21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Unit 2: Various Literary Devices PDF

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Unit 2: Various Literary Devices Table of Contents Various Literary Devices 3 Unit Objectives 3 Lesson...

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Unit 2: Various Literary Devices Table of Contents Various Literary Devices 3 Unit Objectives 3 Lesson 1: Sound Devices 3 Warm-up! 4 Learn About It! 4 Check Your Understanding 7 Let’s Step Up! 8 Lesson 2: Figurative Language 9 Warm-up! 9 Learn About It! 10 Check Your Understanding 13 Let’s Step Up! 14 Lesson 3: Other Literary Techniques 15 Warm-up! 15 Learn About It! 15 Check Your Understanding 17 Let’s Step Up! 18 Lesson 4: Literary Elements in Prose 19 Warm-up! 19 Learn About It! 19 Check Your Understanding 24 Let’s Step Up! 25 Performance Task 26 Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? 28 Wrap Up 28 Bibliography 29 2 GRADE 11/12 | 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World UNIT 2 Various Literary Devices Writers use various literary techniques or devices to enrich their work and convey meaning. In this unit, you will learn more about the common literary techniques or devices that add depth and richness to literary works. These concepts will help you in critical reading, especially through the linguistic context, because it will introduce you to different literary devices used in writing literature. You may also use these literary devices in your writing. Unit Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: identify the figures of speech and other literary techniques in a text; explain the use of language in literature as well as the formal features and conventions of literature; and use different literary devices in your own writing. Lesson 1: Sound Devices Different techniques are used by authors of literary works to make their writings stand out. Literary devices (or literary techniques) are distinct structures used to add meaning or create a more captivating story or poem. One of the easiest literary devices to use and observe in written work are sound devices. 3  Warm-up! Rap Aloud or Spoken Poetry Name and list down famous rappers or spoken poetry performers that you know. What makes them famous? Do they write their own lyrics or spoken poetry? In groups of three, write a short three-stanza rap lyrics or spoken poetry about teenage life. Share it to the class after. After the activity, share in class the answers to the following questions: In your opinion, what makes rap music and spoken poetry effective? What literary techniques did you use in your own rap or spoken poetry? Learn About It! Writers, especially poets, use sound devices to reinforce the meaning of poetry. Since poems are originally meant to be read aloud, sound devices help form visual images and highlight the mood and tone of poetry. Furthermore, sound devices can also be used in stories and novels for the same reason as they are used in poetry because as we read, we hear an inner voice in our heads reading the text to us. Common Sound Devices 1. Alliteration is the repetition of similar sounds, either consonants or vowels, at the beginning of closely spaced words. 4  Suffering Stan stays in the sun to keep from having to stutter. The alliteration in the sentence is evident not only in the repetition of the first letter of several words (s) but also the t sounds in the words Stan, stays, to, and stutter. 2. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds that form internal rhymes in a line. Faye’s days are lazy and wasteful. The long a sound is repeated in the words Faye, days, lazy, and wasteful. 3. Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the end of words. Wash the leash off of mush to keep Ash from having a rash. The sh sound is repeated but different vowel sounds precede the end consonant in the words wash, leash, mush, Ash, and rash. 4. Cacophony is the use of jarring, unpleasant sounds, usually harsh because the sounds do not go together; meant to convey disorder and would sometimes be hard to pronounce. “Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe; All mimsy were the borogoves And the mome raths outgrabe” Excerpt from “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll The italicized words do not have any meaning (their definitions were created by Carroll); however, their sounds are disordered to convey the message of chaos and disarray. 5. Euphony is the use of devices such as alliteration, rhyme, and assonance; meant to create a pleasant experience to the ear. “Than Oars divide the Ocean, Too silver for a seam— Or Butterflies, off Banks of Noon Leap, plashless as they swim.” Excerpt from “A Bird came down the Walk” by Emily Dickinson 5 The verse above made use of rhyme (seam and swim) and alliteration (oar and ocean, silver and seam, butterflies and banks) to create a pleasant sound as it is being read. 6. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that mimic the natural sound of what is being described. buzz, meow, bark, hiss, squeak The examples can easily be identifiable as a bee, cat, dog, snake, and mouse because of the sound those animals are associated with. 7. Repetition is the repetition of words or phrases to form rhythm or to emphasize an idea. “In every cry of every man, In every infant’s cry of fear In every voice, In every ban The mind-forg’d manacles I hear” Excerpt from “London” by William Blake In the example above, the phrase “in every” is repeated for rhythm and emphasis. 8. Rhyme is the repetition of identical (or similar) sounds in two or more words, most often at the end of lines in a poem. There are four different kinds of rhymes: the full rhymes, slant or half rhymes, near rhymes, and sight rhymes. a. Full rhymes are words that sound alike on both the consonant and vowel sounds; all their syllables rhyme. beach, reach, teach linger, finger b. Slant or half rhymes are words that have the same final consonant sounds but different initial consonants and vowels. call, bowl, sell back, wreck, tuck 6 c. Near rhymes are words with the same final vowel sounds but different final consonants. soil, coin, choice crane, rake, tale d. Sight rhymes are when words or the end of words are usually spelled the same but are pronounced differently. love, trove bough, enough call, appall Check Your Understanding Fill in the table with the correct term being defined in each item. Answer Definition 1. This is a rhyme in which the end of words are usually spelled the same but are pronounced differently. 2. This is the use of words that mimic the natural sound of what is being described. 3. This is the repetition of consonant sounds, usually at the end of words. 4. This is the repetition of similar sounds, either consonants or vowels, at the beginning of closely spaced words. 7 5. This is the use of repeated words or phrases to form rhythm or to emphasize an idea. Identify the type of sound devices used in the following examples. Answer Given Example 1. The church changed the chessboard table and chair and gave them to charity. 2. The soft coos of the birds can be heard through the window. 3. The lass went to class to study geography, and her favorite, photography. 4. I wish that there was peace. I wish for no war, no strife. I wish that every human is free and treated with equality. 5. She sells seashells by the seashore. Choose from any of the sound devices discussed and create a one-stanza poem (with at least five lines). Let’s Step Up! 8  Lesson 2: Figurative Language As with sound devices, figurative language are also used to make a literary work more interesting. In this lesson, we will further discuss figurative language such as the commonly known figures of speech: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and personification. Warm-up! Word Pairing Find a partner. Work on the table below by matching the terms with their corresponding definitions. hyperbole oxymoron connotation exaggeration metaphor suggestive comparing by saying comparing by saying meaning that one thing is like that one thing is another another thing simile contradicting metonymy associated substitution combination After the activity, share in class your answers to the following questions: What helped you match the terms to their definitions? Which words were you already familiar with? How can we use these when we write? 9  Learn About It! Literary authors use figurative language or figures of speech to deliver a more effective, persuasive, and impactful message. This enriches a literary text to further elevate the themes and concepts presented in it. We have already been introduced to the common figures of speech like simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and personification in the past. This helped us understand and appreciate stories and novels that heavily used this device. The following are some other kinds of figurative language that we also use in our daily conversations and communication. 1. An analogy is a comparison that presents the similarities between two concepts or ideas. Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.” In the example, the sword and the pen were compared because both of them are weapons or instruments used by a warrior and a writer, respectively. Both occupations will not function without their respective instruments. 2. A cliché is a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a whole text that used to be perceived as clever but has become démodé. One reason may be through frequency of use and that it no longer provides surprise to the reader nor vivid imagery. This is something that must be avoided in writing. raining cats and dogs lovely as a rose quick as lightning The abovementioned statements are so overused that they no longer give an artistic effect. 10 3. Connotation is the secondary or suggestive meaning of the word, one that is not its literal or primary meaning in the dictionary. To better understand connotation, it would be helpful to become familiar with denotation as well. Denotation is the literal meaning of the word, one that is usually its primary meaning in the dictionary. green home green products green living The word green in the examples does not only refer to the color but has also become synonymous to being environmentally sound. house, home, residence, abode, dwelling These words may all have the same denotation, but each has its own association. For instance, house refers to one’s place of residence when talking formally, but home may refer to any place. 4. Euphemism is used to substitute for a description that is considered harsh or blunt. This figurative language is most often used for delicate matters such as sex, death or violence, and embarrassing topics. She is with our Creator now. This means that the subject has died. Other euphemisms for death are “gone to heaven,” “eternal peace,” “at rest,” and “left the earth.” 5. Hyperbole is a gross exaggeration to achieve an effect, usually for humor or emphasis. I was dying of boredom while I was waiting in line. The use of the term dying is an exaggeration since boredom is not a possible cause of death. 6. Metaphor compares two seemingly unlike objects that have similar or common characteristics without the use of like or as. The assignment was a breeze. The assignment and breeze are unlike objects. Using breeze to describe the assignment means that it was easy since the word breeze is associated with the words pleasant and easy. 11 7. Metonymy is a word or phrase that is substituted for another that is closely associated to it. The Malacañang Palace released a statement regarding the President’s health. In the example above, the term Malacañang Palace was used to substitute for the representative from the Office of the President of the Philippines since Malacañang Palace is the proper noun for the place where the Philippine president resides and takes office. 8. An oxymoron is a combination of two ideas that appear to be opposite or contradictory. complete break dirty white tuck out Complete break is an oxymoron since a break is a temporary event and the word complete is associated with permanence. Dirty white is contradicting because white is associated with cleanliness and spotlessness. Tuck out is also contradicting because tucking as a motion is directed toward the inside of a certain place or thing. 9. A paradox is an assertion that seems to be contradictory or silly but actually reveals some truth. "I must be cruel to be kind." - Hamlet, William Shakespeare Being cruel is the opposite of being kind; however, this is a paradox many parents are familiar with. Some actions such as giving their children a curfew or restricting some of their spending may be seen as cruel, but it is actually beneficial or kind for the children in the long run. 10. Personification is a statement or statements wherein an animal, object, or abstract idea is given human attributes or characteristics. The flowers bathe in sunlight, and the grass reached out to the sky. The verbs bathe and reach are actions that are performed normally by humans, not by flowers and grass. However, personification was used to present a vivid imagery of how the flowers are under the sun and how tall the grass is. 12 11. Simile compares two seemingly unlike objects by using the words like or as. Our soldiers are as brave as lions. The adjective brave was used to compare lions and soldiers. The use of the word as makes the statement a simile. 12. Synecdoche is used when a part or portion of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa. I brought my wheels. How many heads are coming to the party? In the first example, wheels are used to stand for the term car. In the second example, heads stand for people. Check Your Understanding Fill in the table with the correct term being defined in each item. Answer Definition 1. This is a word or phrase that is substituted for another that is closely associated to it. 2. This is the secondary or suggestive meaning of the word. 3. This is an assertion that seems to be contradictory or silly but actually reveals some truth. 4. This compares two seemingly unlike objects by using the word like or as. 5. This is a comparison that presents the similarities between two concepts or ideas. 13  Give one example for each of the following figurative language. Figurative Example language personification euphemism cliche hyperbole metaphor Go to your school’s library and look for any English poem written by a Filipino poet. Identify the different literary devices used in the poem. List the actual lines or words used and name the literary devices. Let’s Step Up! 14  Lesson 3: Other Literary Techniques There are many other literary devices used to convey the message of a literary work. These devices can help readers appreciate, interpret, and analyze a literary work. Warm-up! Research the plot, setting, characters, themes, and symbols of your favorite novel. Present your findings in class. Take note of the information you get from the discussion. Use the following guide questions in your sharing after the presentation: What different allusions can be seen in the novel? In a way, do you think your novel is an allegory? Give one example. Did you notice a juxtaposition or dichotomy in the story? Explain your answer. Learn About It! To be considered a critical reader of a text, one must be knowledgeable about the uses and purposes of these literary techniques since the author of a novel, for example, cannot explain in person what the message of his or her piece was. These techniques also have the power to give knowledge to those readers who seek to understand deeper and more abstract concepts such as freedom, equality, and justice. 1. An allusion is a passing reference, without explicit 15 identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. I scored line of nine in all my exams, except for math. Math is my waterloo. Waterloo is an allusion to the Battle of Waterloo (a city in Belgium) where Napoleon faced his defeat in 1815. 2. An allegory is a narrative in which the characters and their actions, and sometimes the setting are contrived by the author to represent something happening in the current situation. It may be historical, political or ideological in form. Jose Rizal’s El Filibusterismo is an allegorical novel. “Bapor Tabo,” for example, was a symbol of the state of the Philippines wherein Rizal compares the slow movement of our country to that of the boat because there is no clear direction as to where it is going. 3. A dichotomy divides a concept, idea, story, or plot into two equal and contradictory parts; or between two opposing groups. This is often used for creating conflicts in stories and plays. In Modesto de Castro’s Urbana at Felisa, the dichotomy between the life of a woman in the city (Urbana) and the life of a woman in the province (Felisa) was portrayed. 4. Juxtaposition is a technique wherein two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side to develop comparisons and contrasts. In popular culture, the use of “Reality vs. Expectation Memes” is an example of juxtaposition wherein what a person expects and what really happens are compared and contrasted. 16 Check Your Understanding Fill in the table with the correct term being defined in each item. Answer Definition 1. This is used for creating conflicts in stories and plays. 2. This a narrative in which the setting is contrived by the author to represent something happening in the current political situation. 3. This is a technique wherein two or more ideas are placed side by side to develop comparisons and contrasts 4. This is a passing reference to another literary work. Research on the plots of the following literary works. Give scenes or events in the book that make use of at least one of the following concepts: allusion, allegory, juxtaposition, and dichotomy. Book Title Literary Device Example Events in Book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Animal Farm The Little Prince The Good Earth Choose three book or movie titles wherein the concepts of dichotomy and juxtaposition can be applied. Cite evidence and scenes to prove your answer. 17 Let’s Step Up! 18  Lesson 4: Literary Elements in Prose Literary elements are extensively used by writers to develop their literary piece. These may be considered as inherent parts of prose. Warm-up! Show-and-Tell Bring a copy of your favorite short story and novel. Make sure that the cover of the book has a drawing or design. Show your book to the class, and just by looking at the design, your classmates will then try to guess the answers to the following: What the story is about? Who is the main character? What is the possible plot or theme of the story? Learn About It! Prose, such as short stories and novels, need particular literary elements and literary techniques to make it come alive. These techniques are important in engaging the readers to read on and think about what they have read. Literary elements are used by writers to make a text interesting to the readers. At the same time, these elements can be used to analyze and understand the text better. These elements are the following: 1. The plot is the sequence of events that make up the story, told in either a chronological or a nonchronological order. The usual plot order is: 19  a. Exposition: introduces the character(s), setting, situation b. Rising action: situation becomes complicated, action gains force c. Climax: highest point of tension in the story d. Falling action: events that lead to the resolution of the conflict e. Resolution or Denouement: loose ends are tied up, other matters are drawn to a close 2. The atmosphere in prose refers to the creation of a mood or feeling by the use of descriptions and setting. At low tide, when the bed was dry and the rocks glinted with broken bottles, the stone fence of the Spaniard’s compound set off the house as if it were a castle. Sunrise brought a wash of silver upon the roofs of the laundry and garden sheds which had been built low and close to the fence. On dull mornings the light dripped from the bamboo screen which covered the veranda and hung some four or five yards from the ground. - Excerpt from “The Bread of Salt” by N. V. M. Gonzalez The atmosphere set by the excerpt is a transition to light from darkness. This can help in analyzing the story as a coming-of-age story. 3. Characterization in prose refers to how the author describes the character, either directly or indirectly through action, using details or nuances to add depth. 20  The first children who saw the dark and slinky bulge approaching through the sea let themselves think it was an enemy ship. Then they saw it had no flags or masts and they thought it was a whale. But when it washed up on the beach, they removed the clumps of seaweed, the jellyfish tentacles, and the remains of fish and flotsam, and only then did they see that it was a drowned man. - Excerpt from “The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World” by Gabriel Garcia Marquez The given excerpt from Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s “The Handsomest Drowned Man” shows an example of characterization. 4. The problem or challenge faced by the character or characters in the story is called the conflict. There are three possible conflicts: a. Man vs. Man Some conflicts may be between a character and another character in the story. In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit, Gollum has a conflict with Bilbo Baggins over passing the cave. Their conflict led to playing a riddle game, which Bilbo won and led him to have the ring. b. Man vs. Nature This kind of conflict arises when the hero of the narrative is struggling against forces of nature. This kind of conflict is evident in epics from the Philippines and around the world. It is also present in certain biblical stories. For example, Noah faced a struggle against the great flood. c. Man vs. Himself This kind of conflict is seen when a character is struggling in his or her decisions or actions. In J.R.R. Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings trilogy, Frodo faced many different internal conflicts. Whether to take the journey or not and whether to destroy the ring or not are among them. 21 5. The perspective or vantage point of the speaker or the narrator is called the point of view. There are four common types of point view that can be used and observed in a literary work. a. First person - The character within the story is the one telling it and uses his or her perspective. It uses the pronoun I in the main narrative of the story. As I walked along the shore, the sun was setting, and the waves were starting to crawl to my feet. b. Second person - The narrator in the story is talking to the reader as if the reader is also a character in the story. It uses the pronoun you in the main narrative of the story. You are about to take part in a wonderful journey. c. Third-person objective - The narrator gives an unbiased point of view since the telling of the story does not mention the characters’ thoughts, opinions, or feelings. Ms. Garcia entered the class. The whole class fell silent. d. Third-person omniscient - The narrator is not part of the story but could see and narrate what the characters are feeling and thinking. The students were all excited for the first day of class. Students of section Acacia did not know who their adviser will be. Since their section is known to be the 22  noisiest in their batch, most teachers would like to avoid being their adviser. As Ms. Garcia, the strictest teacher in school, entered their room, the whole class fell silent, and she thought it was just as well that they knew they should be quiet in her class. Matt, usually the noisiest one, gulped and looked anxious, already knowing his antics would not be tolerated when Ms. Garcia is around. 6. The setting is the time and place where the story is set. It can also include the weather, the social and political climate, and the cultural environment In Ernest Hemingway’s “Hills Like White Elephants,” the train station and its location serve as a third character, representative of the psychological state of the two main characters. 7. Theme, on the other hand, is the central idea of the story, and to an extent, the purpose for its utterance. One of the main themes in Samuel Beckett’s “Waiting for Godot” is the absurdity of human life. Literary Techniques Used in Prose Literary techniques are used in texts to convey its meaning. Literary techniques give more emphasis to a writer's ideas to make them stand out. Here are two of the most common literary techniques used in prose: 1. A flashback is a scene or a passage that interrupts the present action of a plot to introduce a past event. a scene of a woman taking care of her baby flashing back to the time when she could not conceive and have been going to the hospital with her husband 2. Foreshadowing, on the other hand, is the use of clues or indication suggesting at a future event in the story. This is used to arouse the reader's’ curiosity and build up suspense. A locked cabinet mentioned early in the story turns out to contain a valuable art piece that will save the protagonist from financial difficulties. 23 Check Your Understanding Fill in the table with the correct term being defined in each item. Answer Definition 1. This is the problem or challenge faced by the character or characters in the story. 2. This is the time and place where the story is set. 3. This refers to how the author describes the character, either directly or indirectly. 4. This is the sequence of events that make up the story. 5. This is the use of clues or indications to suggest at a future event in the story to build up the suspense Visit the library and try to list down novel and short story titles that use the following literary elements. Literary Element Book / Novel / Short Story Title conflict - man vs. man point of view - first person with flashbacks point of view - third-person omniscient theme - love and revenge 24  Choose an English short story written by a Filipino author. Fill in the chart with the appropriate literary elements. Title: Author: Exposition Setting: Characters: Situation: Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution Flashback/ (only if there is any) Foreshadowing Conflicts (classify and describe) Point of View Theme(s) Let’s Step Up! 25  Performance Task FILIPINO CULTURE PROSE WRITING GOAL: Your task is to create a children’s short story using different literary elements, techniques, and figurative language. ROLE: You are a children’s short story writer. AUDIENCE: Your target audience are children aged three to seven years, teachers, and your classmates. SITUATION: You need to create a children’s short story showing a unique aspect of Filipino culture. PRODUCT/PERFORMANCE AND PURPOSE: Create a children’s short story with the following requirements: 1. Choose a Filipino tradition or culture that you want to showcase in your children’s story. 2. The story should be 800 to 2000 words in length. 3. It must include colorful pictures and illustrations to make the story interesting 4. It must use different literary elements, techniques, and figurative language 5. You must read the story aloud in a children’s class. Make sure to be creative when storytelling. Your performance will be evaluated using the following rubric: Criteria Beginning Developing Accomplished Score (0-12 points) (13-16 points) (17-20 points) Content The story The story The story does not lacks details showcases a showcase a or contains Filipino Filipino words that tradition or tradition or are not culture and is culture appropriate appropriate and/or is not for the for the appropriate audience. audience. 26  for the audience. Organization The events The events in The events in in the story the story the story are not progress progress organized logically, but logically; there well; there are are clear transitions missing or transitions between unclear between ideas are transitions ideas. vague. between ideas. Language The text The text The text (spelling, mechanics, contains contains one contains no grammar, and usage) more than to three error in three errors errors in language. in language. language. Literary Techniques Used The story did Some literary Literary not use techniques techniques literary were not were used techniques. used appropriately. appropriately. Storytelling presentation The Some parts of The storytelling the storytelling did not storytelling engaged the interest the were not audience’s audience. interesting. attention. Punctuality The story The story was The story was was submitted submitted on submitted one day late. time. more than one day late. TOTAL SCORE: 27  Self-Check: How Well Did I Learn? Do a self-check on how well you learned the lessons in this unit. Place a checkmark in the appropriate box. I think I need more I am familiar and can I am confident that I Skills practice and perform well with can perform this on assistance minimal assistance my own I can identify the figures of speech and other literary techniques in a text. I can explain the use of language in literature as well as the formal features and conventions of literature. I can use different literary devices in my own writing. Wrap Up Literary Devices and Techniques Sound Devices Figurative Language Other Literary Literary Elements and Techniques Techniques in Prose Sound devices are Figurative language Literary Literary elements used used in literary uses words or techniques aid in in prose include: works to help form expressions that understanding the Atmosphere visual images and mean a different ideas and concepts Characterization highlight the mood thing from their literal in a literary text. Conflict 28 and tone of poetry sense. Plot Some literary Point of view Alliteration, Some figures of techniques are Setting assonance, speech include allusion, allegory, Theme consonance, Analogy dichotomy, and cacophony, Cliché juxtaposition. Literary techniques used euphony, Connotation in prose include onomatopoeia, Euphemism Flashback repetition, and Hyperbole Foreshadowing rhyme are Metaphor commonly used Metonymy sound devices. Oxymoron Paradox Personification Simile Synecdoche Bibliography Abrams, M. H., and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. 2015. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Blake, William. 1794. "London (excerpt)." Wikisource. Accessed May 4, 2018. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/London_(Songs_of_Experience). Carroll, Lewis. 1987. "Jabberwocky (excerpt)." Wikisource. Accessed May 4, 2018. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jabberwocky. Dickinson, Emily. 1891. "A Bird Came Down the Walk (excerpt)." Wikisource. Accessed May 4, 2018. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Bird_came_down_the_Walk_%E2%80%94. Joaquin, Nick. 2003. Tropical Gothic. Pasig City: Anvil Pub. “Literary Analysis: Using Elements of Literature.” Roane State Community College Online Writing Lab. Accessed May 3, 2018. https://www.roanestate.edu/owl/ElementsLit.html. 29