PCOM Purposive Communication Midterm PDF

MODULE 1: COMMUNICATIVE DISCOURSE COMPETENCE COMPETENCE AND ITS Knowledge of producing coherent and cohesive COMPONENTS oral and written texts....

MODULE 1: COMMUNICATIVE DISCOURSE COMPETENCE COMPETENCE AND ITS Knowledge of producing coherent and cohesive COMPONENTS oral and written texts. Knowing how to combine language structures into LANGUAGE a cohesive and coherent oral written text of Binds us when we communicate different types. It consists of: Deals with organizing words, phrases and a system of rules(grammar) sentences in order to create conversations, a system of sounds (phonology) speeches, poetry, email messages, newspaper a lexicon (vocabulary) articles etc. COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIC COMPETENCE COMPETENCE Knowledge of strategies to avoid communication WHAT IS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE? breakdown. (Dell Hymes) Ability to recognize and repair communication This refers to one’s ability to use language at the breakdowns before, during, or after they occur. right time, at the right place, and with/to the right For instance, the speaker may now know a certain person. word, thus will plan to either paraphrase, or ask what the words is in the target language. During the LIGUISTIC/GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE conversation, background noise or other factors may hinder communication; thus the speaker must know Knowledge of language rules, usage, and how to keep the communication channel open. vocabulary to form well-structured or correct If the communication was unsuccessful due to sentences or utterances. external factors (such as interruptions), or due to the Knowledge of the language code, i.e. its grammar message being misunderstood, the speaker must and vocabulary and also of the conventions of its know how to restore communication. written representation (script and orthography). These strategies may be request for repetition, The grammar component includes the knowledge of clarification, slower speech, or the usage of the sounds and their pronunciation (i.e. gestures, taking turn in conversation etc. phonetics). The rules that govern sound interactions and patterns ELEMENTS RELATIONS (CONTEXT) (i.e. phonology). Speaker Intrapersonal The formation of words by means of e.g. inflection Hearer Interpersonal and derivation (i.e. morphology). Message Extended (technology) The rules that govern the combination of words Feedback Organizational and phrases to structure sentences (i.e. syntax). Channel The way that meaning is conveyed through Barriers STYLE language (i.e. semantics). Formal PURPOSES Informal SOCIOLIGUISTIC COMPETENCE To inform Knowledge of the sociocultural rules of the To persuade language (what is proper or not) To entertain Knowing how to use and respond to language To illustrate appropriately. The appropriateness depends on the setting of the communication, the topic, and the MODE relationships among the people communicating. Verbal Being appropriate depends on knowing what the Non Verbal (Para-language) taboos of the other culture are, what politeness Visual indices are used in each case, what the politically correct term would be for something How a specific attitude (authority, friendliness, courtesy, irony etc.) is expressed etc.  COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE LINGUISTIC/ SOCIOLINGUISTIC DISCOURSE STRATEGIC GRAMMATICAL COMPETENCE COMPETENCE COMPETENCE COMPETENCE Knowledge of the Knowledge of the Knowledge of Knowledge on the language code sociocultural rules achieving use of Ability to create of language use in coherence and communication grammatically a particular cohesion in a strategies to avoid correct utterances context spoken or written breakdowns in Refers to Ability to produce text communication knowledge and sociolinguistically Ability to produce Ability to solve skill in using appropriate coherent and communication language utterances cohesive problems as they resources to form Refers to utterances arise well structured knowledge and Refers to Refers to the messages skills on knowledge and knowledge and appropriate skills related to skills on the use of language use in a discourse, text verbal and non- social context types, and genres, verbal strategies cohesion and to prevent coherence breakdowns in communication INFORMAL ENGLISH FORMAL ENGLISH LANGUAGE COMPETENCE Common words Formal words Phrasal verbs Full form FORMAL LANGUAGE/FORMAL ENGLISH Short forms Passive structures A type of language resource that is used in formal or Short and simple sentences Complex sentences serious academic situations. PRACTICE 1.1: Identify the component of communicative The following are communication contexts or types of competence implied in each statement. (Grammatical, texts that are characterized by formal English or Sociolinguistic, Discourse, or Strategic) formal language: research article or scientific journal article, academic essays, college term papers, 1. It is improper to chat in a meeting. (Sociolinguistic) 2. Writing an essay requires an introduction, a body, and a business reports, textbooks, legal papers, school conclusion. (Discourse) documents, research paper (thesis), formal meeting 3. We oftentimes use hand signals to communicate to minutes, etc. someone from afar. (Sociolinguistic) 4. We usually add -s or -es to the verb in the present tense. INFORMAL LANGUAGE/INFORMAL ENGLISH (e.g., She cooks adobo every weekend). (Grammatical) a language resource which is used to communicate 5. Sometimes, we mix up English and our mother tongue to with friends, relatives and on social media. emphasize a point. (e.g., That’s what I said, di bala?) Usually occurs in casual situations and informal (Strategic) communication contexts such as: family communications, sports/field interaction, conversation PRACTICE 1.2: Identify whether the language used is Formal or Informal. with friends, movie conversations, talk shows, informal social gathering, birthday parties, jeepney 1. Cebu’s great for a short visit, though. (Formal) conversations, facebook interactions, messages in 2. I recommend you signify before the program starts. messenger, etc. (Formal) 3. If you flunk your exam, you can’t go into the university. FEATURES OF FORMAL AND (Informal) INFORMAL LANGUAGE 4. Lasers have been widespread in various fields of medicine. (Formal) INFORMAL ENGLISH FORMAL ENGLISH 5. Faith showed that her arguments didn’t hold water. No Contraction No Contraction (Informal) Personal pronouns Lack of personal pronouns Slang and idioms Longer and more complicated Fillers (er, umm, uh) sentences Shorter sentences Bigger and more sophisticated Shortened or less words complicated words Follow etiquette guideline Sometimes less polite Sound extremely polite  INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE strategic skills can build better relationship with or among people involved in the process of The ability to interact effectively and appropriately in communication. intercultural situations. It is supported by specific attitudes and affective features, (inter) cultural knowledge, skills GESTURES AROUND THE WORLD and reflection. Greetings differ depending on cultures. The following are dimensions of intercultural competence: MINDSET - it is intercultural awareness and refers MALI, WEST AFRICA - they kiss each other’s hand. to a person’s ability to understand similarities and TURKEY - it’s a way of bargaining. differences of others’ cultures. It includes self- AMERICA - a firm classic handshake is important. awareness and cultural awareness. A strong firm handshake is important in Western HEARTSET - it is acknowledging, appreciating and Countries and in business situations. accepting the cultural differences between you and others. The following are components of mindset: Kissing is another form of greetings in countries in self-esteem, self-monitoring, empathy, open- Latin America, the Middle East and Europe. mindedness, reserved judgement, and social The common greeting among friends is hugging in relaxation. America and other English speaking. ASIA - bowing is a form of formal greeting SKILLSET - refers to intercultural agility. It is an individual’s ability to reach communication goals The thumbs up in many countries means great or good while interacting with people from other cultures. job. However, MIDDLE EAST - thumbs up is equivalent to the SOCIOCULTURAL RULES middle finger. Appropriateness depends on the setting of the communication, the topic, and the relationships The V-sign has many different meanings. among ASIA - the v-sign is use when taking pictures. The people communicating In many countries, it means peace or victory. Being appropriate depends on knowing what the UK - v-sign is an insult. taboos of the other culture Specific attitude The horns can mean ‘Rock and Roll’, but, Recognize and repair communication breakdowns ITALY - the “Rock and Roll” is an insult that means Factors may hinder communication your wife is unfaithful. Speaker must know how to restore communication Ability to interact effectively and appropriately in ASIA - The gesture ‘come here’, the palm points intercultural situations. down Specific attitudes and affective features, (inter) ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES - the palm points cultural knowledge, skills and reflection. up. Go away is the same. Furthermore, we might be talking to people with AUSTRALIA - Using one finger to call a woman over different background and people coming from different in can be a serious insult. cultures therefore, we must be conscious and sensitive to avoid communication problems or breakdowns. It is The gesture that means A okay in America means also implied in the concepts of Sociolinguistic worthless in France and money in Korea and Japan. Competence and Strategic Competence that communication is not simply TO SPEAK OR TO Pointing with one finger in many countries is considered EXPRESS ONESELF, you also have the PHILIPPINES - they point with their lips. responsibility to restore communication by applying strategies if you perceive that there is The gesture for ‘yes’ is often thought to be universal. misunderstanding or there is already communication INDIA - they wobble their head side to side to say yes breakdown. Hence, the participants in communication must understand that having sociolinguistic and There are also varieties for saying ‘no’. So in order to benefit from blogs, one must be a GREECE - they toss their heads up. critical reader. JAPAN - they wave their hand in front of their nose You should consider the following in analyzing like the gesture of stinky in America. this kind of communication: THE WRITER, THE TEXT, and THE CONTEXT FINLAND - crossing your arms means arrogance. If you want to achieve effective communication in AMERICA - pushing your nose up shows that creating a blog, you must be equipped with someone’s snobby. communicative competence because this type of communication varies from other kinds of texts. Both of these gestures mean naughty in America. Blogs exhibit different characteristics in terms of communicative purpose, structure, as well as KOREA- when accepting money, gifts or drinks, language choices of the writer. always use both hands FAKE NEWS MODULE 2: COMMUNICATION Any news, stories, or hoaxes created to willfully FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES misinform or deceive readers. The communicative purpose of fake news is to publish false information in order to destroy a MEME (INTERNET MEME) person’s or an organization’s reputation. This may A viral transmitted image/ photo with text that be used for financial or political gain. makes fun at a cultural symbol or a social idea The language of fake news is the language of BLOG sensationalism, falsity, malicious deception or A personal online journal or informational website dishonesty. where a writer or a group of writers shares views and Being a critical reader of fake news is having the opinions on a topic. initiative to verify doubtful information by visiting It is a communication tool that anybody can use to fact checking websites. express anything because the internet allows You should check the credibility of the publishers anybody to freely create their own content. because some may have familiar website names There are many kinds of blogs because any topic can but actually these names include distortion in be the topic of a blog such as food and cooking, order to create made-up names. fashion, travel, lifestyle, music, gardening, Always go for trusted news source and credible communication, education, etc. websites when you search for information. A blog may appear as a personal diary or it can become a marketing tool of a company to provide COMMUNICATION IN TED TALK information to their customers or consumers. There are blogs written by professionals to share This kind of oral text belongs to a particular discourse their expertise on a particular topic which can become community; hence, we can benefit much from this kind of communication if we study the way the speakers produce reliable source of information. this kind of text. It is through analyzing an example of When you are reading/viewing different types of blogs TedTalk that we can also become competent in delivering you can perceive that the communicative purpose of a Talk. this type of communication is to inform, educate, share information related to one’s experience and HOW TO OPEN YOUR TALK expertise and to connect to the writer’s intended The first ten or twenty seconds of your speech will audience. determine the engagement of the audience. Donovan This is another challenging kind of text that you suggest his three best options for opening your encounter when you are in social media. When speech: someone publishes his personal thoughts, they may Tell a personal story not be truths or facts, they are just personal opinions Make a shocking statement Ask a powerful question influenced by the writer’s/speaker’s background, biases, and personal interests. HOW TO BUILD YOUR SPEECH BODY AND TRANSISTIONS Donovan suggest using one of the three frameworks to build the body of your speech. No one is better than the others but using one of them is critical. Situation-complication-resolution Chronological narrative Idea-concepts descriptions HOW TO CONCLUDE YOUR TALK Simply your closing should be to reinforce the benefit to your audience. Remember when we talked about the “why” of your talk? Your closing should be a clear and powerful description of your why and some type of call to action. “The consequences of failure are …”,” by doing this, you will …” and so on. COMMUNICATION IN REACTION PAPER A reaction or response paper requires the writer to analyze a text, then develop commentary related to it. It is a popular academic assignment because it requires thoughtful reading, research, and writing. A reaction paper is different from a review in that it is composed in the first person and assumes subjective point of view. Working on this type of task, you are welcome to use such phrases as “I believe” or “I think” and even present your thoughts in an emotional manner.