Pakistan Penal Code (XLV of 1860) PDF

Pakistan Penal Code (XLV OF1860) [6th October, 1860] CONTENTS CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION Preamble 1. Title and...

Pakistan Penal Code (XLV OF1860) [6th October, 1860] CONTENTS CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION Preamble 1. Title and extent of operation of the Code 2. Punishment of offences committed within Pakistan 3. Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law ay be tried within Pakistan 4. Extension of Code on extra-territorial offences 5. Certain laws not to be affected by this Act CHAPTER II GENERAL EXPLANATIONS 6. Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exception 7. Sense of expression once explained 8. Gender 9- Number 10. "Man"; "Woman" 11. "Person" 12. "Public" 13. Definition of "Queen" 14. "Servant of the State" 15.. Definition of British-India 16. Definition of "Government of India" 17- "Government" 18. Definition of Presidency 19. "Judge" 20. "Court of Justice" 21. "Public servant" 23. Movable property 23. Wrongful gain "Wrongful loss" Gaining wrongfully; Losing wrongfully 24. "Dishonestly" 25. "Fraudulently" 26. "Reason to believe" 27. Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant 28. "Counterfeit" 29. Document 30. "Valuable security" 31. "A will" 32. Words referring to acts include illegal omissions 33. "Act", "Omission" 34. Acts done by several persons in furtherance of. Common intention 35. When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention 36. Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission 37. Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence 38. Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences 39. "Voluntarily" 40. "Offence" 41. "Special law" 42. "Local Law" 43. "Illegal """Legally bound to do" 44. "Injury" 45. "Life- 46- "Death" 47. "Animal" 48. "Vessel" 49. "Year"; "Month" 50- "Section" 51. "Oath" 52. "Good faith" 52-A. "Harbour" CHAPTER III OF PUNISHMENTS 53. Punishments 54. Commutation of sentence of death 55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life 55-A.Saving for President prerogative 56. Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude 57. Fractions of terms of punishment 58. Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until, transported 59. Transportation instead of imprisonment 60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple 61. Sentence of forfeiture of property 62. Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment 63. Amount of fine 64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine 65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine when imprisonment and fine awardable. 66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine 67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine when offence punishable with fine only 68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine 69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine 70. Fine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment-Death not to discharge property from liability 71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences 72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which 73. Solitary confinement 74. Limit of solitary confinement 75. Enhanced punishment for certain offenders under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction CHAPTER IV GENERAL EXCEPTIONS 76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law 77. Act of Judge when acting judicially 78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court 79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law 80. Accident in doing a lawful act 81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm 82. Act of a child under seven years of age 83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding 84. Act of a person of unsound mind 85. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will 86. Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated 87. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent. 88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit 89. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian 90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception ; Consent of insane person Consent of child 91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused 92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent 93. Communication made in good faith 94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats 95 Act causing slight harm 96. Things done in private defence 97. Right of private defence of the body and of property 98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc. 99. Act against which there is no right of private defence Extent to which the right may be exercised 100. When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death 101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death 102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body 103. When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death 104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death 105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property 106. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person CHAPTERV OF ABETMENT 107. Abetment of a thing 108. Abettor 108-A. Abetment in Pakistan of Offences outside it 109. Punishment of abetment if the Act abetted committed in consequence and where no express provision is made for its punishment 110. Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abettor 111. Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done 112. Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done 113. Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor 114. Abettor present when offence is committed 115..Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life if offence not committed  If act causing harm be done in consequence 116. Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment If offence be not committed If abettor or person abetted be a public servant whose duty it is to prevent offence 117. Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons 118. Concealing design to-commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life if offence be committed if offence be not committed 119. Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent If offence be committed If Offence be punishable with death, etc. If offence be not committed 120. Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment If offence be committed; if offence be not committed CHAPTER V-A CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY 120-A. Definition of criminal conspiracy 120-B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy CHAPTER VI OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE 121. Waging or attempting to wage war or abetting waging of war against Pakistan 121-A. Conspiracy to commit, offences punishable by Section 121 122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against Pakistan 123. Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war 123-A. Condemnation of the creation of the State, and advocacy of abolition of its sovereignty 123-B. Defiling or unauthorisedly removing the National Flag of Pakistan from Government building, etc. 124. Assaulting President, Governor, etc., with intention to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power 124-A, Sedition 125- Waging war against any Asiatic Power in alliance with Pakistan 126. Committing depredation on territories of Power at peace with Pakistan 127. Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in Sections 125 and 126 128. Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war to escape 129. Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape 130. Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner CHAPTER VII OF OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE 131. Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty 132. Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny Is committed in consequence thereof 133. Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office 134. Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed 135. Abetment of description of soldier, sailor or airman 136. Harbouring deserter 137. Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master 138. Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman 138-A. Application of foregoing sections to the Indian Marine Service 139. Persons subject to certain Acts 140. Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman CHAPTER VlII OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY 141. Unlawful assembly 142. Being member of unlawful assembly 143. Punishment 144. Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon 145. Joining or continuing In unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse 146. Rioting 147. Punishment for rioting 148. Rioting, armed with deadly weapon 149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object 150. Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to Join unlawful assembly 151. Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has commanded to disperse 152. Assaulting to obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc. 153. Wantonly giving provocation with intent to cause riot-if rioting be committed; if not committed 153-A. Promoting enmity between different groups, etc. 153-B. Inducing students, etc., take part in political activity 154. Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held 155. Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed 156. Liability of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit riot is committed 157. Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly 158. Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot or to go armed 159. Affray 160. Punishment for committing affray CHAPTER IX  OF OFFENCES BY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS 161. Public servant taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect to an official act "Gratification" , "Legal remuneration" "A motive or reward for doing" “Public servant' 162. Taking gratification, in order by corrupt or illegal means to influence public servant- 163. Taking gratification, for exercise of personal influence with public servant 164. Punishment for abetment by public servant of offences defined in Section 162 or 163 165. Public servant obtaining valuable thing, without consideration from person concerned in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant 165-A. Punishment for abetment of offences defined in Sections 161 and 165 165-B. Certain abettors excepted 166. Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person 167. Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury 168. Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade 169. Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property 170. Personating a public servant 171. Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent. CHAPTER IX-A OF OFFENCES RELATING TO ELECTIONS 171-A. "Candidate", "Electoral right" defined 171-B. Bribery 171 -C. Undue influence at election 171-D. Personation at elections 171-E. Punishment for bribery 171 -F. Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election 171 -G. False statement in connection with an election 171 -H. Illegal payments in connection with an election 171-1. Failure to keep election accounts 171-J. Inducing any person not to participate in any election or referendum, etc. CHAPTER X OF CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS 172. Absconding to avoid service of summons or other proceeding 173. Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof 174. Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant 175. Omission to produce document to public servant by person legally bound to produce it 176. Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it 177. Furnishing false information 178. Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it 179. Refusing to answer public servant authorised to question 180. Refusing to sign statement 181. False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or affirmation 182. False information with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person 183. Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant 184. Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant 185. Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant 186. Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions 187. Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance 188. Disobedience to order duty promulgated by public servant ". 189. Threat of injury to public, servant 190. Threat of injury to induce a person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant CHAPTER XI OF FALSE EVIDENCE AND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE 191 Giving false evidence 192. Fabricating false evidence 193. Punishment for false evidence 194. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence if innocent person be thereby convicted and executed 195. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life or for a term of seven years or upwards 196. Using evidence known to be false 197. Issuing or signing false certificate 198. Using as true a certificate known to be false 199. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence 200. Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false 201. Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information to screen offender if a capital offence if punishable with imprisonment for life if punishable with less than ten years imprisonment 202- Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform 203. Giving false information respecting an offence committed 204. Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence 205. False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution 206. Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution 207. Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution 208. Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due 209. Dishonestly making false claim in Court 210. Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due 211. False charge of offence made with intent to injure 212. Harbouring offender if a capital offence if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for 10 years 213. Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment if a capital offence if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment for 10 years 214. Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender if a capita! offence if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment 215. Taking gift to help to recover property, etc. 216. Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody or whose apprehension has been ordered if a capital offence if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment 216-A. Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits 216-B. Definition of "harbour" in Sections 212, 216 and 216-A 217. Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save persons from punishment or property from forfeiture 218. Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture 219. Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc., contrary to taw 220. Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law 221. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend 222. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully committed 223. Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant 224. Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension 225. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person 225-A. Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise provided for 225-B. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for 226. Unlawful return from transportation 227. Violation of condition of remission of punishment 228. Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding 229. Personation of a juror or assessor CHAPTER XII OF OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS 230. "Coin" defined Pakistan coin 231. Counterfeiting coin 232. Counterfeiting Pakistan coin 233. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin 234. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Pakistan coin 235. Possession of instrument or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin if Pakistan coin 236. Abetting in Pakistan the counterfeiting out of Pakistan of coin 237. Import or export of counterfeit coin 238. Import or export of counterfeits of Pakistan coin 239. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit 240. Delivery of Pakistan coin possessed with knowledge that ft is counterfeit 241. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit 242. Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew It to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof 243. Possession of Pakistan coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof 244. Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law 245- Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint 246. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin 247. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Pakistan coin 248. Altering appearance of coin with intent that ft shall pass as coin of different description 249. Altering appearance of Pakistan coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description 250. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered 251. Delivery of Pakistan coin possessed with knowledge that it is altered 252. Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof 253. Possession of Pakistan coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof 254. Delivery of coin as genuine which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be altered 255. Counterfeiting Government stamp 256. Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp 257. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp 258. Sale of counterfeit Government stamp 259. Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp 260. Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be counterfeit 261 Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from document a stamp used for it, with intent to cause loss to Government 262. Using Government stamp known to have been before used 263. Erasure of mark denoting that has been used 263-A. Prohibition of fictitious stamp CHAPTER XIII OF OFFENCES RELATING TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 264. Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing 265. Fraudulent use of false weight or measure 266. Being in possession of false weight or measure 267. Making or selling false weight or measure CHAPTER XIV OF OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE, DECENCY AND MORALS 268. Public nuisance 269. Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life 270- Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life 271. Disobedience to quarantine rule 272. Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale 273. Sale of noxious food or drink 274. Adulteration of drugs 275. Sale of adulterated drugs 276. Sale. of drug as a different drug or preparation 277. Fouling water of public spring or reservoir 278. Making atmosphere noxious to health 279. Rash driving or driving on a public way 280. Rash navigation of vessel 281. Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy 282. Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel 283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation 284. Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance 285. Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter 286. Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance 287. Negligent conduct with respect to machinery 288. Negligent conduct with respect, to pulling down or repairing buildings 289. Negligent conduct with respect to animal 290. Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for 291. Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue 292. Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc. 293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person 294. Obscene acts and songs 294-A. Keeping lottery office 294-B. Offering of prize in connection with trade, etc. CHAPTER XV OF OFFENCES RELATING TO RELIGION 295. Injuring or defiling place of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class 295-A. Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting Its religion or religious beliefs 295-B. Defiling, etc., of Holy Qur'an 295-C. Use of derogatory remarks, etc., in respect of the Holy Prophet 296. Disturbing religious assembly 297. Trespassing on burial places, etc. 298. Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings 298-A. Use of derogatory remarks, etc. in respect of holy personages 298-B.Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles, etc. reserved for certain holy personages or places 298-C.Person of Quadiani group, etc., calling himself a Muslim or preaching or propagating his faith CHAPTER XVI OF OFFENCES AFFECTING THE HUMAN BODY Of Offences Affecting Life 299. Definitions 300. Qatl-e-Amd 301- Causing death of person other than the person whose death was intended 302. Punishment of qatl-i-amd 303. Qatl committed under ikrah-i-tam or ikrah-i-naqis 304. Proof of qatl-i-amd liable to qisas. etc. 305. Wali 306. Qatl-i-amd not liable to qisas 307. Cases in which Qisas for qatl-i-amd shall not be enforced 308. Punishment in qatl-i-amd not liable to qisas, etc. 309. Waiver (Afw) of qias in qatl-i-amd 310. Compounding of qisas (Sulh) in qatl-i-amd 311. Ta'zir after waiver or compounding of right of qisas in qatl-i-amd 312. Qatl-i-amd after waiver or compounding of qisas 313. Right of qisas in qatl-i-amd 314. Execution of qisas in qatl-i-amd 315. Qatl shibh-i-amd 316. Punishment for qatl shibh-i-amd 317. Person committing qatl debarred from succession 318. Qatl-i-khata 319. Punishment for qatl-i-khata 320. Punishment for qatl-i-khata by rash or negligent driving 321. Oatl-bis-sabab 322. Punishment for qatl bis-sabab 323. Value of diyat 324. Attempt to commit qatl-i-amd 325. Attempt to commit suicide 326. Thug 327. Punishment 328. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years by parent or person having care of it 329. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body 330. Disbursement of diyat 331. Payment of Diyat 332. Hurt 333. Itiaf-i-udw 334. Punishment for Itlaf-l-udw 335. Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw 336. Punishment for Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw 337. Shajjah 337-A. Punishment of shajjah 337-B.Jurh. 337-C.Jaifah 337-D.Punishment for jaifah 337-E.Ghayr-jaifah 337-F. Punishment of ghayr-jaifah 337-G. Punishment for hurt by rash or negligent driving 337-H. Punishment for hurt by rash or negligent act 337-1. Punishment for causing hurt by mistake (khata) 337-J. Causing hurt by means of a poison 337-K. Causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property 337-L. Punishment for other hurt 337-M. Hurt not liable to qisas 337-N, Cases in which qisas for hurt shall not be enforced 337-0. Wali in case of hurt 337-P. Execution of qisas for hurt 337-Q. Arsh for single organs 337-R.Arsh for organs in pairs 337-S. Arsh for the organs in quadruplicate 337-T. Arsh for fingers 337-U.Arsh for teeth 337-V. Arsh for hair 337-W. Merger of arsh 337-X. Payment of arsh 337-Y. Value of daman 337-Z. Disbursement of arsh or daman 338. Isqat-i-Hamal 338-A. Punishment for Isqat-i-hamI 338-B.lsqat-i-janin 338-C.Punishment for Isqat-i-janin 338-D.Confirmation of sentence of death by way of qisas or tazir, etc. 338-E. Waiver or compounding of offences 338-F. Interpretation 338-G. Rules 338-H. Saving CHAPTER XVI-A OF WRONGFUL RESTRAINT & WRONGFUL CONFINEMENT 339. Wrongful restraint 340. Wrongful confinement 341. Punishment for wrongful restraint 342. Punishment for wrongful confinement 343. Wrongful confinement for three or more days 344. Wrongful Confinement for ten or more days 345. Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ, has been issued 346. Wrongful confinement in secret 347. Wrongful confinement to extort property or constrain to illegal act 348. Wrongful confinement to extort confession or compel restoration of property Of Criminal Force and Assault 349. Force 350. Criminal force 351. Assault 352. Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation 353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty 354. Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty 354-A. Assault or use of criminal force to woman and stripping her of her clothes 355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour a person, otherwise than on grave provocation 356. Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person 357. Assault or criminal force in attempting wrongfully to confine person 358. Assault or criminal force on grave provocation Of Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour 359. Kidnapping 360. Kidnapping from Pakistan, etc. 361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship 362. Abduction 363. Punishment for kidnapping 364. Kidnapping or abducting In order to murder 364-A. Kidnapping or abducting a person under the age of fourteen 365. Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person 365-A. Kidnapping or abducting for extorting property, valuable security, etc. 366. Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc. 366-A. Procuration of minor girl 366-B. Importation of girl from foreign country 367. Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc. 368. Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person 369. Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person 370. Buying or disposing of any person as a slave 371. Habitual dealing in slaves 372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc. 373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc. 374. Unlawful compulsory labour Of Rape 375. Rape 376. Punishment of rape Of Unnatural Offences 377. Unnatural offences CHAPTER XVII OF OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY Of Theft 378. Theft 379. Punishment for theft 380. Theft in dwelling house, etc. 381. Theft by clerk or servant or property in possession of master 361 -A. Theft of a car or other motor vehicles 382. Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft Of Extortion 383. Extortion 384. Punishment for extortion 385. Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion 386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death or grievous hurt 387. Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion 388. Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc. 389. Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion Of Robbery and Dacoity 390. Robbery When theft is robbery  When extortion is robbery 391. Dacoity 392. Punishment for robbery 393. Attempt to commit robbery. 394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery 395. Punishment for dacoity 396. Dacoity with murder 397. Robbery or dacoity, with attempt to cause death or grievous hurt 398. Attempt to commit robbery or dacoity when armed with deadly weapon 399. Making preparation to commit dacoity 400. Punishment for belonging to gang of dacoits 401. Punishment for belonging to gang of thieves 402. Assembling for purpose of committing dacoity Of Hijacking 402-A. Hijacking 402-B. Punishment for Hijacking 402-C. Punishment for harbouring hijacking etc. Of Criminal Misappropriation of Property 403- Dishonest misappropriation of property 404. Dishonest misappropriation of property possessed by deceased person at the time of his death Of Criminal Breach of Trust 405. Criminal breach of trust 406. Punishment for criminal breach of trust 407. Criminal breach of trust by carrier, etc. 408. Criminal breach of (.rust by clerk w servant 409. Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent Of Receiving of Stolen Property 410. Stolen property 411. Dishonestly receiving stolen property 412. Dishonestly receiving stolen property in the commission of a dacoity 413. Habitually dealing in stolen property 414. Assisting in concealment of stolen property Of Cheating 415. Cheating 416. Cheating by personation 417. Punishment for' cheating 418. Cheating with knowledge that wrongful loss may ensue to person whose interest offender is bound to protect 419. Punishment for cheating by personation 420. Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property Of Fraudulent Deeds and Dispossession of Property 421. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent distribution among creditors 422. Dishonestly or fraudulently preventing debt being available for creditors 423. Dishonest or fraudulent execution of deed of transfer containing false statement of consideration 424. Dishonest or fraudulent removal or concealment of property Of Mischief 425. Mischief 426. Punishment for mischief 427 Mischief causing damage to the amount of fifty rupees 428. Mischief by killing or maiming animal of the value, of ten rupees 429. Mischief by killing or maiming cattle, etc., of any value or any animal of the value of fifty rupees 430. Mischief by injury to works of irrigation or by wrongfully divertingwater 431. Mischief by injury to public road, bridge, river or channel 432. Mischief by causing Inundation or obstruction to public drainage attended with damage 433. Mischief by destroying, moving or rendering fess useful a light house or sea-mark 434. Mischief by destroying or moving, etc., a land-mark fixed by public authority 435. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to cause damage to amount of one hundred rupees or (In case of agricultural produce) ten rupees 436. Mischief by fire or explosive substance with intent to destroy house, etc, 437. Mischief with intent to destroy or-make unsafe a decked vessel or one of twenty tons burden 438. Punishment for the mischief described in Section 437 committed by fire or explosive substance 439. Punishment for intentionally running vessel aground or ashore with intent to commit theft, etc. 440. Mischief committed after preparation made for causing death or hurt Of Criminal Trespass 441. Criminal trespass 442. House-trespass 443. Lurking house-trespass 444. Lurking house-trespass by night 445. House-breaking 446. House-breaking by night 447. Punishment for criminal trespass 448. Punishment for house-trespass 449. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with death 450. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment for life 451. House-trespass in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 452. House-trespass after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint 453. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking 454. Lurking house trespass or house-breaking in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 455. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint 456. Punishment for lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night 457. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit offence punishable with imprisonment 458. Lurking house-trespass or house-breaking by night after preparation for hurt, assault or wrongful restraint 459. Hurt caused, whilst committing lurking house-trespass or house-breaking 460. Persons jointly concerned in lurking house-trespass or house breaking by night punishable for qatl or hurt caused by one of them 461. Dishonestly breaking open receptacle containing property 462. Punishment for same offence when committed by person entrusted with custody CHAPTER XVIII  OF OFFENCES RELATING TO DOCUMENTS AND TO TRADE OR PROPERTY MARKS 463. Forgery 464. Making a false document 465. Punishment for forgery 466. Forgery or record of Court or of public register, etc. 467. Forgery of valuable security, will, etc. 468. Forgery for purpose of cheating 469. Forgery for purpose of harming reputation 470. Forged document 471. Using as genuine a forged document 472. Making or possessing counterfeit seal, etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable under Section 467 473. Making or possessing counterfeit sea), etc., with intent to commit forgery punishable otherwise 474. Having possession of document described in Section 466 or 467 knowing it to be forged and intending to use it as genuine 475. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material 476. Counterfeiting device or mark used for authenticating documents other than those described in Section 467, or possessing counterfeit marked material 477. Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security 477-A. Falsification of accounts Of Trade, Property and Other Marks 478. Trade mark 479. Property mark 480. Using a false trade mark 481. Using a false property mark 482. Punishment for using a false trade-mark or property mark 483. Counterfeiting a trade mark or property mark used by another 484. Counterfeiting a mark used by a public servant 485. Making or possession of any instrument for counterfeiting a trade mark or property mark. 486. Selling goods marked with a counterfeit trade mark or property mark 487. Making a false mark upon any receptacle containing goods 488. Punishment for making use of any such false mark 489. Tampering with property mark with intent to cause injury Of Currency-Notes and Bank-Notes 489-A. Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes 489-8. Using as genuine forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes 489-C. Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank notes 489-D. Making or possessing-instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes 489-E. Making or using documents resembling currency-notes, or bank-notes 489-F. Counterfeiting of using documents resembling National Prize Bonds or un- authorised sate thereof CHAPTER XIX OF THE CRIMINAL BREACH OF CONTRACTS OF SERVICE 490. Breach of contract of service during voyage or journey 491. Breach of contract to attend on any supply wants of helpless person 492. Breach of contract to serve at distant place to which servant is conveyed at master's expense CHAPTER XX OF OFFENCES RELATINGTO MARRIAGE 493. Cohabitation caused by a man deceitfully inducing a belief of lawful marriage 494. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife 495- Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with whom subsequent marriage is contracted 496. Marriage ceremony fraudulently gone through without lawful marriage 497. Adultery 498. Enticing or taking away or detaining criminal intent a marriage woman CHAPTER XXI OF DEFAMATION 499. Defamation Imputation of truth which public good requires to be made or published Public conduct of public servants Conduct of any person touching any public question Publication of reports of proceedings of Courts Merits of case decided in Court or conduct of witnesses and other concerned Merits of public performance Censure passed in good faith by person having lawful authority over another Accusation preferred in good faith to authorised person Imputation made in good faith by person for protection of his or other's interest Caution Intended for good of person to whom conveyed or for public good 500. Punishment for defamation 501. Printing or engraving matter known to be defamatory 502. Sale of printed or engraved substance containing defamatory matter CHAPTER XXII OF CRIMINAL INTIMIDATION, INSULT AND ANNOYANCE 503. Criminal intimidation 504. Intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace 505. Statements conducing to public mischief 506. Punishment for criminal intimidation If threat be to cause death or grievous hurt, etc. 507. Criminal intimidation by an anonymous communication 508. Act caused by inducing person to believe that he will be rendered an object of Divine displeasure 509. Word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman 510. Misconduct in public by a drunken person. CHAPTER XXIII OF ATTEMPTS TO COMMIT OFFENCES 511. Punishment for attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life or for a shorter terms.  CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION Preamble: Whereas it is expedient to provide a general Penal Code for Pakistan: It is enacted as follows:- 1. Title and extent of operation of the Code: This Act shall be called the Pakistan Penal Code, and shall take effect throughout Pakistan. 2. Punishment of offences committed within Pakistan: Every person shall be liable to punishment under this Code and not otherwise for every act or omission contrary to the provisions thereof, of which he shall be guilty within Pakistan. 3. Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within Pakistan: Any person liable, by any Pakistani Law, to be tried for an offence committed beyond Pakistan shall be dealt with according to the provision of this Code for any act committed beyond Pakistan in the same manner as if such act had been committed within Pakistan. 4. Extension of Code for extra-territorial offences: The provisions of this Code apply also to any offence committed by" [(1) any citizen of Pakistan or any person in the service of Pakistan in any place without and beyond Pakistan]; Sub-sec. (1) subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, XXVII of 1981. (2)[As amended byA.0. 1949 Sch. has been omitted by AO.1961, Art. 2 and Sch. (w.e.f. 23rd March, 1956)]; (3) [Omitted by the Federal Laws (revision and Declaration) Ordinance, XXVII of 1981]; (4) any person on any ship or aircraft registered in Pakistan wherever it may be. Explanation: In this section the word "offence" includes every act committed outside Pakistan which, if committed in Pakistan, would be punishable under this Code. Illustrations (a) A a Pakistani subject, commits a murder in Uganda. He can be tried and convicted of murder in any place in Pakistan in which he may be found. (b) [Omitted by Federal Laws (Revision & Declaration) Ordinance, XXVII of 1981]. [(c) C, a foreigner who is in the service of Pakistan commits a murder in London. He can be tried and convicted of murder at any place in Pakistan in which he may be found.] Clause (c) subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision & Declaration) Ordinance, XXVII of 1981. (d) D, a British subject living in Junagadh, instigates E to commit a murder in Lahore. D is guilty of abetting murder. [5. Certain laws not to be affected by this Act: Nothing in this Act is intended to repeal, vary, suspend or affect any of the provisions of any Act for punishing mutiny and desertion of officers, soldiers, sailors or airmen in the service of the State or of any special or local law]. Sec. 5 subs. by the Federal Laws (Revision & Declaration) Ordinance, XXVII of 1981 CHAPTER II GENERAL EXPLANATIONS 6. Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exception: Throughout this Code every definition of an offence, every penal provision and every illustration of every such definition or penal provision, shall be understood subject to the exceptions contained in the chapter entitled "General Exceptions," though those exceptions are not repeated in such definition, penal provision or illustration. Illustrations (a) The section in this Code, which contain definitions of offences, , do not express that a child under seven years of age cannot commit such offence; but the definitions are to be understood subject to the general exception which provides that nothing shall be an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age. (b) A, a police officer, without warrant, apprehends Z who has committed murder. Here A is not guilty of the offence of wrongful confinement; for he was bound by law to apprehend Z, and, therefore, the case falls within the genera) exception ' which provides that "nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is bound by law to do it." 7. Sense of expression once explained: Every expression which is explained in any part of this Code is used in every part of this Code in conformity with the explanation. 8. Gender: The pronoun "he" and its derivatives are used of any person, whether male or female. 9. Number: Unless the contrary appears from the context, words importing the singular number include the plural number, and words importing the plural number include the singular number. 10. "Man"; "Woman": The word "man" denotes a male human being of any age; the words "woman" denotes a female human being of any age. 11. "Person": The word "person" includes any Company or Association, or body of persons, whether incorporated or not. 12. "Public": The word "Public" includes any class of the public or any community. 13. Definition of "Queen": [Omitted by A. 0., 1961, Art. 2 and Sched. (w.e.f. the 23rd March, 1965)]. 14. "Servant of the State": The words "servant of the State" denote all officers or servants continued/appointed or employed in Pakistan, by or under the authority of the- Federal Government or any Provincial Government. 15. Definition of British-India '.[Rep. byA.0., 1937]. 16. Definition of "Government of India": [Rep. by AO. 1937]. 17. "Government": The word "Government" denotes the person or persons authorized by law to administer executive Government in Pakistan, or in any part thereof. 18. Definition of Presidency: [Rep. byAO., 1937]. 19. "Judge": The word "Judge" denotes not only every person who is officially designated as a Judge, but also every person," Who is empowered by law to give, in any legal proceeding, civil or criminal, a definitive judgment or a judgment which, if not appealed against, would be definitive, or a judgment which, if confirmed by some other authority, would be definitive, or Who is one of a body of persons, which body of persons is empowered by law to give such Judgment. Illustrations (a) [Omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision & Declaration Ordinance, XXV// of 1981]. (b) A Magistrate exercising jurisdiction in. respect of a charge on which he has power to sentence to fine or imprisonment with or without appeal, is a Judge. (c) [Rep. by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Act 1951 (26 of 1951), Section 3 and 11, Schedule]. (d) [Omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision & Declaration Ordinance, XXVII of 1981], 20. "Court of Justice": The words "Court of Justice denote a Judge who is empowered by law to act judicially alone, or a body of Judges which is empowered by law to act judicially as a body, when such Judge or body of Judges is acting judicially. 21. "Public servant": The words "public servant" denotes a person falling under any of the descriptions herein after following, namely:- First: [Omitted by the Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration) Ordinance, XXV// of 1981]. Second: Every Commissioned Officer in the Military, Naval or Air Forces of Pakistan while serving under the Federal Government or any Provincial Government; Third: Every Judge; Fourth: Every officer of a Court of Justice whose duty it is, as such officer, to investigate or report on any matter of law or fact, or to make, authenticate, or keep any document, or to take charge or dispose of any property, or to execute any judicial process, or to administer any oath, or to interpret, or to preserve order in the Court; and every person specially authorized by a Court of Justice to perform any of such duties; Fifth: Every juryman, assessor, or member of a panchayat assisting a Court of Justice or public servant; Sixth: Every arbitrator or other person to whom any cause or matter has been referred for decision or report by any Court of Justice, or by any other competent public authority; Seventh ; Every person who holds any office by virtue of which he is empowered to place or keep any person in confinement; Eighth: Every officer of the Government whose duty it is, as such officer, to prevent offences, to give information of offences, to bring offenders to justice, or to protect the public health, safety or convenience; Ninth: Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property on behalf of the Government, or to make any survey, assessment or contract on behalf of the Government, or to execute any revenue process, or to investigate, or to report, or any matter affecting the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to make/ authenticate or keep any document relating to the pecuniary interests of the Government, or to prevent the infraction of any law for the protection of the pecuniary interests of the Government, and every officer in the service or. pay of the Government or remunerated by fees or commission for the performance of any public duty; Tenth : Every officer whose duty it is, as such officer, to take, receive, keep or expend any property, to make any survey or assessment or to levy any rate or tax for any secular common purpose of any village, town or district, or to make, authenticate or keep any document for the ascertaining of the rights of the people of any village, town or district;. Eleventh : Every person who holds any office in virtue of which he is empowered to prepare, publish, maintain or revise an electoral roll or to conduct an election or part of an elections Illustration A Municipal Commissioner is a public servant. Explanation 1 : Persons falling under any of the above descriptions are public servants, whether appointed by the Government or not. Explanation 2: Wherever the words "public servant” occur, they shall be understood of every person who is in actual possession of the situation of a public servant, whatever legal defect there may be in his right to hold that situation. Explanation 3: The word "election" denotes an election for the purpose of selecting members of any legislative, municipal or other public authority, of whatever character, the method of selection to which is by, or under, any law prescribed as by election.. 22. Movable property: The words "movable property" are intended to include corporeal property of every description, except land and thing attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth. 23. Wrongful gain: "Wrongful gain" is gain by unlawful means of property to which the person gaining is not legally entitled. "Wrongful loss": Wrongful loss" is the loss by unlawful means of property to which the person losing it is legally entitled. Gaining wrongfully, Losing wrongfully: A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property. 24. "Dishonestly": Whoever does anything with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to another person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly". 25. "Fraudulently": A person is said to do ,a thing fraudulently if he does that thing with intent to defraud but not otherwise. 26. "Reason to believe": A person is said to have “reason to believe" a thing if he has sufficient cause to believe that thing but not otherwise. 27. Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant: When property is in the possession of a person's Wife, clerk or servant, on account of that person, it is in that person's possession within the meaning of this Code. Explaination: A person employed temporarily on a particular occasion in the capacity of a clerk, or servant, is a clerk or servant within the meaning of this section. 28. "Counterfeit": A person is said to "counterfeit" who causes one thing to resemble another thing, intending by means of that resemblance to practice deception, or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practiced. Explanation 1: It is not essential to counterfeiting that the imitation should be exact. Explanation 2: When a person causes one thing to resemble another thing, and the resemblance is such that a person might be deceived thereby, it shall be presumed, until the contrary is proved, that the person so causing the one thing to resemble the other thing intended" by means of that resemblance to practice deception or knew it to be likely that deception would thereby be practiced. 29. Document: The word "document" denotes any matter expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks, or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, as evidence of that matter. Explanation 1 : It is immaterial by what means or upon what substance, the letters, figures or marks are formed, or whether the evidence is intended for, or may be used in, a Court of Justice, or not. Illustrations A writing expressing the terms of a contract, which may be used as evidence of the contract, is a document. A cheque upon a banker is a document. A Power-of-Attorney is a document. A map or plan which is intended to be used or which may be used as evidence, is a document. A writing containing directions or instructions is a document. Explanation 2: Whatever is expressed by means of letters, figures or marks as explained by mercantile or other usage, shall be deemed to be expressed by such letter, figure or marks within the meaning of this section, although the same may not be actually expressed. Illustration A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange payable to his order. The meaning of the endorsement, as explained by mercantile usage is that the bill is to be paid to the holder. The endorsement is a document and must be construed in the same manner as if the words "pay to the holder" or words to that effect had been written over the signature. 30. "Valuable security": The words "valuable security denote a document which is, or purports to be a document whereby any legal right is created, extended, transferred restricted, extinguished or released, or whereby, any person acknowledges that he lies under legal liability, or has not certain legal right. Illustration A writes his name on the back of a bill of exchange. As the effect of this endorsement is to transfer the right to the bill to any person who may become the lawful holder of it, the endorsement is a "valuable security". 31. "A will": The words "a will" denote any testamentary document 32. Words referring to acts include illegal omissions : In every part of this Code, except where contrary intention appears from the context, words which refer to acts done extend also to illegal omission. 33. "Act", "Omission": The word "act" denotes as well a series of acts as a single act; the word "omission" denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission. 34. Acts done by several persons In furtherance of common intention: When a criminal act is done by several persons, in furtherance of the common intention of all, each such person is liable for that act in the same manner as if it were done by him alone. 35. When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention : Whenever an act, which is criminal only by reason of its being with a criminal knowledge or intention, is done by several persons, each of such persons who joins in the act with such knowledge or intention is liable for the act in the same manner as if the act were done by him alone with the knowledge or intention. 36. Effects caused partly by act and partly by omission: Whoever the causing of a certain effect, or an attempt to cause that effect, by an act or by an omission, is an offence, it is to be understood that the causing of that effect partly by an act and pertly by an omission is the same offence. Illustration A intentionally causes Z's death, partly by illegally omitting to give Z food and partly by beating Z.A has committed murder. 37. Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence: When an offence is committed by means of several acts, whoever intentionally co-operates in the commission of that offence by doing any one of those acts, either singly or jointly with any other person, commits that offence. Illustrations (a) A and B agree to murder Z by severally and at different times giving him small dose of poison. A and B administer the poison according to the agreement with intent to murder Z. Z dies from the effects of the several doses of poison so administered to him. Here A and B intentionally co-operate in the commission of murder and as each of them dose an act by which the death is caused, they are both guilty of the offence though their acts are separate.  (B) A and B are joint jailors, and as such, have the charge of Z, a prisoner, alternately for six hours at a time. A and B, intending to cause Z's death, knowingly co-operate in causing that effect by illegally omitting, each during the time of his attendance, to furnish Z with food supplied to them for that purpose. Z dies of hunger. Both A and B are guilty of the murder of Z. (c) A, a jailor, has the charge of Z, a prisoner. A intending to cause Z's death, illegally omits to supply Z with food; in consequence of which Z is much reduced in strength, but the starvation is not sufficient to cause his death. A is dismissed from his office, and B succeeds him. B, without collusion or co-operation with A, illegally omits to supply Z with food, knowing that he is likely thereby to cause Z's death, Z dies of hunger. B is guilty of murder, but as A did not co-operate with B, A is guilty only of an attempt to commit murder. 38. Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences : Where several persons are engaged or concerned in the commission of a criminal act, they may be guilty of different offences by means of that act. Illustration A attacks Z under such circumstances of grave provocation that his killing of Z would be only culpable homicide not amounting to murder. B having ill-will towards Z and intending to kill him, and not having been subject to the provocation, assist A in killing Z. Here, though A and B are both engaged in causing Z's death, B is guilty of murder, and A is guilty only of culpable homicide. 39. "Voluntarily": A person is said to cause an effect "voluntarily" when he causes it by means whereby he intended to cause it, or by means which, at the time of employing those means, he knew or had reason to believe to be likely to cause it. Illustrations A sets fire, by night, to an inhabited house in a large town, for the purpose of facilitating robbery and thus causes the death of a person. Here, A may not have intended to cause death, and may even be sorry that death has been caused by his act; yet, if he knew that he.was likely to cause death; he has caused death voluntarily. 40. "Offence": Except in the chapters and sections mentioned in clauses 2 and 3 of this section, the word "offence" denotes a thing made punishable by this Code. In Chapter IV, Chapter V-A and in the following sections, namely, Sections 64, 65, 66, 67, 71, 109, 110, 112. 114, 115, 116, 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214. 221, 222, 223. 224, 225, 327, 328.329,330.331,347,348, 388, 389 and 445, the word "offence" denotes a thing punishable under this Code, or under, any/special or local law as hereinafter defined. And in Sections 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441 the word "offence" has the same meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, whether with or without fine. 41. "Special law": A "special law" is a taw applicable to a particular subject. 42. "Local Law": A "local law" is a law applicable only to a particular part of the territories comprised in Pakistan. 43.Illegal--Legally bound to do" :The word "illegal" is applicable to everything which is an offence or which is prohibited by law, or which furnishes ground for a civil action, and a person is said to be "legally bound to do" whatever it is illegal in him to omit. 44. "Injury": The "injury" denotes any harm. Whatever illegally caused to any person, in body, mind, reputation or property. 45. "Life": The word "life" denotes the life of a human being, unless the contrary appears from the context. 46. “Death”: The word "death" denotes the death of a human being unless the contrary appears from the context. 47. “Animal": The word "animal" denotes any living creature other than a human being. 48."Vessel": The word "vessel" denotes anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings or of property. 49. "Year”; "Month": Wherever the word "year" or the word "month" is used, it is to be understood that the year or the month is to be reckoned according to the British calendar. 50. "Section": The word "section" denotes one of those portions of a chapter of this Code which are distinguished by prefixed numeral figures. 51. "Oath'': The word "oath" includes a solemn affirmation substituted by law for an oath, and any declaration required or authorized by law to be made before a public servant or, to be used for the purpose of proof, whether in a Court of Justice or not. 52. "Good faith": Nothing is said to be done or believed in "good faith" Which is done or believed without due care and attention. 52-A. "Harbour": Except in Section 157, and in Section, 130 in the case in which the harbour is given by the wife or husband of a person harboured, the word "harbour" includes the supplying a person with shelter, food, drink, money, clothes, arms; ammunition or means of conveyance, or assisting a person by any means, whether of the same kind as, those enumerated in this section or not, to evade apprehension. Section 52-A inst. by the Penal Code (Amendment) Act, VII! of 1942 CHAPTER III OF PUNISHMENTS. [53. Punishments: The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are: Firstly,. Qisas; Secondly, Diyat; Thirdly, Arsh; Fourthly, Daman; Fifthly, Ta'zir; Sixthly, Death;- Seventhly, Imprisonment for life Eighthly, Imprisonment which is of two descriptions, namely:-- ,(i) Rigorous, i.e., with hard labour; (ii) Simple; Ninthly, Forfeiture of property; Tenthly, Fine] Section 53 subs. by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, II of 1997 54. Commutation of sentence of death : In every case in which sentence of death shall have been passed the Federal Government or the Provincial Government of the Province within which the offender shall have been sentenced may, without the consent of the offender, commute the punishment for any other punishment provided by this Code: [Provided, that, in a case in which sentence of death shall have been passed against an offender convicted for an offence of qatl, such sentence shall not be commuted without the consent of the heirs of the victim]. Proviso added by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, II of 1997 55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life : In every case in which sentence of imprisonment for life shall have been passed, the Provincial Government of the Province within which the offender, shall have been sentenced may, without the consent of the offender, commute the punishment for imprisonment of either description for a term not exceeding fourteen years: Provided that, in a case in which sentence of imprisonment for life shall have been passed against an offender convicted for an offence punishable under Chapter XVI, such punishment shall not be commuted without the consent of the victim or, as the case may be, of his heirs. Proviso added by the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, II of 1997 55-A. Saving for President prerogative : Nothing in Section fifty-four or Section fifty-five shall derogate from the right of the President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment: Provided that such right shall not without the consent of the victim or, as the case may be. of the heirs of the victim, be exercised for any sentence awarded under Chapter XVI], Section 55-A and proviso ins. by A.O., 1937. 56. Sentence of Europeans and Americans to penal servitude: [Rep. by the Criminal Law (Extinction of Discriminatory Privileges) Act, 1949 (II of 1950), Schedule.] 57. Fractions of terms of punishment: In calculating fractions of terms of punishment, imprisonment for life shall be reckoned as equivalent to imprisonment for twenty-five years. 58. Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until, transported: [Omitted by the Law Reforms Ordinance, XII of 1972, S. 2]. 59. Transportation instead of imprisonment: [Omitted by the Law Reforms Ordinance, XII of 1972, S. 2]. 60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous or simple: In every case in which an offender is punishable with imprisonment which may be of either description, it shall be competent to the Court which sentences such offender to direct in the sentence that such imprisonment shall be wholly rigorous, or that such imprisonment shall be wholly simple, or that any part of such imprisonment shall be rigorous and the rest simple. 61. Sentence of forfeiture of property: [Repealed by.the Penal Code (Amendment) Act, XVI of 1921, S. 4]. 62. Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment : [Repealed by the Penal Code (Amendment) Ad, XVf of 1921, S. 4]. 63. Amount of fine: Where no sum is expressed to which a fine may extend, the amount of fine to which the offender is liable is unlimited, but shall not be excessive. 64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine: In every case of an offence punishable with imprisonment as well. as fine, in which the offender is sentenced to a fine, whether with or without imprisonment, and in every case of an offence punishable with imprisonment or fine, or with fine only, in which the offender is sentenced to a fine, it shall be competent to the Court which sentences such offender to direct by the sentence that, in default of payment of the fine, the offender, shall suffer imprisonment for a certain term, which imprisonment shall be. in excess of any other imprisonment to which he may have been sentenced or to which he may be liable under a commutation of a sentence. 65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine when imprisonment and fine awardable: The term for which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned in default of payment of a fine shall, not exceed one-fourth of the term of imprisonment, which is the maximum fixed for the offence, if the offence be punishable with imprisonment as well as fine. 66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine : The imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of a fine may be of any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence. 67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine When offence punishable with fine only: If the offence be punishable with fine only: the imprisonment which the Court imposes in default of payment of the fine shall be simple, and the term for which the Court directs the offender to be imprisoned, in default of payment of fine, shall not exceed the following scale that is to say, for any term not exceeding two months when the amount of the fine shall not exceed fifty rupees, and for any term not exceeding four months when the amount shall not exceed, one hundred rupees, and for any term not exceeding six months in any other case. 68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine: The imprisonment which is imposed in default of payment of a fine shall terminate whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law. 69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine: If, before the expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment, such a proportion of the fine be paid or levied that the term of imprisonment suffered in default of payment is not less than proportional to the part of the fine still unpaid, the imprisonment shall terminate. Illustration A is sentenced to fine of one hundred rupees and to four months, imprisonment in default of payment. Here, seventy-five rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of one month of the imprisonment. A will be discharged as soon as the first month has expired, if seventy-five rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of the first month, or at any later time while.A continues imprisonment. A will be immediately discharged, if fifty rupees of the fine be paid or levied before the expiration of two months of the imprisonment, A will be discharged as soon as the two months are completed, if fifty rupees be paid or levied at the time of the expiration of those two months, or at any later time while A continues in imprisonment, A will be immediately discharged. 70. Fine leviable within six years, or during imprisonment-Death not to discharge property from liability : The fine or any part thereof which remains unpaid, may be levied at any time within six years after the passing of the sentence/and if, under the sentence, the offender be liable to imprisonment for a longer period than six years, then at any time previous to the expiration of that period; and the death of the offender dose not discharge from the liability any property which would, after his death, be legally liable for his debts. 71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences: where anything which is an offence is made up of parts, any of which parts is itself an offence, the offender shall not be punished with the punishment of more than one of such his offences, unless it be so expressly provided.  Where anything Is an offence falling within two or more separate definitions of any law in force for the time being by which offences are defined or punished, or Where several acts, of which one or more than one would by itself or themselves constitute an offence, constitute, when combined, a different offence, the offender shall not be punished with a more severe punishment than the Court which tries him could award for any one of such offence. Illustrations (a) A gives Z fifty strokes with a stick. Here A may have committed the offence of voluntarily causing hurt to Z by the whole beating, and also by each of the blows which makes up the whole beating. If were liable to punishment for every blow, they might be imprisoned for fifty years, one for each blow. But he is liable only to one punishment for the whole beating. (b) But if, while A is beating Z, Y interferes, and A intentionally strikes Y, here as the blow given to Y is no part of the act whereby A voluntarily cause hurt to Z, A is liable to one punishment, for voluntarily causing hurt to Z, and to another for the blow given to Y. 72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that it is doubtful of which: In all cases in which judgment is given that a person is guilty of one of several offences specified in the judgment, but that it is doubtful of which of these offences he is guilty, the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided if the same punishment is not provided, for all. 73. Solitary confinement: Whenever any person is convicted of an offence for which under this Code the Court has power to sentence him to rigorous imprisonment, ,the Court may, by its sentence, order that the offender shall be kept in solitary confinement for any portion or portions of the imprisonment to which he is sentenced, not exceeding three months in the whole, according to the following scale, that is to say" a time not exceeding one month if the term of imprisonment shall not exceed six months; a time not exceeding two months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed six months and shall not exceed one year; a time not exceeding three months if the term of imprisonment shall exceed one year. 74. Limit of solitary confinement: in executing a sentence of solitary confinement, such confinement shall in no case exceed fourteen days at a time, with intervals between the period of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods, and when the imprisonment awarded shall exceed three months, the solitary confinement shall not exceed seven days in any one month of the whole imprisonment awarded, with intervals between the periods of solitary confinement of not less -duration than such periods. 75. Enhanced punishment for certain offenders under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII after previous conviction : Whoever, having been convicted" (a) by a Court in Pakistan of an offence punishable under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII of this Code with imprisonment of either description for a term of three years or upwards, or (b) [Omitted by thQ Federal Laws (Revision and Declaration), Ordinance, XXV// of 1981]. shall be guilty of any offence punishable under either of those Chapters with the imprisonment for the like term, shall be subject for every such subsequent offence to imprisonment for life, or to imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years. CHAPTER IV GENERAL EXCEPTIONS 76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law: Nothing is an offence which Is done by a person who is, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not reason of a mistake of law in good faith believes himself to be, bound by law to do it. Illustrations (a) A, a soldier, fires on a mob by the order of his superior officer, in conformity, with the commands of the law. A has committed no offence. (b) A an officer of a Court of Justice, being ordered by that Court to arrest Y and after due enquiry, believing Z to be Y arrests Z. A has committed no offence. 77. Act of Judge when acting judicially: Nothing is an offence which is done by a Judge when acting judicially in the exercise of any power which is, or which in good faith he believes to be,' given to him by law. 78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court: Nothing which is done in pursuance of, or which is warranted by the judgment or order of, a Court of Justice, if done whilst such judgment or order remains in force, is an offence, notwithstanding the Court may have had no jurisdiction to pass such judgment or order, provided the person doing the act in good faith believes that the Court had such jurisdiction. 79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law: Nothing is an offence which is done by any person who is justified by law, or who by reason of a mistake of fact and not by reason of a mistake of law in good faith, believes himself to be justified by law, in doing it. Illustration A sees Z commit what appears to A to be a murder. A, in the exercise, to the best of his judgment, exerted in good faith of the power which the law gives to all persons of apprehending murders in the act, seizes Z, in order to bring Z before the proper authorities. A has committed no offence, though it may turn out that Z was acting in self- defence. 80. Accident in doing a lawful act: Nothing is an offence which is done by accident or misfortune, and without any criminal intention or knowledge in the doing of a lawful act in a lawful manner by lawful means and with proper care and caution. Illustration A is at work with a hatchet; the head flies off and kills a man who is standing by. Here if there was no want of proper caution on the part of A, his act is excusable and not an offence. 81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm: Nothing is an offence merely by reason of its being done with the knowledge that it is likely to cause harm, if it be done without any criminal intention to cause harm, and in good faith for the purpose of preventing or avoiding other harm to person or property. Explanation : It is a question of fact in such a case whether the harm to be prevented or avoided was of such a nature and so imminent as to justify or excuse the risk of doing the act with the knowledge that it was likely to cause harm. Illustrations (a) A, the captain of a steam vessel, suddenly and without any fault or negligence on his part, finds himself in such a position that, before he can stop his vessel, he must inevitably run down a boat B, with twenty or thirty passengers on board; unless he changes the course of his vessel, and that, by changing his course, he must incur risk of running down a boat C with only two passengers on board, which he may possibly clear Here, if A alters his course without any intention to run down the boat C and in good faith for the purpose of avoiding the danger to the passengers in the boat B, he is not guilty of an offence, though he may run down the boat C by doing an act which he knew was likely to cause that effect, if it be found as a matter of fact that the danger which he intended to avoid was such as to excuse him incurring the risk of running down C. (b)A, in a great fire, pulls down houses in order to prevent the conflagration from spreading. He does this with the intention in good faith of saving human life or property. Here, if it be found that the harm to be prevented was of such a nature and so imminent as to excuse A's act, A is not guilty of the offence. 82. Act of a child under seven years of age: Nothing is an offence, which is done by a child under seven years of age. 83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding: Nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under twelve, who has not attained sufficient maturity of understanding to judge of the nature and consequences of his conduct on that occasion. 84. Act of a person of unsound mind: Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, by reason of unsoundness of mind, is incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong.. or contrary to law. 85. Act of a person incapable of Judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will: Nothing is an offence which is done by a person who, at the time of doing it, is, by reason of intoxication, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he is doing what is either wrong, or contrary to law; provided that the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will. 86. Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated: In cases where an act done is not an offence unless done with a particular knowledge or intent, a person who dose the act in a state of intoxication shall be liable to be dealt with as if he had the same knowledge as he would have had if he had not been intoxicated, unless the thing which intoxicated him was administered to him without his knowledge or against his will. 87. Act not Intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent: Nothing which is not intended to cause death, or grievous hurt, and which is not known by doer to be likely to cause death, or grievous hurt, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, to any person, above eighteen years of age, who has given consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm; or by reason of any harm which it may be known by the doer to be likely to cause to any such person who has consented to take the risk of that harm. Illustration A and Z agree to fence with each other for amusement. This agreement implies the consent of each to suffer any harm which in the course of such fencing, may be caused without foul play; and if A, while playing fairly, hurts Z, A commits no offence. 88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit: Nothing, which is not intended to cause death, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause, or be known by the doer to be likely to cause, to any person for whose benefit it is done in good faith, and who has given a consent, whether express or implied, to suffer that harm, or to take the risk of that harm. Illustration A, a surgeon, knowing that a particular operation is likely to cause of death of Z, who suffers under the painful complaint, but not intending to cause Z's death, and intending, in good faith for Z's benefit, performs that operation on Z. with Z's consent. A has-committed no offence. 89. Act done In good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian: Nothing which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person under twelve years of age, or of unsound mind, by or by consent, either express or implied, of the guardian or other person having lawful charge of that person, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause, or be intended by the doer to cause or be known by the doer to be likely to cause to that person: Provided First: That this exception shall not extend to the intentional causing of death, or to the attempting to cause death; Secondly: That this exception shall not extend to the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt; or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; Thirdly: That this exception shall not extend to the voluntary causing of grievous hurt, or to the attempting to cause grievous hurt, unless it be for the purpose of preventing death or grievous hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; Fourthly: That this exception shall not extend to the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend. Illustration A, in good faith, for his child's benefit without his child's consent, has his child cut for the stone by "a surgeon, knowing it to be likely that the operation will cause the child's death, but not intending to cause the child's death. A is within the exception, inasmuch as his object was the cure of the child. 90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception: A consent is not such a consent as is intended by any action of this Code, if the consent is given by a person under fear of injury, or under a misconception of fact, and if the person doing the act knows, or has reason to believe, that the consent was given in consequence of such fear or misconception; or Consent of insane person: If the consent is given by a person who, from unsoundness of mind, or intoxication, is unable to understand the nature and consequence of that to which he gives his consent; or Consent of child: Unless the contrary appears from the context, if the consent is given by a person who is under twelve years of age. 91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused : The exceptions in Sections 87, 88 and 89 do not extend to acts which are offences independently of any harm which they may cause, or be intended to cause, or be known to be likely to cause, to the person giving the consent or on whose behalf the consent is given. Illustration Causing miscarriage (unless caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman) to an offence independently of any harm which it may cause or be intended, to cause to the woman. Therefore it is not an offence by reason of such harm; and the consent of the woman or of her guardian to the causing of such miscarriage dose not justify the act. 92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent: Nothing an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to a person by whose benefit it is done in good faith even without that person's consent, if the Circumstances are such that is impossible for that person to signify consent, or if that person is incapable of giving consent, and has no guardian or other person in lawful charge of him from whom it is possible to obtain consent in time for the thing to be done with benefit: Provided First: That this exception shall not extend to the intentional causing of death, or the attempting to cause death; Secondly: That this exception shall not extend to the doing of anything which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous, hurt, or the curing of any grievous disease or infirmity; Thirdly: That this exception shall not extend to the voluntary causing of hurt, or to the attempting to cause hurt for any purpose other than the preventing of death or hurt; Fourthly: That this exception shall not extend to the abetment of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend. Illustration (a) Z is thrown from his horse, and is insensible. A, a surgeon, finds that Z requires to be trepanned. A not Intending Z's death but in good faith for Z's benefit, performs the trepan before Z recovers his power of judging for himself. A has committed no offence. (b) Z is carried off by a tiger. A fires at the tiger knowing it to be likely that the shot may kill Z, but not intending to kill Z, and in good faith intending Z's benefit A's ball gives Z a mortal wound. A has committed no offence. (c) A, a surgeon, sees child suffer an accident which is likely to prove fatal unless an operation be immediately performed. There is no time to apply to the child's guardian. A performs the operation in spite of the entreaties of the child, intending, in good faith, the child's benefit. A has committed no offence. (d) A is in a house which is on fire with Z, a child. People below hold out a blanket. A drops the child from the house-top, knowing it to be likely that the fall may kill the child, but not intending to kill the child and intending, in good faith, the child's benefit. Here even, if the child is killed by the fall, A has committed no offence. Explanation : Mere pecuniary benefit is not benefit within the meaning of Sections 88,89 and 92. 93. Communication made in good faith: No communication made in good faith is an offence by reason of any harm to the person to whom it is made for the benefit of that person. ' Illustration A, a surgeon, in good-faith, communicates to a patient his opinion that he cannot live. The patient dies in consequence of the shock. A has committed no offence, though he knew it to be likely that the communication might cause the patient's death. 94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats: Except murder, and offences against the State punishable with death, nothing is an offence which is done by a person who is compelled to do it by threats, which, at the time of doing it, reasonably cause the apprehension that instant death to that person will otherwise be the consequence: Provided the person doing the act did not of his own accord, or from a reasonable apprehension of harm to himself short of instant death, place himself in the situation by which he became subject to such constraint. Explanation 1: A person who, of his own accord, or by reason of a threat of being beaten, joins a gang of dacoits, knowing their character, is not entitled to the benefit of this exception on the ground" of his having been compelled by his associates to do anything that is an offence by law. Explanation 2: A person seized by a gang of dacoits, and forced by threat of instant death, to do a thing, which is an offence by law; for example, a smith compelled to take his tools and to force the door of a house for the dacoits to enter and plunder it, is entitled to the benefit of this exception. 95. Act causing slight harm: Nothing is an offence by reason that it causes, or that it is intended to cause, or that it is known to be likely to cause, any harm, if that harm. is so slight that no person of ordinary sense and temper would complain of such harm. Of the right of Private Defence 96. Things done in private defence: Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defence. 97. Right of private defence of the body and of property: Every person has a right, subject to the restrictions contained in Section 99, to defend; First: His own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human body; Secondly: The property, whether movable or immovable, of himself or of any other person, against any act which is an offence falling under the definition of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass, or which is an attempt to commit theft, robbery, mischief or criminal trespass. 98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc.: When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind or the intoxication of the person doing that act, or by reason of any misconception on the part of that person, every person has the same right of private defence against that act which he would have if the act were that offence. Illustrations (a) Z, under the influence of madness, attempts to kill A; Z is guilty of no offence, but A has the same right of private defence which he would have if Z were sane. (b) A enters by night a house which he is legally entitled to enter. Z in good faith, taking A for a house-breaker, attacks A. Here Z by attacking A under this misconception, commits no offence. But A has the same right of private defence against Z, which he would have if Z were not acting under that misconception. 99. Act against which there is no right of private defence: There is no right of private defence against an act which dose not reasonably cause the apprehension of death or of grievous hurt, if done, or attempted to be done by a public servant acting in good faith under colour, of his office, though that act may not be strictly justifiable by law. There is no right of private defence against an act which dose not reasonably cause the apprehension of death or of grievous hurt, if done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant acting in good faith under colour of his office though that direction may not be strictly justifiable by law. There is no right of private defence in cases in which there is time to have recourse to the protection of the public authorities. Extent to which the right may be exercised : The right of private defence in no case extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict for the purpose of defence. Explanation 1 :A person is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done, by a public servant, as such, unless he knows, or has reason to believe, that the person doing the act is such public servant. Explanation 2: A person is not deprived of the right of private defence against an act done, or attempted to be done, by the direction of a public servant, unless he knows, or has reason to believe, that the person doing the act is acting by such direction, or unless such person states the authority under which he acts, or if he has authority in writing, unless he produces such authority, if deemed. 100. When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death: The right of private defence of the body extends, under the restrictions mentioned in the last preceding section, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the assailant, if the offence which occasions the exercise of the right be of any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely:-- First: Such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that death will otherwise be the consequence of such assault; Secondly : Such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that grievous hurt will otherwise be the consequence of such assault; Thirdly: An assault with the intention of committing rape; Fourthly: An assault with the intention of gratifying unnatural lust. Fifthly: An assault with the intention of kidnapping or abduction. Sixthly: An assault with the intention of wrongfully confining a person, under circumstances which may reasonably cause him to apprehend that he will be unable to have recourse to the public authorities for his release. 101. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death: If the offence be not of any of the descriptions enumerated in the last preceding section, the right of private defence of the body dose not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but dose extend, under the restrictions mentioned in Section 99 to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than death. 102. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body: The right of private defence of the body commences as soon as a reasonable apprehension.of danger to the body arises from an attempt or threat to commit the offence though the offence may not have been committed; and it continues as long as Such apprehension of danger to the body continues. 103. When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death: The right of private defence of property extends, under the restrictions mentioned in Section 99, to the voluntary Causing of death or of any other harm to the wrong-doer, if the offence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise of the right, be an offence of any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely:-. First: Robbery; Secondly : House-breaking by night; Thirdly : Mischief by fire committed on any building, tent or vessel, which building, tent or vessel is used as a human dwelling or as a place for the custody of property; Fourthly : Theft, mischief or house-trespass, under such circumstances as may reasonably cause apprehension that death or grievous hurt will be the consequence, if such right of private defence is not exercised. 104. When such right extends to causing any harm other than death : If the offence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise of the right of private defence, be theft, mischief or criminal trespass, not of any of the descriptions enumerated in the last preceding section that right dose not extend, to the voluntary causing of death, but dose extend, subject to the restrictions mentioned in Section 99, to the voluntary causing to the wrong-doer of any harm other than death. 105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property: The right of private defence of property commences when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the property commences. The right of private defence of property against theft continues tilt the offender has effected his retreat with the property or either the assistance of the public authorities is obtained, or the property has been recovered. The right of private defence of property against robbery Continues as long as the offender causes or attempts to cause to any person death or hurt or wrongful restraint or as long as the fear of instant death or of instant-hurt or of instant personal restraint continues. The right of private defence of property against criminal trespass or mischief continues as long as the offender continues in the commission of criminal trespass or mischief. The right of private defence of property against house breaking by night continues as long as the house-trespass which has been begun by such house-breaking continues. 106. Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person: If in the exercise of the right of private defence against an assault which reasonably causes the apprehension of death, the defender be so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of private defence extends to the running of that risk. Illustration A is attacked by a mob who attempt to murder him. He can not effectually exercise his right of private defence with out firing on the mob, and he cannot fire without risk of harming young children who are mingled with the mob. A commits no offence if by so firing he harms any of the children. CHAPTER V OF ABETMENT 107. Abetment of a thing : A person abets the doing of a thing, who: First: Instigates any person to do that thing; or Secondly: Engages with one or more other person or, persons in any conspiracy for the doing of that thing, if an act or illegal omission takes place in pursuance of that conspiracy, And in order to the doing of that thing; or Thirdly : Intentionally aids, by any act or illegal omission, the doing of that thing.. Explanation 1 : A person who, by wilful misrepresentation, or by wilful concealment of a material fact which he is bound to disclose, voluntarily causes or procures, or attempts to cause or procures a thing to be done, is said to instigate the doing of that thing. Illustration A, a public officer, is authorized by a warrant from a Court of Justice to apprehend Z, B, knowing that fact and also that C is not Z, wilfully presents to A that C is Z, and thereby intentionally cause A to apprehend C. Here B abets by instigation the apprehension of C. Explanation 2 : Whoever, either prior to or at the time of commission of an act, does anything in order to facilitate the commission of that act, and thereby facilitates the' commission thereof, is said to aid the doing of that act. 108. Abettor: A person abets an offence, who abets either the commission of an offence, or the commission of an act which would be an offence, if committed by a person capable by law of committing an offence with the same Intention or knowledge as that of the abettor. Explanation 1 : The abetment of the illegal omission-of an act may amount to an offence although the abettor may not himself be bound to do that act. Explanation 2 : To constitute the offence of abetment it is not necessary that the act abetted should be committed, or that the effect requisite to constitute the offence should be caused. Illustrations (a) A instigates 8 to murder C, B refuses to do so. A is guilty of abetting B to commit murder. (b) A instigates B to murder D. B in pursuance of the instigation stabs D. D recovers from the wound. A is guilty of instigating B to commit murder. Explanations 3: It is not necessary that the person abetted should be capable by law of committing an offence, or that he should have the same guilty intention or knowledge as that of