Introduction to the human anatomy PDF

Introduction to the human anatomy By Prof. Dr. Magdy said  ANATOMY ‫علم التشريح‬ Definition: ❑It is the science that studies the structure of the body ❑Anatomy means cut up or cut open ❑Ana = up or upon tome = cutting Subdivisions of anatomy: 1. Macroscopic...

Introduction to the human anatomy By Prof. Dr. Magdy said  ANATOMY ‫علم التشريح‬ Definition: ❑It is the science that studies the structure of the body ❑Anatomy means cut up or cut open ❑Ana = up or upon tome = cutting Subdivisions of anatomy: 1. Macroscopic (gross or naked eye) anatomy (‫( التشريح برؤية العين المجردة‬: A. Regional anatomy ( ‫) تشريح مناطق الجسم‬ B. Systemic anatomy ( ‫) تشريح أجهزة الجسم‬ 2. Microscopic anatomy (Histology) ) ‫) التشريح المجهرى‬ Regional anatomy ( ‫) تشريح مناطق الجسم‬  Systemic anatomy ( ‫) تشريح أجهزة الجسم‬ Nervous system Respiratory system Circulatory system ‫أنواع أخرى لعلم التشريح ‪Other subdivisions of anatomy‬‬ ‫‪Applied, clinical,‬‬ ‫( التشريح التطبيقي اإلكلينيكي (‬ ‫‪Surgical anatomy‬‬ ‫( التشريح الجراحي)‬ ‫‪Surface anatomy‬‬ ‫(التشريح من علي سطح الجسم)‬ ‫‪Radiological anatomy‬‬ ‫(التشريح باستخدام األشعة(‬ ‫‪Development anatomy‬‬ ‫(تشريح نمو األجنة)‬  Anatomical position (‫)الوضع التشريحي‬ 1. The person is standing erect ‫الشخص يقف منتصبا‬ 2. The arms are straight and by the sides ‫وذراعاه متمددان على جانبي الجسم‬ 3. The legs are close together ‫وساقاه مضمومتان‬ 4. The eyes and palms are directing forwards ‫بينما عيناه وراحتى كفيه متجهتان لالمام‬  ‫) المستويات التشريحية( ‪Anatomical planes‬‬ ‫)المستوى المتوسط أو السهمي ( ‪Median ( sagittal ) plane‬‬ ‫) المستوى جار المتوسط( ‪Paramedian plane‬‬ ‫(المستوى اإلكلينيكي أو التاجي( ‪Coronal plane‬‬ ‫)المستوى األفقي أو المستعرض( ‪Transverse ( Horizontal ) plane.‬‬  Anatomical planes (‫) المستويات التشريحية‬ 1. Median ( Sagittal ) plane : It runs along the middle line of the body crossing the sagittal suture of the skull. It divides the body into two equal halves, right half and left one. 1. Paramedian (parasagittal) planes: They lie at the sides of the median plane. They divide the body into two unequal halves. 1. Coronal plane : It runs vertically across or parallel to the coronal suture of the skull. It divides the body into two parts one is anterior and the other is posterior. 1. Horizontal planes: They are multiple planes running horizontally across the body at different levels. ‫) المستويات التشريحية( ‪Anatomical planes‬‬  Anatomical terms 1.Terms of position 1. Anterior X posterior ‫أمامي و خلفي‬ 2. Medial X lateral and intermediate ‫انسي و حشي و وسط‬ 3. Superior X inferior ‫علوي و سفلي‬ 4. Proximal X distal ‫قريب و بعيد‬ 5. Ipsilateral and controlateral ‫على نفس الناحية و الناحية المقابلة‬ 6. Internal X external ‫داخلي و خارجي‬ 7. Superficial X deep ‫سطحي و عميق‬ 8. Supine X prone positions ‫الوضع مستلق و الوضع مكبوب على وجهه‬  1.Terms of position 1. Anterior : it means front. 2. Posterior : it means back 3. Lateral: it means away from the middle line of the body 4. Medial: it means near to the middle line of the body. 5. Superior: it means upper, up or above. It has two degrees: A. Epi : that means just above B. Supra : that means the most superior 6. Inferior: it means lower, down or below. It has two degrees: A. Sub: that means just below. B. Infra :that means the most inferior. 7. Superficial: it means near to the surface. 8. Deep: it means away from the surface towards inside. 9. Proximal: it means near to the root of a limb or to the origin of a vessel , nerve or tube. 10. Distal: it means far from the root of a limb or to the origin of a vessel , nerve or tube. 11.Epsilateral: it means the same side. 12. Controlateral: it means the opposite side.  Terms related to position Superior Proximal Medial Intermediate Lateral Anterior posterior Distal Palmar Dorsal Middle line inferior 1. Flexion x extension ‫قبض وبسط‬ 2.Terms of 2. Adduction x abduction ‫تقريب و إبعاد‬ movements 3. Circumduction ‫حركة دورانية محيطية‬ 4. Protraction (protrusion) x Retraction (retrusion) 5. Rotation: A. General rotation 1. Lateral or external rotation ‫دوران وحشى‬ 2. Medial or internal rotation ‫دوران أنسي‬ B. Special rotation 1. Eversion ‫قلب القدم للخارج‬ 2. Inversion ‫قلب القدم للداخل‬ 3. Supination ‫بطح للساعد‬ 4. Pronation ‫كب للساعد‬ 5. Opposition ‫مقابلة اإلبهام لألصابع األخرى‬ 1. Flexion: it means bending of a joint. 2. Extension: it means straightening of a joint. 3. Abduction: the part (organ or limb ) moves away from the middle line. 4. Adduction: the part moves towards the middle line 5. Circumduction: summation of the previous four movements in the following manner ; flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. 6. Protraction (protrusion):the part moves forwards along antero-posterior axis. 7. Retraction (retrusion):the part moves backwards along antero-posterior axis. 8. Rotation: The part moves along an axis. It may be general or special rotation. A. General rotation: it occurs in most of the body joints and may be one of the following : 1. Lateral or external rotation: the part or the limb moves towards outside. 2. Medial or internal rotation: the part or the limb moves towards inside. B. Special rotation: it occurs in certain joints of the foot or forearm and hand. It includes: 1. Eversion : the sole of foot moves towards outside. 2. Inversion: the sole of foot moves towards inside. 3. Supination: the palm of hand moves towards the front. 4. Pronation: the palm of hand moves towards the back. 5. Opposition: the big finger (thumb)moves to meet other fingers. Flexion and extension  Flexion & Extension Extension Flexion Adduction & Abduction Adduction Abduction Medial rotation Lateral rotation Medial rotation and lateral rotation Circumduction Inversion and eversion Pronation and supination Protraction Retraction Protraction and retraction of the mandible Elevation Elevation & Depression Depression Opposition of thumb to the fingers  Components of regional anatomy (General anatomy) Every region of the human body has the following structures 1. Skin 2. Fascia 3. Bones (part of the skeleton) 4. Muscles 5. Joints 6. Blood vessels 7. Nerves  I.Skin Definition : It is the outer covering (envelope ) of the body surface. Structure (layers) : It is formed of two zones ; a superficial zone called epidermis and a deep one called dermis. Epidermis 1. It is the thin superficial zone of skin 2. It is formed of many layers of cells 3. It is responsible of the colour of skin due to presence of pigment cells 4. It is thick at pressure sites as back of elbow and front of knee. 5. Removal of a localized area leads to ulcer formation Dermis A. It is the thick deep zone of skin. B. It contains the following structures; 1. Sweet glands. 2. Sebaceous (fatty) glands. 3. Milk ( lactiferous ) glands. 4. Hair follicles. 5. Blood vessels. 6. Nerves. C. It is sensitive to pain. Functions of the skin 1. Protection of the deep structures of the body against micro-organisms and external injuries. 2. Sensation by its nerves 3. Regulation of body temperature by secretion of sweet glands 4. Moistening of skin by secretion of fat from sebaceous glands 5. Secretion of milk by the milk glands.  II. Fascia ‫اللفائف‬ Definition : It is a variety of connective tissue that binds ( connects) the different body structures together. Types: A. Superficial fascia ; locates superficially in the body connecting the skin to the underlying structures. B. Deep fascia ; lies deeply in the body connecting the deep structures and organs.  A. Superficial fascia ‫لفافة سطحية‬ Definition and structure: It is a framework of fibrous tissue carrying lobules of fat. It lies beneath the skin connecting it to the underlying tissues. It is also called subcutaneous tissue. Functions: 1. Gives specific contour to certain parts of the body as in buttock and breast. 2. Source of energy. 3. Medium for passage of cutaneous nerves and vessels. 4. Insulator for prevention of excess heat loss.  B. Deep fascia ‫لفافة عميقة‬ Definition and structure: It is a dense thick sheets of fibrous tissue lying in the body depth. It covers the nerves , vessels and muscles, It ties the muscles to bones. Location and functions: 1. Surrounds the individual muscle. 2. Surrounds a similar group of muscles 3. Forms the intermuscular septa separating the different groups of muscles. 4. Forms the origins and insertions of muscles that connect them to bones. 5. Envelopes the nerves and blood vessels forming the neurovascular bundles 6. Forms a triangular thick sheets called aponeurosis that protect the palm of hand and sole of foot. 7. Forms a qua drilateral bands around distal joints called retinacula that keep the underlying tendons in place during the joints movement.