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SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: Inquisition GENERAL CONCEPTS & HISTORICAL EVENTS o a powerful office set up by the Catholic Church Science to root out and punis...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY: Inquisition GENERAL CONCEPTS & HISTORICAL EVENTS o a powerful office set up by the Catholic Church Science to root out and punish heresy throughout - A way of knowing to understand natural world Europe & America - Stems from curiosity about ourselves 2. Darwinian Revolution Technology - 1859: The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man - Practical application of knowledge especially in a - Biology particular area Evolution o organisms living on Earth today are modified Society descendants of common ancestors - Aggregate of people living together in a more or less Charles Darwin & Alfred Russel Wallace ordered community o believed that living species were not fixed but STS were the product of a gradual process of change - Study of how social, political and cultural values driven by natural selection. affect scientific research and technological Natural Selection innovation and how these in turn affect society, o survival and reproduction of organisms suited to politics and culture their environment at the expense of those less well suited o survival of the fittest Technology o elimination of the unfit Innovation Descent with modification o species living today arose from a succession of ancestors that were different from them STS 3. Freudian Revolution Sigmund Freud Scientific Social o most important Research Values o view of the human mind o discovered the Psychic Apparatus ▪ Psychoanalysis: id, ego, superego Victorian Period INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS that defined the society o People with mental illness were considered 1. Copernican Revolution outcasts and with no proper treatment - Revolution in ideas Freud treated patients - Astronomy: view of universe o 1886: he listened - Start of scientific revolution o Free association technique o People began to look for physical evidence and o Unconscious: place where we bury painful experiments to explain the world around them, memories a wealth of new information and ideas were Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory – Personality Structure uncovered o ID: pleasure seeking principle Before Copernicus o EGO: reality principle o The Earth- centered Universe of Aristotle and o SUPEREGO: voice of moral conscience Ptolemy was the prevailing model for almost Freud’s Psychosexual Stages 2000 years o ORAL: birth to 1 year old Nicolaus Copernicus ▪ Erogenous zone: mouth o Polish astronomer o ANAL: 1 to 3 years old o proposed that the Sun, not the Earth was the ▪ Erogenous zone: bowel and bladder o center of the Universe. control o Heliocentric model of the universe o PHALLIC: 3 to 6 years old ▪ Sun is the center ▪ Electra complex & Oedipus complex o On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ▪ Erogenous zone: genitals ▪ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium o LATENT: 6 years old to puberty o 1543 published ▪ Libido Inactive ▪ Start of scientific revolution o GENITAL: puberty to death Galileo Galilei ▪ Maturing sexual interests o first to meticulously report telescope Freud’s Theory of Dream observations od the sky to support the o Book: The Interpretation of Dreams Copernican Model of the Universe  o Dreams are unconscious wishes, urges or - Mandatory education conflicts - Chocolates Dreams o Cacao Manifest Content Latent Content o Currency - Antispasmodic medication HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF o Herbal medicines SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Human Lineage Asia - Australopithecus afarensis 1. India - Homo habilis: skillful person - Iron steel o Birth of technology (2.6M years BCE) - Metallurgical works o Made sharp cutting edges from stone - Ayurveda - Homo erectus o Traditional medicine - Homo neanderthalensis - Susruta Samhita - Homo sapiens o Book about surgical procedures - Calendar: 360 days Metal Age - Siddhanta Shiromani - Lead (Pb) o Book about planets, latitude and longitude o One of softest metals - Ruler o Extracted from rock o Accurate measurement o 6500 BCE in Anatolia (now Turkey) - Aryabhatiya - Copper (Cu) o Book: Trigonometric functions o Mesopotamia - Arabic numerical system - Iron Age o Built on hard, strong and versatile metal 2. China o Iron (Fe) - Acupuncture - Compass The Wheel - Paper making - Around 4500 BCE - Printing tools - Wheel and axle combination - Wheelbarrow o Most important invention of all time - Lunar calendar o Transportation become possible - Seismology - Carts came into common use o Earthquakes - By 2000 BCE, wheels had spokes, rapid development occurred with waterwheels and windmills to provide 3. United Arab Emirates power - Theory of Light o Focused on optics or lenses DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - Introduction of decimal point notation 3 Most important Mesoamerica Civilization - The book of healing and The Canon of Medicine 1. Maya - Popularized: Alchemy - Hydraulic System o Turning of metal into gold o Supply of water - Glittery paints Africa o Colorful places 1. Egyptian o Mineral: Mica - Nile River ▪ Raw material o Where they got resources - Mayan hieroglyphics - Development of geometry o Writing system o Dividing of land - Concept of zero - Pyramids and dams o Mathematics - Alchemy - Mayans have temples - Metallurgy - Lunar, solar, stellar calendars 2. Inca - Lebombo bone - Roads paved with stone o Bone of Baboon - Irrigation system o Writing system, math (calcu) o For agriculture - 12 month calendar Philippines o For planting and harvesting - Medical and therapeutic property - First suspension bridge - Extracting herbs - Baybayin 3. Aztec  o Writing system o Concluded that certain mathematical laws - Weaving govern planetary motion - Banaue rice terraces o Laws showed that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of Colonized by Spaniards circles o Formal Education o Demonstrated mathematically that planets ▪ UST revolve around the sun o Scientific institution - Galileo Galilei o Study of medicine o Italian Scientist o Biology is focus o Learned that a Dutch lens maker had built o Galleon trade an instrument that could enlarge far-off o Suez Canal objects ▪ Shortcut going to Europe o Built his own telescope and used it to study Colonized by USA the heavens in 1609 o Bureau of Government Laboratories o 1610 small book: Starry Messenger o Study of tropical diseases described his inventions o Agriculture ▪ Jupiter had 4 moons and sun had o Food processing dark spots o Medicine ▪ Earth’s moon had a rough, uneven o Pharmacy surface ▪ Synthetic drugs o 1632 book: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ▪ Presented both ideas of THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Copernicus and Ptolemy o 1633: summoned by pope to Rome to stand The Medieval View (Before 1500s) trial before the Inquisition - Scholars heavily relied on the bible as a basis on o Lived under house arrest, died in 1642 at his what is true or false villa near Florence - Geocentric theory o 1992: Catholic Church officially o Earth-centered view of the universe acknowledge that he had been right o Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe The Scientific and Mathematical Approach (1600s) o moon, sun, planets moved in perfectly - Scientific method circular paths around the earth o A logical procedure for gathering and o Came from Aristotle and Ptolemy testing ideas 1. Begins with a problem or question arising The start of Scientific Revolution (Mid- 1500s) from an observation - when scholars started questioning the ancient 2. Form a hypothesis or unproved beliefs and teachings of the church. They’ve assumption challenged these ideas and replaced with new 3. Hypothesis is then tested in an theories experiment or on the basis of data - Heliocentric Theory 4. Analyze and interpret data to reach a o Sun-centered theory new conclusion o By Nicolas Copernicus ▪ Conclusion either confirms or ▪ After studying planetary dispose the hypothesis movements for more than 25 - Francis Bacon years, concluded that the stars, o English statesman and writer earth and other planets revolved o Believed that by better understanding the around the sun world, scientist would generate practical ▪ Did not publish his findings until knowledge that would improve people’s 1543 because scholars and clergy lives would reject his theory: On the o Empiricism or experimental method Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies ▪ Instead of reasoning from abstract - Tycho Brahe theories, experiment and then o Danish astronomer draw conclusions o Recorded the movements of the planets for - Rene Descartes many years o Developed analytical geometry, which - Johannes Kepler linked algebra and geometry o Continued Brahe’s work o Relied on mathematics and logic  o Certain that he existed: I think, therefore I o Studied anatomy of pigs and other animals am and assumed that human anatomy was much the same The Law of Gravity (Mid- 1600s) - Andreas Vesalius - Isaac Newton o Flemish physician o Helped bring together breakthroughs under o Proved Galen’s assumption’s wrong a single theory of motion o Dissected human corpses and published his o 26 yr old: certain that all physical objects observations were affected equally by the same forces o 1543 book: On the Structure of the Human o Great discovery: the same force ruled Body motion of the planets and all matter on ▪ was filled with detailed drawing of earth and in space human organs, bones, and muscle o Law of universal gravitation - Edward Jenner ▪ Every object in the universe o Late 1700s: introduced vaccine to prevent attracts every other objects the smallpox degree of attraction depends on o Discovered that inoculation with germs the mass of the objects and the from a cattle disease called cowpox gave distance between them permanent protection from smallpox for o 1687 published: The Mathematical humans Principles of Natural Philosophy o Used cowpox to produce the world’s first ▪ the universe was like a giant clock. vaccination Its parts all worked together perfectly in ways that could be Discoveries in Chemistry expressed mathematically - Robert Boyle ▪ God: creator of orderly universe, o Pioneered the use of the scientific method the clockmaker who had set in chemistry everything in motion o Founder of modern chemistry o 1661 book: The Sceptical Chymist Development of Scientific Tools (late 1600s – 1700s) ▪ Challenged Aristotle’s idea that the - Zacharias Janssen physical world consisted of four o Dutch maker of eyeglasses elements – earth, air, fire, water o 1590: Invented first microscope ▪ Proposed that matter was made up - Anton van Leeuwenhoek of smaller primary particles that o Dutch drapery merchant and amateur joined together in different ways scientist o Boyle’s law o 1670s: used a microscope to observe ▪ Explains how the volume, bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings temperature and pressure of gas o Examined red blood cells for the 1st time affect each other - Evangelista Torricelli o One of Galileo’s students HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS THAT CHANGED THE COURSE OF o 1643: developed the first mercury SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY barometer ▪ Tool for measuring atmospheric THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION pressure and predicting weather - Teaching - Gabriel Fahrenheit - Learning o German physicist - Understanding o 1714: made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES o Water freezing at 32° - Philippine Science High School - Anders Celsius - Quezon City Regional Science High School o Swedish astronomer - Manila Science High School o 1742: created another scale for the mercury - Central Visayan Institute Foundation thermometer - Special Science Elementary Schools o Showed freezing at 0° GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Medicine and the Human Body - DOST - Galen Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International policies o Middle Ages: European doctors accepted and governance his writing as fact - Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education o Never dissected a human being without adding to the curriculum  - Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue - Nature is a friend to human beings— it needs - Developing school infrastructure & providing for ICT respect and proper care broadband - Local food security Traditional knowledge - ethno- biology Physics, engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and - ethno- medicine space sciences, Mathematics - indigenous farming methods & folk astronomy - Emphasizing degrees, licenses & employment opportunities Indigenous People - Outright grants for peer monitoring - Predicting weather conditions and seasons by - Harnessing science & technology as an independent observing animals’ behavior and celestial bodies mover of development - Producing wines and juices from tropical fruits - Building local irrigations MEDICAL, CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES - Using herbal medicine - Creating an education council dedicated to - Preserving foods standardization of pharmaceutical services and care - Empowering food & drug agencies to conduct THE PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES evidence- based research as pool of information - Of more than 104 million Filipinos, about 12 to 15 - Legislating a law supporting human genome projects million are indigenous peoples - The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples Biological Sciences, Agriculture And Forestry (NCIP) identifies 95 distinct tribes, which includes the - Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full Islamic or Muslim groups, in 14 regions of the implementation of existing laws country - srutaPromoting indigenous knowledge systems & indigenous people’s conservation IGOROT TRIBES from NORTHERN PHILIPPINES - The Igorots which comprise of numerous tribes in GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY the northern part of the country are mostly residing - Provide funds for researches in the mountain ranges of the Cordillera region. - Balik scientist program - popularly known for being rice cultivators - Scholarship programs o Ifugaos built the Banaue Rice Terraces. - National science complex and national engineering complex LUMAD TRIBE from SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES - Engineering and science education program - LUMAD: a Visayan term which means “native” - Lumad tribes comprise 13 ethnic groups: Blaan, INDIGENOUS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa, Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakulo, IKSPs Tasaday & T’boli - Indigenous Knowledge Systems & Practices - local knowledge developed over centuries of INDIGENOUS PEOPLE’S RIGHTS ACT OF 1997 (IPRA) (RA8371) experimentation by our ancestors & are passed - An act to recognize, protect and promote the rights orally from generation to generation of indigenous cultural communities/ indigenous peoples, creating a national commission on INDIGENOUS SCIENCE indigenous peoples, establishing implementing - Science process skills mechanisms, appropriating funds and other - Community culture and values purposes - Traditional knowledge SOME INDIGENOUS PRACTICES Science process skills - Weather patterns - Observing o Itogon farmers (Benguet) - Comparing o Puwek ni kiling (storm of kiling) - Classifying o shining moon with a rainbow encircling or a - Measuring bloody red sunset - Problem solving - Inferring - IPs of Tublay Domain (Benguet) - Communicating o Natural Health Practices: - Predicting ▪ Uses herbal, botanical plants & insects Community culture and values for medicine - Red ant (angiyawan)- for Guided by culture & community values such as: toothache. Fry & pulverize then put - The land is a source of life. It is a precious gift from inside the aching tooth the creator ▪ Bekkeng- for toothache  ▪ Uling (charcoal)- for stomach ache. - The Presidential Diploma of Merit Pulverized & mixed with water - The Distinguished Service Medal in 1959 ▪ Coconut shell: for wounds or for those - The Presidential Gold Medal and Diploma of Honor who are newly circumcised. Pulverize for Science and Research in 1966 the dried coconut shell then apply to - The Cultural Heritage Award for Science Education the wounds. and Aero Engineering (1966) ▪ Kigis, guava shoots, sapsap shoots: for wounds 2. Fe Del Mundo ▪ Cogon grass roots: for kidney problems - First Female National Scientist o Forest and Watershed Management - a Filipino pediatrician who was the first woman to be Protection: admitted to Harvard Medical School in 1936 — over ▪ Their belief of the existence of the ten years before the school officially began admitting unseen or spirits “egma- sas” (also women. called “Bagbagisen” and “Ampasit”) - first woman to be named National Scientist of the that resides in the forest prevents them Philippines in 1980, and founded the first pediatric from doing destructive activities hospital in the Philippines. ▪ Before conducting any activity, a “mad- Contributions and Inventions mad” (prayer) is said, i.e. before cutting - She became director of the new medical center. trees, a mad-mad is said to ask - Founded the Children’s Medical Center permission and give time for the spirit - Wrote the “Textbook of Pediatrics” and articles to leave about some diseases. - She invented an incubator made of bamboo - IPs in the Southern Philippines Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society o During New Year, when cow or horse eats - Incubator made of bamboo and improvised radiant grass and wails, it means drought - When warmer and phototherapy the goats repeatedly wail, there will be o These inventions was made to help the landslide people who can’t afford such expensive o Technology: treatment. These are can be easily made for ▪ Pottery rural areas. ▪ Weaving Awards - Philippines’ first female National Scientist. - Order of Lakandula, rank of Bayani. FAMOUS FILIPINO SCIENTISTS - Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstanding Service to Mankind (1966) 1. Gregorio Y. Zara - Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public - inventor of the videophone Service (1977) Contributions and Inventions - Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian by the - discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic International Pediatric Association (1977) resistance, known as the Zara Effect in 1930 - Invented the earth induction compass \ 3. Dr. Hilario D.G. Lara - Invented the Propeller-cutting machine in 1952 - Father of Modern Public Health Movement - Best known as the inventor of the videophone, the - Public Health Recognized for his pioneering and first two-way electronic video communicator, in significant contributions to public health and public 1955. health education in the Philippines. - Had 30 inventions patented under his name. - an Eminent scientist and researcher, he devoted - Designed a Microscope with a collapsible stage. over five decades of his life to the pursuit, Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society dissemination, and application of knowledge - Videophone pertaining to the epidemiology and prevention as o This new invention will cause individuals well as control of disease, promotion and from all around the world to communicate conservation of health and sanitation of efficiently and comfortably. As a reasonably environment which led to the control of cholera, affordable item, many members of society typhoid fever, dysentery, measles and diphtheria in can purchase a videophone and benefit the country. from the visual and vocal communication it - For these works he has attained international provides. recognition with the inclusion of his name in the - Earth Induction Compass "Book of World Biography" and the "Book of the Awards American Men of Science." - National Scientist Award was given by President - Distinguished medical man and public servant, Ferdinand Marcos recognized for organizing and developing the  Institute of Public Health, University of the - The Filipino physician who helped discover Philippines, for establishing the first medical library erythromycin, the new drug was capable of treating in the country and for his pioneering work on the several kinds of infections minus the common side- establishments of community Health Demonstration effects of antibiotics Centers. Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society Contributions and Inventions - Erythromycin is used to treat a wide variety of - Study of the spread of cholera, typhoid fever, bacterial infections. It may also be used to prevent dysentery, measles and diphtheria, resulting in the certain bacterial infections prevention of these diseases in the country. - It works by stopping the growth of bacteria - Established the Institute of Public Health at the University of the Philippines and also helped 5. Dr. Rodulfo Aquino establish the National Research Council of the - After graduating, he was hired as emergency research Philippines. assistant in the Dept. of Agronomy by his thesis - Organized the first medical library in the country adviser, Mr. Felipe Santos and was taken by Dr. Pedro - Dr. Lara wrote and published around 40 articles on Escuro of the same department to conduct the epidemiology in prestigious journals such as Acta National Science Development Board-funded Medica Philippina, Philippine Journal of Science, and experiment designed to compare the Margate, American Journal of Hygiene. Masagana and traditional method of rice culture. - He also established the Philippines’ first urban and - He was also recruited by the International Rice rural health demonstration units in Binangonan, Research Institute (IRRI) plant breeder Dr. Peter R. Rizal and Paco, Manila, respectively. Jennings who was then set to head a group of Impact of Contributions and Inventions to the Society researchers to start IRRI’s rice breeding program. - research on cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery, - He received honors and awards from various scientific measles, and diphtheria proved to be invaluable in and civic organizations which include among others determining what caused them and how to control the Pag-asa Group Award given by the Civil Service their spread. Commission on Sept. 15, 1992, Plaque of - established the Philippines’ first urban and rural Appreciation jointly awarded by the National Seed health demonstration units in Binangonan, Rizal and Industry Council and Philippine Rice Research Paco, Manila, respectively Institute on April 18, 1997 and the Distinguish Award Alumnus award given by University of the Philippines - National Scientist Award in 1985 given by President Los Baños College of Agriculture Alumni Association Ferdinand Marcos and other numerous awards and on Oct. 7, 2000. recognition Contributions, Inventions and Impact - Dr. Rodolfo Aquino isolated nine specific breeds of 4. Abelardo Aguilar rice for the International Rice Research Institute. - Filipino Physician - His discoveries helped prevent famine in much of - In 1949, tested micro-organisms he had isolated Asia, and were nearly solely responsible for Thailand from soil samples in his back garden when he and Vietnam becoming the world’s leading rice chanced upon bacteria that would later lead to the producers (A spot once solely occupied by the development of the antibiotic erythromycin. Philippines.) - working for the U.S. pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly - Aquino also paid the grain homage, devoting his Co., which has since earned billions of dollars by youth to the study of agriculture and plant breeding marketing the drug under its brand-name, Ilosone. at the University of the Philippines at Los Ba杘s, - tried but failed for 40 years to get some royalty for Asia's leading institute for the art and science of his work. cultivation. - his family wants Eli Lilly to pay up to 500 million dollars in royalty and says it will set up a health care 6. Benjamin Cabrera trust for rural Filipinos. - Benjamin Cabrera has developed innovations in drug - Back then, Dr. Abelardo Aguilar was working for a treatments against diseases caused by mosquitoes U.S Pharmaceutical company Eli Lily Co. – a global and agricultural soil. company based in Indiana U.S.A founded by a - He is a physician who is known for his works on Pharmaceutical Chemist and veteran of the public health and medical parasitology. He studied American Civil War. The Filipino scientist sent a soil and devised treatments for the tropical disease samples to his employer Eli Lily Co., and the filariasis, for which he received the Philippine Legion company manages to isolate the Erythromycin from of Honor in 1996. the metabolic products of a strain of Streptomyces Contributions, Inventions and Impact Erythreus found in the samples sent by Dr. Aguilar - Cabrera was a prolific researcher and published Contributions and Inventions more than a hundred studies on medical parasitology and public health and made some very  important innovations that changed the way protection of intellectual property throughout the mosquito-borne diseases were treated. world." - He also made progress into developing treatments Contributions, Inventions and Impact for parasite-infested agricultural soil. - Almeda Sr. invented the rice grinder, meat grinder, His findings and innovations brought a lot of benefits and coconut grater. Add to that the ice shaver, to Philippines, since it relied heavily in agriculture. waffle cooker, barbecue cooker, hot dog griller and - He worked with Lee M. Howard to conduct the very portable toaster. first study that focused on simian malaria. This is a He designed his inventions mainly for use by the type of malaria that naturally infects non-human fast-food industry and sandwich stands, thereby primates such as monkeys and apes. further improving the food industry in terms of *The study was conducted in the Philippines and it processing food much quicker and easier. was found that 8.6% of the animals they tested had malaria. The study suggested that cases of simian 8. Dr. Teodulo Topacio malaria weren’t all that significant and therefore - He was also a member of Philippine Society of didn’t pose a threat to the Filipino population. Microbiology since 1972. - Cabrera conducted a study on filariasis. This is an - President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo conferred the infectious and parasitic tropical disease that is rank of National Scientist upon him on May 7, 2009 brought about by an infestation of thread-like through Proclamation 1762. nematode worms that belong to the Filariodea - He has been an authoritative figure in animal family. Cabrera’s work on this tropical disease production and health in the country for more than earned him the Philippine Legion of Honor in 1996. 50 years. He has also served in government and - Cabrera learned the life cycle and epidemiology of international agencies such as the Asia worm parasites, he then devised drug treatments to Development, the United Nations Food and keep the population safe from the disease. Agriculture Organization and the World Health - The ways he established was beneficial for the public Organization. could stay free of the mosquitoes that spread the Contributions, Inventions and Impact parasites that lead to the disease. - He works on leptospiral disease of domesticated - from his work with filariasis, Cabrera also worked to animals and was the first to identify and isolate the devise a way to control ascariasis. This is a disease two strains of abortion-causing leptospirosis agents caused by the parasitic roundworm ascaris in pregnant pigs. Having studied cases of lumbricoides. Their eggs can be found in leptospirosis among piggery workers, he was also contaminated soil. He conducted some studies and the first to report on pig-to-human leptospirosis he produced a method of reducing infection from transmission. these soil parasites. - also studied other animal diseases such as General thought of his works' impact brucellosis, distemper, and fasciolosis and dog Philippines is both a tropical and agricultural country, so his tumors. His extensive body of work on animal works and innovations were considered innovative and diseases eventually enabled him to prepare a ground-breaking. They changed the way people lived and massive guidebook on animal diseases for veterinary improved the quality of their lives. His findings gave the and medical professionals. The book entitled, people and government a fighting chance to defend Annotated Bibliography on Philippine Biodiversity: themselves against the many parasites that plagues them. Animal Diseases – Prevention and Control. Aside from his homeland, other countries in the tropics also *The volume, published by the National Academy of made use of his findings to protect their own citizens from Science and Technology (NAST) in 2002, compiled the same diseases and infestations. nearly 50 years’ worth of published researches in the Philippines. 7. Benjamin Almeda Sr. - played a key role in preparing and advocating for RA - Known as Father of Filipino Inventors because of his 9482, also known ass Anti-Rabies Act, a bill for the several designed food-processing machines. prevention, control, and eradication of rabies which - In 1954, he founded the Almeda Cottage Industry was signed as a law in May 2007. The group led by (now named the Alameda Food Machineries Dr. Teodulo Topacio also lobbied for the passage of Corporation) in Manila, Philippines, which the Philippine Veterinary Medicine Act of 2004, manufactures his numerous basic food-processing which regulates the practice of veterinary medicine inventions. in the country. - He received the Panday Pay Award for Skilled - served as the chairperson of the Department of Technician in 1977. Aside from this, he was also Agriculture’s National Advisory Committee for awarded a gold medal from the World Intellectual Animal Disease Control and Emergency. Property Organization, one of the 17 specialized - organized the Univet Veterinary Research and agencies of the United Nations created to Development Division of pharmaceutical company "encourage creative activity" and "promote the Unilab. The division produces affordable animal  health products for animal producers, especially meaningful or relevant invention of the year held in small independent backyard raisers of poultry and Germany. pigs. Impacts 10. Roberto Del Rosario - Dr. Topacio research in leptospirosis enabled the - Daisuke Inoue, a musician and inventor created the development of appropriate prevention and first Karaoke machine called the Juke8 in 1971. treatment measures for both pigs and workers. However, a Filipino inventor, Roberto del Rosario - He continued to influence and develop veterinary holds the machine’s patent. programs and policies. - Roberto never went through a formal music - He headed the committee for drafting the Animal education, instead he learned how to play the piano, Industry and Veterinary Services Act. drums, marimba, and xylophone by ear. The inventor - He significantly contributed to the improvement of of Karaoke Sing Along System also patented more animal production and animal health in the than twenty inventions during his lifetime, making Philippines. him one of the most prolific Filipino inventors. - Dr. Topacio’s continued search and quest for novel Contributions/Inventions studies is his legacy which will serve as an inspiration - Between 1975 and 1977, Roberto del Rosario for the young generations to emulate. invented his own version of karaoke machine. In his - Dr. Teodulo Topacio's contributions in the field of patents, he described his sing-along system as a veterinary in the Philippines will continue to use and handy, multi-purpose, compact machine that benefit veterinarians, veterinary scientists, incorporates an amplifier speaker, one or two tape practitioners, and even pet owner in the future. mechanisms, an optional tuner or radio, and a microphone mixer with features to enhance one's 9. Rolando Dela Cruz voice, such as the echo or reverb to simulate an - a world-class Filipino inventor and entrepreneur. He opera hall or a studio sound. The whole system was is also the president and chief executive officer of RCC enclosed in one cabinet casing. Amazing Touch International Inc., which he - The main reason we know del Rosario's contribution established back in March 1997. It is a clinic that is because he sued Japanese companies for patent provides a natural non-surgical approach in removing infringement in the 1990s. In the court case, the warts, moles and other skin growths. It was proven to Philippine Supreme Court decided in del Rosario's be safe and effective as it fixes skin without causing favor. He won the legal recognition and some of the physical pain. money, but in the end, the Japanese manufacturers Contributions/Inventions reaped most of the benefits by later innovations. - After almost 30 years of extensive clinical research - His other inventions are the Trebel Voice Color and development, Dela Cruz perfected his formula by Code, piano tuner’s guide, piano keyboard stressing mixing the extracts of cashew nuts together with device and voice color tape. native lime, papaya, fig, de-ionized water and talc. He Impact on the Society managed to create a natural herbal cream - Most Filipinos love to sing. In fact, we are preparation that leaves no scarring and is relatively stereotyped as good singers overall. Singing had painless compared to other wart treatment options. become a part of our culture and tradition during - The cream that he invented is called DeBCC, which our free time and special events such as birthdays can treat “Basal Cell Carcinoma”, a common type of and holiday parties. That is why the invention of the skin cancer generally caused by overexposure to the Karaoke Sing Along System no doubt became very sun and usually affects the face, ears, scalp, neck, popular in the Philippines. Almost every Filipino shoulders, and back. His invention did not stop on home has a karaoke machine or a Magic Sing curing BCC, he also introduced treatments for the microphone (an updated portable karaoke) – a removal of warts (DeWart), moles (DeMole), and digital mic that turns your television into a karaoke more. machine, something they enjoy during free time Impact on the Society - His invention did not only open up opportunities for 11. Eduardo Quisumbing himself and his family. His inventions gave hope for - He was a Filipino botanist and was a noted expert in thousands of people who are looking for alternative the medicinal plants. wart treatment options without undergoing surgical - known as the “Father of Philippine Orchidology” methods and expensive treatment procedures. More - author of more than 129 scientific articles, mostly importantly, his inventions also brought respect and about orchids. recognition for Philippines in the field of science. - served as the director of the National Museum of From his invention DeBCC, he received a gold medal the Philippines, where he oversaw the rebuilding of for the Archimedes Award in Russia. In 2005, he also the herbarium, which was completely destroyed received the first place award in the International during World War II. Inventor’s Forum, which was also hailed as the most Contributions/Inventions  - Quisumbing wrote numerous taxonomic and Philippines today were seedling varieties selected by morphological papers, most of these deal with Dr Umali. orchids. His book “Medicinal Plants in Philippines’ is Impact on the Society the forerunner of all researches on medicinal plants - His research output and writings paved way for the in the country. He discovered over 900 kinds of launching of programs or rain-fed and upland medicinal plants which were used in Philippine agriculture, social forestry, environment pharmaceutics and medicine ever since. Some of his conservation and rural poverty published works include “Teratology of Philippine - His studies have helped many farmers to improve Orchids”, “The Identity of Anota Violacea and the quality of their corps Rhynchostylis Retus”, “New or Noteworthy - established the Philippine Seed Board and the Rice Philippine Orchids”, and “Philippine Piperaceae”. and Corn Production Coordinating Council of the Impact on the Society Philippines. - Quisumbing’s publications and papers are still sold - involved in the creation of the International Rice on sites such as Amazon. His writings dealing with Research Institute (IRRI), the Dairy Training and orchids of the Philippines are still available at Research Institute (DTRI) and the Agrarian Reform college libraries throughout the U.S. Institute (ARI) - An orchid was named after him, it is called as 13. Ramon Cabanos Barba Saccolabium Quisumbingii – an orchid that produces - Father of Horticulture in the Philippines: Dr. L.G. small but plentiful bright purplish/pink-and-white Gonzales—also the inspiration of Barba to study in flowers and grows in the mountains of the the field of Agriculture. Philippines. Contributions - He was also the recipient of the Distinguished - Advancements in the Mango Industry Service Star (1954) for outstanding contribution to o developed a process that caused the the field of systematic botany; Diploma of Merit on flowering and fruiting of Mango trees three Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal for Malaysian times a year instead on once a year. Orchid Society (1966); Gold Medal for American o proposed that a chemical spray with Etherel Orchid Society and 1975 PhilAAS (Philippine (2-chloreothylphosphonic acid) may induce Association for the Advancement of Science) Most the mango flower and it succeeds. Outstanding Award Impacts to the Society - The impact and importance of his discoveries, along 12. Dioscoro Lopez Umali with his self-motivation to help others, led him to - a National Scientist of the Philippines awardee change how mangoes and other crops are grown - known as the “Father of Philippine Plant Breeding”. around the world, thus improving the livelihood for - awarded with numerous international honors for his those who work in the agriculture industry. outstanding contributions in the field of upland - It can help the world by just showing on how to do agriculture, forestry, environment conservation, and this kind of invention of his. Agricultural and Rural Development. Contributions/Inventions 14. Dr. Czarina Aya-ay Saloma Akpedonu - organized the Division of Plant Breeding and - named "Outstanding Young Scientist" by the developed plant breeding which later bloomed into National Academy of Science and Technology. one of the most important field in applied science as - In July 22, 2007, she was honored in the list of Bohol its first head in 1948 Day Honorees - established the breeding of the Mussaenda species, - In an interview, she said that her inspiration was her the yellow-orange Doña Amelita (named after First brother and her teacher, Ma. Cynthia Rose Banzon- Lady Mrs. Amelita Martinez-Ramos) being its most Bautista, who was the first sociologist to receive this recent addition. award in 1988. (Department of Sociology and - improved the abaca resistance to diseases and Anthropology of the Ateneo) increasing pulp and paper quality by crossbreeding - She is currently the Vice President of the Board of it to abaca relatives. the Research Committee on the Sociology of Science - improved rice and corn dramatically; he altered and Technology of the International Sociological corn to suit Philippine conditions and by 1958, this Association has produced 14 excellent rice types and 5 corn Contributions hybrids which earned the approval and - Co-author of Casa Boholana: Vintage Houses of recommendation of the Philippine Seed Board. Bohol. It is a sociohistorical introduction cum - developed the local fruit germplasm as well as the architectural guide to Bohol’s traditional houses. This food industry. He developed different varieties of book has two major parts which are: rambutan, durian, citrus, mangoes, tamarind, o First, it presents and analyzes data from the jackfruit, atis, manzanilla, and the golden coconut. architectural survey, and highlights notable Five commercial varieties of rambutan in the  aspects of Boholano vintage houses and strains of bacteria produces valuable chemical their evolution through the decades products. o Second, it includes a socioeconomic profile - At the time of Dr. Banzon’s study, the use of cassava of the family owners, and discusses issues was a pioneering work and had huge potential for like urban development, antiques trading, industrial applications. changing attitudes, and future prospects, - He pioneered in the study not just of the coconut, among others, that somehow add to the but also of the sugar cane, in the Philippines, and precariousness of the houses’ existence. produced the first authoritative work on the Impacts to the Society derivation of fuels, specifically ethyl esters, from - The discussion of the methodology also enables these two crops. other field researchers to either replicate the - He developed new and scientific methods, such as study or broaden its scope by covering houses the chemical extraction of surplus coconut oil, in not included in the book. place of the more commonly used physical process. - The results of the research reveal features common to Bohol’s houses. These features - He developed new methods for processing of include the wooden- or Sawali-walled ground coconut, including the chemical extraction (and floor. In some cases, ground floors do not even subsequent conversion into hydrocarbons) of its have walls. Bohol’s houses also follow the same oils. footprint for both the ground level and the first- - He also had publications discussing the chemical story sections, contrasting markedly with the properties of coconut and other vegetable oils. overhanging upper story of houses elsewhere in Impacts to the Society the country. - His work provides an avenue for local and foreign - She wrote her first book, Possible Worlds in scientists to continue research on this field of Impossible Places: Globality, Knowledge, Gender, study, revolutionizing the scientific community and and Information Technology in the Philippines, the modern world. where she explored the everdy life-worlds of the - His work and contribution serve as particularly actors in the Philippine Information Technology important because it addressed pressing issues industry. that are still quite prevalent today. - She continues to study the relationship between 16. Dr. Enrique Ostrea Information Technology and Society, particularly, - “Buddy” is the familiar name of Dr. Ostrea the field of information and communication - He named Most Outstanding Physician in Medicine technology and development (ICTD). in the Midwest United States in 1991 - The author determined that Globalization did not - He received the Outstanding Faculty Recognition follow a single path to a terminal condition but Award from WSU’s Board of Governors in 1990 and rather interfaces between the Global and Local was elected a member of the WSU Academy of community. Scholars in 2012. - It had a great impact on Philippine Society since it - He was recognized for his research in medicimne and was an industry in the Philippines that wasn’t being pediatric studies. given much attention. - His specializations are Pathology and Pediatrics - Her work also became the framework for studying Contribution the different aspects of Science and Technology - The Meconium Drug Testing with a Sociological point of view. o Meconium drug testing can detect maternal drug use during the last 4 to 5 months of 15. Julian Banzon pregnancy. The formula detects the - He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy Degree in presence of prohibited drugs – such as Biochemistry. His Doctoral dissertation was about narcotics like morphine, shabu, marijuana Fermentative Utilization of Cassava and opium – in the baby’s first poops - In July 1986, he was conferred the title of National (meconium). Scientist by President Corazon Aquino for his o His continuing clinical-chemistry research outstanding contributions in the field of Chemistry found that his formula can detect the in the Philippines presence of toxins, nicotine, non-narcotics Contributions and Invention drugs and other substances in the - During his post-graduate studies, he developed his meconium (High concentration of toxins in work on the fermentative utilization of cassava. the tot’s first stool indicates that the mother - His dissertation was among the first to elucidate the had been exposed to environmental toxic products that could be derived from the starchy elements from insecticides and/or crop, including ethanol, butanol, and acetone. Put herbicides). simply, a controlled “rot” of the starch using specific Impacts to the Society  - Dr. Ostrea’s MDT formula is now widely used by analyses of major disasters in the Philippines such as hospitals and pharmaceutical companies, the first the Guinsaugon landslide; Mayon eruptions; of its kind to be used by the Federal Drug typhoons Ondoy, Sendong, Pablo, and Yolanda; and Administration (FDA). storm surges. He was part of the Philippine panel on - Researched and made enlightenment in the the Philippine claim to Benham Rise in the United localities of Mindanao about the cases of Physical Nations Commission on the Law of the Sea. Abnormalities of children because of large - In 2013, Lagmay was awarded the Outstanding plantations of banana and pineapple where Filipino for Geology and Earth Science, and was common exposure of insecticides occurs. awarded as "WikiPinoy of the Year" by WikiPilipinas in 2014 for “empowering the public with open 17. Lucille Abad information and insight into the significant issues - According to Specialized Philippine Enterprise affecting the country today.” Lagmay was awarded Reference of Experts and Scientists, Dr. Lucille V. the Plinius Medal by the European Geosciences Abad is a radiation chemist, specializing in radiation Union on 15 April 2015, in Vienna, Austria, for his chemistry and processing of polymers. She is "outstanding interdisciplinary natural-hazard currently the head of Chemistry Research Section, research and natural-disaster engagement in the and the Officer-in-charge of the Atomic Research Philippines, particularly with respect to volcanic Division of the PNRI. hazards, earthquakes, typhoons, landslides and Contributions and Invention floods." He is the first Asian to receive the award. - Three years ago, the scientist received an award - Lagmay was also a radio personality. He co-hosted during the 2017 National Science and Technology RED Alert on DZMM with reporters Atom Araullo and Week. Ted Esguerra. The radio program was recognized in - She received an Outstanding Research and the 9th Hildegarde Awards of St. Scholastica College Development Award for Applied Research for her in 2015, the Communication Management Award of outstanding research on “Radiation Modified Merit for the Multi-Audience Communication Carrageenan as Plant Food Supplement (CPFS)” that category by the Philippine Quill Awards for 2014 and proved to be effective as plant growth promoter. the 2014 Catholic Mass Media Award (CMMA) for Department of Science and Technology also stated best educational radio program. that she also invented a wound dressing called the - Lagmay has been a consultant to the World Bank and sterile hydrogel. It is made from a seaweed called a member of the Philippine-American Academy of carrageenan and polyvinyl pyrrolidone processed Science and Engineering. through radiation technology, this wound dressing is - His most recent work covered the 2013 Bohol found to be more effective in reducing pain and scar Earthquake and the 2013 Yolanda/Haiyan formation. Supertyphoon. A consultant for World Bank and Impacts to the Society USAID, Dr. Lagmay is a leading international scientific - Department of Science and Technology is proud to expert on natural hazards. He has published more have Dr. Lucille V. Abad as they stated about the than 50 peer-reviewed journal articles, mostly in impact of her inventions to the society. It international ISI journals. Also an editor and regular contributed to the development of Philippine reviewer of scientific manuscripts in world-class agriculture and attaining food security. It is also eyed journals, he maintains a reputable status in his field to help mitigate the effects of El Niño and climate of expertise in the international scientific community change. Aside from that, her sterile hydrogel is Impacts to the Society proven that it can heal wounds from burn faster. - Lagmay’s projects provides early warning system for 18. Alfredo Mahar Lagmay natural hazards (e.g. typhoons, tsunamis, - a Filipino geologist earthquakes), providing at least six hours lead time - executive director of Project NOAH (Nationwide against impending floods to vulnerable communities, Operational Assessment of Hazards) and a professor and keeping Filipino families safe. He contributed to at the National Institute of Geological Sciences of the the understanding of volcano behavior in different University of the Philippines Diliman places of the world from a poorly known perspective - Upon returning to the university as a professor, his where people can realize the interconnection research interest focused on volcanic behavior and between eruptive behavior of volcanoes and the implications for human activities. character of the land where they have grown. Also, Contributions and Invention his knowledge educates and trains younger - Lagmay’s expertise on disaster mitigation allowed researchers to extend one’s own career beyond its him to lead DOST's Project NOAH as executive end. director in 2012; Project NOAH has been described 19. Angel Alcala as the country's leading disaster prevention and mitigation program. Lagmay has published detailed  - a Filipino ecologist and biologist whose primary better logistics during disaster relief and rescue focus of study is marine biology and ecological operations. conservation. Contributions and Invention - His prolific thirty-year career includes studying local - She is now headlining how she “proved Einstein birds, reptiles, and aquatic life. right,” when she performed a test of the latter’s - For his contributions in promoting the health and theory of General Relativity in a cosmological scale vitality of Philippine ecosystems, he has won by analyzing observations of 70,000 galaxies from numerous awards and accolades, including the rank the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. and title of National Scientist in 2014 - She has now shifted her focus from astrophysics to Contributions and Invention data science, where she uses statistics to analyze - Throughout the course of his career as a biologist, different aspects of Philippine society to gain unique Dr. Alcala has identified 50 new species of reptiles insights that may be useful to point society to a and amphibians. He has also authored over 160 more scientific national discourse on socially journal publications. Including “Observations on the relevant issues. Amphibians of the Mount Halcon and Mount Impacts to the Society Canlaon Areas,” a paper which was published in the - Her research showed that the observations she 1955 edition of the Silliman Journal, with the helped gathered matched the predictions of Einstein’s of Walter Brown. theory, confirming it in a scale larger than our own - His most significant contribution to marine Solar System. “It also demonstrated that future biodiversity conservation is the Philippines’ first observations can potentially distinguish between artificial coral reef system. He established it in alternate theories of gravity,” she says. Dumaguete in 1977 during his tenure as the - Included in her topics of research are market-basket Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources. analysis of national election results to find out how This method of providing a habitat for local aquatic the Filipinos chose senators, and a network study of life to thrive in is now used all over Southeast Asia. infrastructure that makes use of two or more modes Dr. Alcala advocates the rehabilitation of 25% of of transport to gain insight on what can be done for coral reefs to protect 25% of fish species in a given disaster relief location. This was after his studies revealed that the spillover effects of even just partial, no-take rehabilitation will enable an ecosystem to thrive long enough to sustain itself. Impacts to the Society - Dr. Alcala’s beginnings may have been humble, but the impact of his work is truly enormous. Because of his work, conservation programs in the Philippines are now well established. And also, the creation of artificial reefs in the sea favours biological productivity, therefore enhancing the population of fish and invertebrates. These reefs have the power to attract marine life by offering a habitat. They not only constitute a shelter but are also a valuable reproduction reservoir, which can recreate a whole ecosystem in biological depleted zones. The role of his artificial coral reefs in saving much of our marine biodiversity is a profound example of how passion, purpose, and potential can transcend whatever limitations our circumstances impose upon us 20. Dr. Reinabelle Reyes - called “The Filipina who proved Einstein right” after her work confirming Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity in a cosmic scale in 2010 during her Ph.D. studies in the United States. - currently works as an independent data scientist consulting for private companies, juggling several projects at the same time. - One of her more recent projects, ReliefOps.Ph, funded by the country’s Department of Science and Technology, is a web-based decision support tool for