PathFit Skeletal System PDF

Skeletal System (PathFit) Function = transport blood, oxygen and nutrients to the body, Axial Skeleton = Central skeleton that protects and supports vital organs delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes made up of the...

Skeletal System (PathFit) Function = transport blood, oxygen and nutrients to the body, Axial Skeleton = Central skeleton that protects and supports vital organs delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes made up of the bones in your head, neck, back, and chest. Main Parts ❖ THE SKULL = surrounds and shields, brain, brainstem, and eyes; The Heart = pump to move the blood around the body contains 22 bones, composing of cranial and facial bones. It has four chambers—two atria (upper chambers) and two ❖ HYOID = Protects the esophagus; speaking and swallowing ventricles (lower chambers). ❖ TRUNK = central part of the body, vertebral column, sternum, Nervous system = control your heart rate; to beat (chest bone), and the ribs slower during rest and faster during stress Endocrine system = sends out hormones; tell your Appendicular skeleton = Facilitates movement and provides attachment blood vessels to constrict or relax points 1. The right atrium takes in blood carrying carbon dioxide. Upper Extremities 2. Blood is squeezed down into the right ventricle and ❖ CLAVICLE (Collar bone) = double-curved, long bone which holds taken to the lungs, where oxygen replaces carbon shoulder joint and arm away from thorax so upper limb can swing dioxide. freely. 3. Oxygen-carrying blood from the lungs enters the left ❖ ARM BONES = humerus, radius, and ulna; these bones serve atrium. essential roles in supporting upper limb and providing 4. Blood is pumped into the left ventricle and starts its attachment points for the muscles responsible for arm journey again throughout the body. movement Blood = special fluid primarily contained within the blood ❖ SCAPULA (Shoulder Blade) = flat, triangular bone with horizontal vessels providing the body with nutrition, oxygen, and waste spine separating fossae; attachment for muscles of arm, and removal; average person has about 5 liters (more than a gallon) chest of blood ❖ THE HAND = carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and Four Main Components: phalanges (fingers) ❖ THE CHEST = sternum (shields the heart, lungs) and ribs/stomach 1. Red Blood Cells = carry oxygen, nutrients and wastes; (attachment point for tendons) protect vital organs and facilitate represents 40-45% of your blood volume breathing (erythrocytes) ❖ THE SPINE = structural support for the entire body, allowing us to 2. White Blood Cells = fight diseases and protect the stand upright; surrounds and protects the spinal cord and nerves body from infection; 1% of your blood, essential for Lower Extremities good health and attack foreign bodies (leukocytes) ❖ THE PELVIS = the ilium, ischium, and pubic bone 3. Platelets = gather at the site of injury and help the ❖ FEMUR = femur (thigh bone), which is the longest and clotting process; controls bleeding strongest bone in the body; forms a ball-and-socket joint with 4. Plasma = straw-coloured liquid where the other the hip bone and the knee joint with the lower leg bones components float in, liquid portion, yellowish color; ❖ PATELLA = connects with the upper and lower leg bones made up of mostly water, but also contains proteins, through muscles and ligaments, contributing to knee sugars, hormones and salt movement PLASMA, WBC, PLATELETS, RBC ❖ TIBIA = longer and thicker; bears weight and articulates with Blood Vessels = tubes or channels that carry blood the femur at its superior end and the tarsals at its inferior end throughout our body; channels for the blood ❖ FIBULA = located laterally, doesn’t bear direct weight but Three Types of Blood Vessels: serves as an attachment point for leg muscles; articulates tibia 1. Artery = thickest wall of all three, which supplies all and tarsal bones of your organs with blood; carries oxygen-rich ❖ THE FOOT = tarsals (7 bones, minor adjustments to foot blood away from the heart position) metatarsals (forming the forefoot) phalanges (toes ✓ Remember ‘A’ for ‘artery’ and ‘away’ bones) from the heart! 2. Capillary = thinnest wall to allow substances such MUSCULAR SYSTEM as oxygen and sugars to pass through its wall— into Characteristics of Muscles or out of the blood; exchange of substances EXCITABLE = ability to respond to a certain stimuli between the blood and tissues CONTRACTILE = ability of muscle to shorten or thicken 3. Vein = less muscular and stretchy than an artery, EXTENSIBILITY = able to be extended or stretched which carries oxygen-poor blood and return it to ELASTICITY = returns to its original shaper after extension your heart CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) inherited blood disorder, people have red blood ✓ 3. Muscular Endurance = is the highest amount of force cells that become hard and sticky, forming a C-shaped blood cell instead that a muscle group is able to pull or push in a single of the healthy disc-shaped one contraction; Circuit training, and bodyweight exercises are ✓ irregular shape of the sickle-shaped blood cell makes it easy to clog all good ways to build muscle endurance and block the blood flow ✓ 4. Flexibility = ability of a joint or group of joints to move ✓ can cause pain and other serious infections through their full range of motion without pain or restriction; Squats, lunges, and stretching can enhance the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM = role of the respiratory system, is to move air into body's flexibility the body and remove waste products; body cells require oxygen for ✓ 5. Body Composition = how much of your body is made up respiration of fat, bone, and muscle, a way for health professionals to Nose = air makes its initial entrance to the body throufh the figure out if a person is at a healthy weight for their body; opening in the nose called the nostrils Burpees, pushups, squat jumps, lunges, and planking can Pharynx (Throat) = carries air into the respiratory tract and improve body composition foods and liquids into the digestive system ✓ Physical Fitness: Skill-Related Fitness Larynx (Voice Box) = located between pharynx and trachea, has ✓ SRF: capacity to perform during games and sports, this level of a framework of cartilage that protrudes in the front of the neck physical fitness is needed to be able to perform the more and some tissues is referred to as the Adam’s apple technical parts of a wide range of sports. Trachea (Windpipe) = special tube in your throat, conduct air ✓ 1. Speed = maximum rate at which a person can move or cover between the larynx and the lungs allowing you to breathe and a distance in a certain amount of time; requires good strength talk and power, but body weight and air resistance can affect a Bronchi = branches of a tree inside your lungs, they let the air person's speed. go inside your lungs ✓ 2. Agility = capacity to shift or change the orientation of the Bronchioles = each bronchus divides into smaller tubes called body rapidly from one point to another; person who competes bronchioles, which the air passes through in track and field exhibits a high level of agility Alveoli = located at the end of each bronchiole, are air sacs ✓ 3. Balance = ability to keep your body in place, whether you're which facilitate gas exchange, there are millions of them in the standing still (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance); lungs gymnastics, yoga, and skiing as sports exhibit great balance Lungs = extract the oxygen your body needs when you breath ✓ 4. Coordination = ability to move in a way that is smooth, in; when you breathe out, they take out the carbon dioxide accurate, and under control; requires good balance, strength, Diaphragm = dome-shaped muscle that helps you breathe, and agility helps your lungs expand and fill with air and contract when it ✓ 5. Power = ability to perform one maximum effort in the exhales the air out shortest possible time, ability of your muscles to use as much force as possible in as little time as possible, like when you run Physiology of the Respiratory System (Pulmonary Ventilation) or swim; cardiovascular endurance, strength and speed is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, as in breathing. These ✓ 6. Reaction Time = refers to the rate at which an athlete reacts are two phases of ventilation; INHALATION and EXHALATION to an external stimuli Physical Fitness: Health-Related Fitness Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward. PH = capacity of the body to do activities without undue exhaustion Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward. HRF = exercises that are done with the intention of improving one's physical health and maintaining a healthy lifestyle are included in the concept of health-related fitness Physical Education: integral part of the education program purposely to promote optimum development of an individual ✓ Cardiovascular Endurance = the ability of the lungs, heart, and - physically, socially, emotionally, and mentally blood vessels to deliver enough oxygen to the cells to meet the through total movement in the performance of needs of long-term physical activity properly selected physical activities (Andin, 2002) ✓ Getting stronger in your heart and lungs can make it easier for you to carry out the tasks you need to do Importance of Physical Education every day. Jogging, running, cycling, and swimming Physical Development attainment of can enhance cardiovascular endurance. physical skills, maintain good health, high ✓ Muscular Strength = capacity of the muscle to produce force level of physical fitness, improved growth during a relatively short period of time and development. ✓ Push-ups, sit-ups, lifting, squats, and lunges promote Social Development provide muscular strength opportunities for the development of enviable social traits.  Emotional Development offers opportunities for self-expression and emotional mastery. Mental Development develops mental capacities, obtains knowledge and understanding, enhances critical thinking how activities are done. Legal Bases of Physical Education Article 1: The practice of Physical Education and Sports is fundamental right for all. -UNESCO Brisbane Australia; International Charter of Physical Education Article XIV: All educational institution shall undertake regular sport activities throughout the country and in cooperation with athletic club and other sectors; Section 19, 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Contributions of Physical Education: Developing optimum physical development and health of an individual so that he is capable of living the good life and contributing to his maximum capacity to the attainment of the goals of the New Society. Produce individuals who contribute to economic well-being through the improvement of proper work habits and work attitudes and proper emphasis on problem-solving skills such that an individual can identify a problem correctly and master the skills necessary or useful in the business world. Train in good leaders with moral integrity of highest order develop other desirable traits for group participation or living through an adequate system of values, by equipping individuals to make moral choices and decisions needed in daily living. Develop creativity and innovativeness inspired by an abiding faith and love for country and fellowmen Install love of and pride for preservation develop an understanding of the culture of other for a feeling of international brotherhood and unity.