AND PRINCIPLES 1. Integrity and Accountability 2. Nationalism 3. Sense of Service 3  4. Passion for Learning and Innovation 5. Inclusivity 6. Respect for Human Rights and the Environment 7. Excellence 8. Democracy GOALS OF THE COLLEGE The College of Human Kinetics aims to: 1.Nurture highly skilled professionals in Physical Education, fitness, and sports coaching by implementing an innovative curriculum and instructional methods, supported by a comprehensive holistic development program for students. 2. Instill core values and foster exemplary conduct expected of PUPians, ensuring our graduates exemplify the highest standards of integrity and excellence. 3. Empower faculty members to achieve excellence in research, extension, and community outreach programs, thereby enhancing our educational environment and increasing our societal impact. 4. Align with the PUP mission and vision, steadfastly committing to our institutional goals and values. 5. Expand and deepen research and extension networks with local, national, and international partners to enhance our influence and promote collaborative growth. 6. Catalyze transformative change, enabling students to realize their full potential and attain their fitness, personal, and professional aspirations. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION The BSESS-FSC program is an interdisciplinary field designed to provide graduates with straightforward and inclusive instruction in Exercise and Sports Science, combined theoretical and practical courses help shape the student as a professional, ethical, independent, innovative, and resilient Fitness and Sports Coach equipped with the 21st- century skills, with a lifelong passion for learning and of service to people. The fitness and sports coaching major acknowledges and recognizes the value of coaching licensure and/or certification accredited by relevant accredited international and national governing bodies and fitness-related certifications by reputable organizations in the field. 4 The BSESS-FSC program allows graduates to address the relevant needs of employers and pursue further specialization studies. COURSE DESCRIPTION The course provides an understanding of the structure of the body and how it operates as a system. Student use anatomical models and digital media to provide a basis for understanding the structure and function of the human body in terms of how it responds and adapts to physical activities in all its forms. The course is delivered through a combination of strategically designed face-to-face and online (synchronous and asynchronous) sessions. INSTITUTIONAL LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOS) As a polytechnic state university, PUP shall develop its students to possess: 1. Critical and Creative Thinking. Graduates use their rational and reflective thinking as well as innovative abilities to life situations to push boundaries, realize possibilities, and deepen their interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and/or transdisciplinary understanding of the world. 2. Effective Communication. Graduates apply the four macro skills in communication (reading, writing, listening, and speaking), through conventional and digital means, and can use these skills in solving problems, making decisions, and articulating thoughts when engaging with people in various circumstances. 3. Strong Service Orientation. Graduates exemplify a strong commitment to service excellence for the people, the clientele, the industry, and other sectors. 4. Adept and Responsible Use or Development of Technology. Graduates demonstrate optimized and responsible use of state-of-the-art technologies in their profession. They possess digital learning abilities, including technical, numerical, and/or technopreneurial skills. 5. Passion for Lifelong Learning. Graduates perform and function in society by taking responsibility in their quest for further improvement through lifelong learning. 6. Leadership and Organizational Skills. Graduates assume leadership roles and become leading professionals in their respective disciplines by equipping them with appropriate organizational skills. 7. Personal and Professional Ethics. Graduates’ manifest integrity and adherence to moral and ethical principles in their personal and professional circumstances. 8. Resilience and Agility. Graduates demonstrate flexibility and the growth mindset to adapt and thrive in the volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment. 5 9. National and Global Responsiveness. Graduates exhibit a deep sense of nationalism as it complements the need to live as part of a global community where diversity is respected. They promote and fulfill various advocacies for human and social development. PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES (PLOS) Based on CMO No.81, series of 2017 1. To provide graduates with a broad and balanced understanding of the key concepts, processes and theories related to fitness and sports coaching. professional development goals; to advocate for a healthy and active lifestyle by striving to be a role model to others. 2. To provide graduates with extensive practical skills that enable them to plan, design, manage, execute and evaluate safe, effective and enjoyable fitness and sports programs in various industry settings (i.e.) commercial and corporate 3. To provide graduates with the ability to communicate their knowledge of applied exercise and sports sciences to those they work with and work for to their fellow professionals, allied professionals and practitioners, and to other relevant stakeholders. 4. To provide graduates with the ability to communicate in oral, written and technology formats advocacies that relate to the promotion of fitness and wellness, the advancement of the profession and the disciplines of ` and sports sciences, sports management and physical education, respectively; as well as pursue policy initiatives and social reforms. 5. To provide graduates with research competencies that enable them to recognize the different methods of research or inquiry, data collection and analysis; as well as property evaluate evidence in the context of research methods and data sources. 6. To enable graduates to recognize their moral and ethical responsibilities; act with integrity, respect and a high degree of professionalism. 7. To direct graduates to engage in reflective practice, identify personal learning goals and continuing 6 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLOS). At the end of this course, the students are expected to: 1. Demonstrate knowledge and understanding on the structures of the body and how they operate as systems. 2. Analyze how body systems respond and adapt to physical activities in all its forms (e.g. exercise, sports training/performance functional movements). 3. Analyze human movement in PA performances; and 4. Use technology in analyzing human movement. 5. Show a positive attitude such as teamwork, leadership, critical thinking, and good communication among students. 6. Acquire knowledge on structures and functions of the human body and its relationship to human movement as applied. 7. Understand as well as analyze the different organ system and their implication to performance of one’s movement. 8. Appreciate the capability of the human body, its strength and weaknesses so as to provide necessary strategy for one’s improvement. 9. Analyze the relevance and appropriateness of the knowledge and information derived from the anatomical structure of the human body to the mechanics of human movement. 10. Demonstrate expertise in identification of human body parts and application of biomechanics and movement analysis. 7  Preface This course “Anatomy of Human Movement and Performance” provides an understanding of the structure of the body and how it operates as a system. Students use anatomical models and digital media to provide a basis for understanding the structure and function of the human body in terms of how it responds and adapts to physical activities in all its forms. The course is delivered through a combination of strategically designed face-to-face and online (synchronous and asynchronous) sessions. This instructional material is divided into two units (1) Introduction Anatomy; and (2) Musculoskeletal System. The first unit of this material has two lessons. The first lesson aids explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology, define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologies Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology), explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline and identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. The second lesson reveals organic compounds and inorganic compounds, how the chemical properties of water make life possible the regulation of the cell life cycle, relationship between cell division and cancer, four major types of tissues in the body and describe their roles and how cartilage and bone function as a supporting connective tissue. The second unit of this work text has also three lessons which begins with the primary functions of the skeletal system and bones according to shape and internal organization, giving examples of each type, and explain the functional significance of each of the major types of bone markings. This followed by the major categories of joints and explain the relationship between structure and function for each category, the basic structure of a synovial joint and describe common synovial joint accessory structures and their function, how the anatomical and functional properties of synovial joints permit movements of the skeleton and the joints between the vertebrae of the vertebral column. 8  TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 1 The VMPGO 3 Preface 8 Table of Contents 10 OBE Course Syllabus 13 UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Lesson 1 The Structure and Movement of the Human Body a. Introduction 14 b. Learning Objectives/Outcomes 15 c. Presentation/Discussion of the Lesson 15 d. Link to Video Recording 27 e. Activity 27 Lesson 2 Chemical, Cellular and Tissue level of Organization a. Introduction 30 b. Learning Objectives/Outcomes 31 c. Presentation/Discussion of the Lesson 31 d. Link to Video Recording 38 e. Activity 38 Values Integration 41 UNIT II THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Lesson 3 Skeletal System a. Introduction 42 b. Learning Objectives/Outcomes 42 c. Presentation/Discussion of the Lesson 43 d. Link to Video Recording 77 e. Activity 77 Lesson 5 Muscular System a. Introduction 80 b. Learning Objectives/Outcomes 9  c. Presentation/Discussion of the Lesson 80 d. Link to Video Recording 81 e. Activity 101 102 105 Values Integration 106 Reference List Appendices Certificate of Approval for 10  COURSE SYLLABUS Link: https://pupedu- my.sharepoint.com/:b:/g/personal/jmcmgabunilas_pup_edu_ph/EQvhURnRE_BCmNvdHn ns0BsBk9lUyLCp9nZLr8qbOdE9PQ?e=XdJku5 11  UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Lesson 1 The Structure and Movement of the Human Body INTRODUCTION Anatomy is the study of body structures and physiology is the study of body functions. You will discover how your body works under normal and abnormal conditions. This knowledge will serve as the foundation for understanding all other basic life sciences, and for making common sense decisions about your own life. Basic knowledge of normal physiological function, for example, will prove useful whenever you or a friend or relative becomes ill. I will explain how the body responds to normal and abnormal conditions and maintains homeostasis. As we proceed, you will see how your body copes with injury, disease, or anything that threatens homeostasis. Anatomy is the oldest medical science. Egyptian drawings from 1600 BCE illustrated basic knowledge of blood vessels. These drawings show that people have always been fascinated with the human body. Since that time, imaging techniques for studying the human body have evolved, enabling us to describe the locations and functions of body parts. Over the last two decades, the most rapid progress has taken place in the field of molecular biology, which studies processes at the level of individual genes. It uses principles of biology, chemistry, genetics, and biochemistry. Molecular biology helps us understand how the body works at the most fundamental level and reveals the underlying basis for many disorders and diseases. 12 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology. 2. Define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologies Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology). 3. Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology and describe various specialties of each discipline. 4. Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. Explain the concept of homeostasis. 5. Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, body sections, and relative positions; and 6. Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions and describe the functions of each. Anatomy and Physiology A. Anatomy and Physiology People have always been interested in the inner workings of the human body. Many medical terms have Greek roots, as do many other anatomical terms and phrases that originated more than 1500 years ago. For example, the term anatomy is derived from Greek roots that mean “a cutting open.” Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts. In contrast, physiology, another Greek term, is the study of how living organisms perform their functions. Physiology is the study of the function of anatomical structures. Human physiology is the study of the functions, or workings, of the human body. These functions are complex processes and much more difficult to examine than most anatomical structures. As a result, there are even more specialties in physiology than in anatomy. Examples include: Cell physiology, the study of the functions of cells, is the cornerstone of human physiology. Organ physiology is the study of the function of specific organs. An example is cardiac physiology, the study of heart function—how the heart works. 13  Systemic physiology includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems. Cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, and reproductive physiology are examples. Pathological physiology is the study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions. Modern medicine depends on an understanding of both normal physiology and pathological physiology. B. Areas of Study in Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, involves examining relatively large structures. Gross anatomy can be seen without using a microscope and can involve the study of anatomy by dissecting a cadaver. There are many different forms of gross anatomy: Surface anatomy is the study of general form and superficial (toward the body surface) markings. Regional anatomy focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk. Systemic anatomy is the study of the structure of organ systems, which are groups of organs that function together in a coordinated manner. Clinical anatomy includes a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice. Examples include pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness), radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen using specialized imaging techniques), and surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery). Developmental anatomy describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood. Microscopic anatomy deals with structures that we cannot see without magnification. The boundaries of microscopic anatomy are set by the limits of the equipment we use. With a dissecting microscope you can see tissue structure. With a light microscope, you can see basic details of cell structure. And with an electron microscope, you can see individual molecules that are only a few nanometers (billionths of a meter) across. Microscopic anatomy includes two major subdivisions: Cytology is the study of the internal structure of individual cells, the simplest units of life. Histology is the examination of tissues—groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions 14 C. Levels of Organization of the Human Body The Chemical Level. Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter. They can combine to form molecules with complex shapes. The Cellular Level. Cells are the smallest living units in the body. Complex molecules can form various types of larger structures called organelles. The Tissue Level. A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions. The Organ Level. Organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions. The Organ System Level. A group of organs interacting to perform a particular Figure 1: The Levels of Organization offunction the Human Bodyforms an organ system. Each time it contracts, the heart pushes blood into a network of blood vessels. Together, the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system, one of 11 organ systems in the body. This system functions to distribute oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The Organism Level. An organism—in this case, an individual human—is the highest level of organization that we consider. All of the body’s organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism. D. Homeostasis Homeostasis refers to the existence of a stable internal environment. Maintaining homeostasis is absolutely vital to an organism’s survival. Failure to maintain homeostasis soon leads to illness or even death. Homeostatic regulation involves two general mechanisms: Autoregulation is a process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change. For example, when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals 15  that widen, or dilate, blood vessels. This dilation increases the rate of blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region. Extrinsic regulation is a process that results from the activities of the nervous system or endocrine system. These organ systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously. For example, when you exercise, your nervous system issues commands that increase your heart rate so that blood will circulate faster. Your nervous system also reduces blood flow to less active organs, such as the digestive tract. The oxygen in circulating blood is then available to the active muscles, which need it most. Figure 2: Homeostatic Regulation through Negative Feedback Regardless of the system involved, homeostatic regulation always works to keep the internal environment within certain limits. A homeostatic regulatory mechanism 16  consists of three parts: (1) a receptor, a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change; (2) a control center, which receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands; and (3) an effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus. You are probably already familiar with similar regulatory mechanisms, such as the one involving the thermostat in your house or apartment. The signal sent by the effector is called feedback; feedback can be either negative or positive. Negative feedback: when the effector opposes the stimulus (such as a dropping temperature) and reverses the direction of change (causing the temperature to rise) Positive feedback: when the effector reinforces the stimulus (such as uterine contractions during childbirth, which trigger the release of the hormone oxytocin) and amplifies the direction of change (causing even greater contractions and further release of oxytocin) E. The Organ Systems Figure 3: The Organ Systems of the Human Body (Part 1) 17  Figure 4: The Organ Systems of the Human Body (Part 2) The human body consists of 11 organ systems. The organs of each system contribute to a particular function. However, some organs belong to more than one system. Specifically, the pharynx is part of both the respiratory and the digestive systems, and the male urethra belongs to both the reproductive and urinary systems. 18 F. Anatomical Terms, Body Regions, Anatomical Positions and Directions, and Body Sections 1. Anatomical Landmarks The standard anatomical reference for the human form is the anatomical position. When the body is in this position, the hands are at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are together. A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to be supine when face up, and prone when face down. Figure 5: Anatomical Landmarks. Anatomical terms are shown in bold face type and common names are in plain type 19 2. Directional Terms Directional terms are generally grouped in pairs of opposites. All terms are based on the body being in the anatomical position—standing erect, arms at the sides, with face, palms, and feet facing forward. Keep in mind, too, that the terms right and left always refer to the patient’s right and left side. Figure 6: Directional References 20 3. Body Planes and Sections Any section through a three-dimensional object can be described in reference to three sectional planes. A plane is an axis, and three planes are needed to describe any three-dimensional object. A section is a single view or slice along one of these planes: Figure 7: Body Planes and Sections 4. Body Regions The illustration shows the terms for the different regions of the body. These terms are used extensively when performing clinical examinations and medical procedures. 21 Figure 8: Body Regions 22 5. Body Cavities The body contains spaces—called cavities—that house the internal organs. The two major body cavities are the dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity. Each of these cavities is subdivided further, as shown below. Figure 9: Body Cavities 23 6. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity is so large, and because it contains numerous organs, it’s divided further into regions (which are used to locate organs in anatomical studies) as well as quadrants (which are used to pinpoint the site of abdominal pain). Abdominal Regions The illustration below shows the location of the nine abdominal regions. The chart beside it lists some (but not all) of the organs found in each quadrant. Note that some organs, such as the liver, stretch over multiple quadrants. Figure 10: Abdominal Regions Abdominal Quadrants Probably used most frequently, lines intersecting at the umbilicus divide the abdominal region into four quadrants. Figure 11: Abdominal Regions 24 Link to the Video Recording: Topic Website/s https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and- Basics of Anatomy and Physiology medicine/human-anatomy-and- physiology?fbclid=IwAR0IFYSEdB4cQ4ZR3xLwuP R_AE093hnwda__0_niEncfr3iyeLhhz6Aw9Uo https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/princ iples-of-physiology Characteristics of Human Life https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/10- characteristics-of-life/deck/3429645 Anatomical Position and Directional https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQUMJ6Gh9Bw Terms Body Regions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDoKJO3M9So Body Planes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7WXfp35FWk Organ Systems of the Human Body https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEUu-A2wfSE Homeostasis https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school- biology/hs-human-body-systems/hs-body-structure- and-homeostasis/v/homeostasis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iz0Q9nTZCw4 Activity 1 Name: ______________________________ Score: ________________ Course, Year and Section: _____________ Equivalent: ____________ A. Label the Directional Terms a. _________________________ b. _________________________ c. _________________________ d. _________________________ e. _________________________ f. _________________________ g. _________________________ h. _________________________ i. _________________________ j. _________________________ 25 B. Match each numbered item with the most closely related lettered item. Use letter for answers in the space provided ____1. cytology (a) study of tissues ____2. physiology (b) constant internal environment ____3. histology (c) face up position ____4. anatomy (d) study of functions ____5. homeostasis (e) tissue ____6. muscle (f) organ system ____7. heart (g) study of cells ____8. endocrine (h) negative feedback ____9. temperature regulation (i) organ ____10. supine (j) study of internal and external body structures C. Critical Thinking and Application 1. What distinguishes auto regulation from extrinsic regulation? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________ 2. Describe briefly the anatomical position _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________ 26 3. A stroke occurs when there is a disruption in blood flow to the brain, causing brain cells to die. Why might a stroke result in a rise or fall of normal body temperature? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ________________________ 27