Animal Science PDF

ti -om Ma o il ALa Jof ANIMAL SCIENCE D. The Mechanics of Inheritance E. The Mendelian Inheritance I. Introduction...

ti -om Ma o il ALa Jof ANIMAL SCIENCE D. The Mechanics of Inheritance E. The Mendelian Inheritance I. Introduction F. Non-Mendelian Inheritance A. Economic utility derived from animals G. Non-nuclear Inheritance B. Farm animals H. Genes in Population C. Commony used terms I. Animal breeding II. The Anatomy and Physiology of farm animals J. Systems of breeding A. Commonly used terms i. Selection B. The Nervous system ii. Inbreeding C. The Endocrine system iii. Crossbreeding D. The Cardiovascular system K. Animal Reproduction and rate of genetic improvement E. The Lymphatic system v. Slaughter, Processing and Marketing ot Farm Animals F. The Respiratory system A. Selecting animals for slaughter G. The Digestive system B. Handling prior to slaughter H. The Excretory system C. Steps in general slaughtering I. The Reproductive system D. Meat and meat products J. Body temperature regulation E. Milk production III. Animal Nutrition F. Egg production A. Classes of nutrients and their characteristics VI. Poultry production i. water A. The chicken: classes, breeds & varieties ii. carbohydrate B. Specialized fields in poultry production iii. fats C. Poultry reproductive system iv. proteins D. Brooding management v. minerals E. Growing management vi. vitamins F. Layer flocked management B. Growth and Maintenance G. System of broiler operation C. Feeds and nutrient sources VII. Swine production and management IV. Genetics and Livestock Improvement A. Breeds of swine A. Important contributors to the field of Genetics B. Production system B. The G x E interaction c. Management of the boar C. Gene action  D. Care and maintenance of sows and gilts E. Care and management of growing finishing pigs VIII. Goat and sheep production A. Sheep breeds B. Goat breeds C. Breeding and management practices D. Feed resources and feeding management E. Health management IX. Beef cattle production and management A. Beef production systems in the philippines B. Beef cattle breds, breeding and reproduction C. Beef cattle nutrition D. Herd management E. Housing and other facilities X. Dairy production A. Milk and milk products B. Breeds of dairy cattle C. Dairy cattle reproduction XI. Carabao production & management A. Types and breeds of water buffalo B. Breeding C. Care and management of buffaloes D. Management of bull E. Feeding systems F. Animal health management ii  ANIMAL SCIENCE Commonly used terms: A. Cattle and Carabao 1. Bull - male breeding ox of any age 2. Bull calf - young male calf under one year of age I. INTRODUCTION 3. Bullock - usually a stag for draft purposes 4. Calf - young ox of either sex, under one year of age Economic utility derived from animals: 5. Cattle - domesticated bovine animals Food - chicken, ox, buffalo, swine, etc 6. Cow - mature female ox, one that has given birth Protection/Security/Guide 7. Carabull - carabaobull, caraheifer, caracow, etc. Power/Work - ox, buffalo, horses, dogs 8. Caracow - mature female carabao, one that has given Medicine birth Pets - dogs, cats, parrots, etc 9. Caraheifer - young female carabao under three years of Sports - dogs, birds, etc age usually one that has not yet given birth Research 10. Heifer - young female ox under the age of three years, Clothing and aesthetic use u,-ially one that has not yeat given birth Others - musical instruments, etc 11. Proven sire - bull about whom one have sufficient unselected information to indicate his transmitting ability Farm Animals: 12. Ox - ruminant member of the bovine family, or sometimes Cattle (no hump) Bos taurus the male used for draft purposes Buffalo Buba/us buba/is 13. Stag - male ox castrated after sexual maturity Sheep Ovis aries 14. Steer - male ox castrated before sexual maturity Goat Capra hircus Pigs Sus scrota 8. Horse Horse Equus cabal/us 1. Broodmare - a female horse used For breeding purposes Chicken Gallus gal/us 2. Colt - young male horse usually up to the age of three Mallard duck Anas platyrhnchos years Muscovy duck Cairina moschata 3. Equitation - horsemanship; the art of riding on horseback Goose Anser domesticus 4. Filly - young female horse usually up to the age of three Turkey Me/eagris gallopavo years old Pigeon Columba livia 5. Foal - young horse of either age below one year of age Guinea fowl Numida me/eagris 6. Gelding - horse which was castrated while young 7. Mare - mature female horse GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 1  8. Ridgling - stallion with only one testis or none in its 9. Shearling - yearling sheep with two teeth scrotum 10. Wether goat - male goat castrated before the secondary 9. Stallion - mature male horse sex characterstics have developed 10. Studhorse - a stallion used for breeding purposes 11. Wether sheep - male sheep which was castrated while 11. Yeld mare or dry mare - one which has not produced any young preferably between 1 to 3 weeks of age young during the breeding season E. Poultry {chicken, duck, muscovy, turkey, quail, geese) C. Swine 1. Capon - a caponized male, readily distinguished by the 1. Boar - male pig of any age undeveloped comb and wattles 2. Barrow - male pig which was castrated while young; a pig 2. Chick - young chicken while in the down stage that was castrated before the secondary sex characteristics 3. Chicken - one of the more common poultry species have developed different from turkey,geese, etc. 3. Gilt -young female pig under the one year of age, usually 4. Cockerel - a male fowl less than one year old one that has not yet given birth 5. Drake - a male duck 4. Litter - group of pigs born in one farrowing 6. Duck - a female duck 5. Litter size - the number of young pigs born in one 7. Duc;..kling - the young duck in the down stage furrowing 8. Poult - the young of the domestic turkey, properly applied 6. Shote - young pig of either sex, weighing approximately until sex can be distinguished 60 kg 9. Poultry - a collective term for all domestic birds rendering 7. Sow - mature female pig, one tht has given· irth economic service to man; can also refer to dressed carcass 8. Stag - a male pig castrated after sexual maturity of fowls 9. Suckling - young pigs from birth up to weaning 10. Plumage - the feathers of a fowl 10. Weanling - young pigs separated from the sow, a6'out 5 11. Pullet - a female fowl less than one year old weeks old 12. Rooster - a male fowl one year old or over D. Sheep and goat 1. Billy goat or buck - male goat of any age 2. Doe - female goat of any age 3. Ewe - female sheep of any age 4. Fleece - wool covering the sheep 5. Kid - young goat of either sex below one year of age 6. Lamb - young sheep of either sex below one year of age 7. Pelt - wool and skin of sheep 8. Ram - male sheep of any age for breeding purposes GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 2  II. THE ANATOMY AND Anatomy - the study of the form and structure PHYSIOLOGY Ex ternal Anatom y Are structures found outside the body which an integral part OF FAR IM ANIMALS of the organ systems located internally Generally involved in the following functions i. Protection/covering such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc com m only u se d ter ms ii. Digestion like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc 1. Parturition - the act of giving birth iii. Sensation such as skin, nostril, eyes, ears Calving - in cows iv. Aesthetic like comb, wattles, feathers Farrowing - in sows Foaling - in mares Kidding - in goats In ternal Ana tomy Are organs and organ systems which functions in a well­ Lambing - in ewes coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and 2. Conception - act of fertilization reproduction 3. Dam - female parent Generally located in the following 4. Fecundity/ prolificacy - ability to give birth to offspring i. Thoracic cavity - lungs, heart frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals ii. Abdominal cavity - stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, 5. Fertility - ability to produce fertilizable ova and to provide spleen, large intestine, kidneys, adrenals, proper environment for and initiating cell division and iii. Pelvic cavity - reproductive organs embryonic development; Ability l to produce large number of sperm capable of fertilization Physiology - the study of function of the parts or organ systems of 6. Gestation - pregnancy time from conception to birth the body; a study of function of living matter; provides the means by 7. Impotency - failure to copulate which environmental stimuli are perceived and a body reaction occurs 8. Puberty - sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat or ovulation 9. Sire - the male parent Homeost asis - the maintenance of static or constant conditions in the internal environment 10. Sterility - inability to produce normal young 11. Transmitting ability - the ability of an animal to pass on either good or bad traits to its progeny 12. Weaning - the process of separating the young from its dam 13. Weanling - young animal, after separation from its dam GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 3 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2. Autonomic/Visceral - supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac Basic unit of the nervous system Muscle, and glands The nerve cells or neurons - made up of visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth Specialize in impulse con,duction or the relay of messages Muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands) from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa 2 Subdivision of Autonomic NS: Synapse: a gap between two neurons; where nerve o Parasympathetic division - important for control of impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another 'normal' May be classified according to the direction of impulse Body functions; e.g. Normal operation of digestive system conduction o Sympathetic division - also called the 'fight or flight' 1. Afferent (sensory) neurons - transmit nerve Division; important in helping us cope with stress impulses from the effector organ to the spinal cord or brain THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2. Efferent (motor) neurons - transmit nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord or towards muscles Endocrjno!ogy - a branch of physiology dealing with the or glands coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators produced 3. Interneurons - conduct impulses from an affer_,ent bv, restricted areas of the body and transported through the neuron within the central nervous system ci{culatory system to the organ or tissue on which they exert their eff cts Divisions of the Nervous system 1. The central Nervous System (CNS) Hormone - the main processing unit of the body - a substance or chemical mediator prodluced by the endocrine - includes the brain (enclosed by the skull) and the spinal cord glands and secreted into the bloodstream to some distant part of (enclosed by the vertebral column the body with the target cells where it exerts its effect 2. The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) - is composed of nerves emerging from the CNS Classification of hormones according to composition: 1. Polypeptides - Chains of amino acids, each less than 100 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System: amino acids long. 1. Somatic Ex. Insulin which helps control glucose levels in the blood - supplies & receives fibers (neurons) to & from the skin, 2. Glycoproteins - A polypeptide chain, longer than 100 amino Skeletal muscles, joints, & tendons acids, attached to a carbohydrate. - brings about quick adjustments of the muscles to changes in Ex. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing The environment hormone (LH) GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 4  3. Amines - Hormones derived from the amino acids tyrosine Secretes T3, triiodothyronine, which along with T4 and tryptophan. stimulates the oxygen consumption of most of the cells in Ex. Catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) which are the body, and helps regulate lipid and carbohydrates often secreted in response to stress metabolism 4. Steroids - Lipids derived from cholesterol. - Excess thyroid secretion: body wasting, nervousness, excess Ex. Corticosteroids secreted from the adrenal gland balance heat solutes, such as glucose and salt, in the body. Production, thyrotoxicosis e.g. Graves' disease (exopthalamic Disorder) caused by thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins The Hypothalamus (TSI) - An essential component of the endocrine system - Hypothyroidism: simple goiter; lack of thyroxine secretion - General functions: due to 1. Control of the autonomic nervous system Iodine deficiency in the diet 2. Reception of sensory impulses from the viscera - Also secretes Calcitonin/ Thyrocalcitonin in response to the stimulation from the parathyroid gland 3. Intermediary between the nervous and endocrine system 4. Control of body temperature TheParathvroid oland 5. Regulation of body intake - Located near the thyroid gland 6. Thirst center - Produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases the 7. Part of the limbic system-emotions such as rage and level of aggression Calcium in the blood by mobilization of calcium from the 8. Part of reticular formation bones, and Enhancement of Ca and P absorption from the intestinal tract The Pituitary gland or hypophysis (urinary phosphate excretion) - With 3 lobes: i. Anterior/ adenohypophysis; ii. Intermediate/ - The secretion in this gland stimulates the Calcitonin (lowers pars intermidia; and iii. Posterior/ neurohypophysis calcium Level) secretion in the thyroid gland in response to the The Thyroid gland increasing - With two lobes connected by Isthmus, a bridge of tissues Calcium level in the blood - Maintains the level of metabolism n the tissues optimal for the Normal function: Secretes T4, thyroxine which increases the basal metabolic rate of an individual GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 5 Hormone Target Organ Functions A. Anterior Lobe Growth Hormone or Bone and muscle Promotes growth of the long bones before the epiphyseal - diaphyseal plate is fused together in Somatotropic Hormone {STH) cells adulthood Stimulates body growth through protein synthesis, stimulates lipolysis, stimulates secretion of IGF-1, inhibits action of insulin on carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism Oversecretion of STH in man: Gigantism - when happened before adulthood Acromegaly - when happened after adulthood Deficiency: Dwarfism - occurs when there is deficiencv durina arowth develooment Adrenocortlcotropic hormone Adrenal gland Stimulates the adrena( cortex to produce glucocortlcoids such as cortisol, cortisone and (ACTH) (cortex) corticosterone Maintains size of ZOfla fasciulata and zona reticularis of the cortex Thyroid Stimulating hormone Thyroid gland Stimulates prod ction of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 by thyroid follicular cells, maintains size of {TSH) follicular cells, increase in metabolism Follicle Stimulating hormone Ovarian follicle Stimula s the ovary to produce graafian follicle (FSH) In the male, it regulates spermatogenesis In the testis by maintaining the integrity of the seminiferous tubules Luteinizing hormone {LH) Ovarian follicle S implates ovulation In the maturing graafian follicle and the formation of the ovarian corpus luteum Sti LJ.!ates production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovary Stimulates testosterone production by the testis Prolactin or Luteotropic Mammary gland Stimulates production a d maintains milk secretion in lactating mammary gland hormone {LTH) B. Intermediate Lobe Melanocyte Stimulating Skin {Melanocytes) Skin pigmentation (melanin) hormone (MSH) c. Posterior Lobe Oxytocin Mammary gland Stimulates milk ejection in lactating females Uterus Contraction of the uterus at parturition for fetal expulsion Vasopression or Anti-diuretic Kidney Maintenance of body water through reabsorption hormone (ADH) GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 6 The Adrenal Gland - The alpha cells produce Glucagon which stimulates - divided into cortex and medulla glycogenolysis, - generally located at the anterior part of the kidney Thereby increasing blood glucose levels; the process is catabolic, Mobilizing glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids into the Hormones Functions bloodstream A. Adrenal cortex - Excess glucagon: worsens diabetes Glucocorticoids (secreted by zona fasciculate and zona reticularis) - Lack of glucagon : can also cause hypoglycemia (cortisol, cortisone, Stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and corticosterone) The Gonads Aldosterone (secreted by zona glomerulusa) Male gonad: Testes produce male gametes (sperm) Regulates mineral metabolism and water balance; regulates sodium metabolism by reabsorbing sodium - also produces the hormone testosterone for the development from the kidnev tubules of male characteristics B. Adrenal Medulla Female gonad: Ovary produces female gametes (ova) --.,,.,....----.... Epinephrine Emergency hormone, increase heart rate, - produces Estrogen to enhance female receptivity during (adrenalin) vasoconstrictiont estrus, development of accessory sex glands (mammary gland) Norepinephrine Maintenance of blood pressure / -....... - produces Progesterone from the corpus luteum to maintain The Pancreas '_( - Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine ,,Pregnancy and to develop alveoli of the mammary gland - produces Relaxin for the relaxation of the cervix during parturition - Function as an exocrine gland: its acinar cells secrete pancreatic Juices with digestive enzymes THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (CVS) - Function as an endocrine gland: its Islets of Langerhans - Consists of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels alpha and Beta cells produce 2 different hormones; The Heart - The beta cells produce Insulin which stimulates entry of - At each pumping of the heart, the aortic arterial pressure glucose into rises to its highest point (systole) and falls to its lowest point The cells for metabolism, thus, lowering the blood glucose (diastole) levels; the process is anabolic, increasing the storage of its contraction is spontaneous; intitiated by the glucose, fatty adds and amino acids depolarization of the S i n o -atrial node - Excess insulin: can cause hypoglycemia - Lack of insulin: can cause diabetes mellitus GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 7 The Mammalian heart - has 4 chambers (upper: 2 atria; lower: 2 ventrides) Normal average pulse rate per minute and the location in feeling the - A-V valve/ atria-ventricular valve: prevents backflow of blood artery: from the ventricle to the atrium during ventricular systole Carabao and cattle: 54, external maxillary artery slightly on the - aortic valves and pulmonary valves prevent backflow of the outer surface of the lower jaw, and at the coccygeal artery at the blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during diastole base of the underneath of the tail - tricuspid: the valve on the right; bicuspid (mitral): the valve Goat: 78, femoral artery on the left Horse: 38, external maxillary artery; about the middle of the lower jaw The Sino-atrial node {SA node) Chicken: 200-400, auscultation method using stethoscope at the - the cardiac pacemaker chest region (same with other farm animals) - its rate of discharge determines the rate at which the heart beats The Blood Vessels Artery - the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away The Heart sound/ The Heart Beat from the heart - first sound (low and slight): "lub", caused by the closure of Vein - carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart the mitral and the tricuspid valve Excei:ition: - second sound (shoter and high pitch): "dub", caused by the Pulmonary artery - carries unoxygenated blood from the right closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves just after the end ventricle into the lungs of the ventricular systole Pulmonary veins - carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to - sequence: contraction of the atria (atrial systole), followed the left atrium of the heart by the contraction of the ventricles (ventricular systole), then diastole (relaxation of the heart muscles) Sytemic blood circulation - the oxygen is taken in by the tissues and carbon dioxide is Pulse or pulse wave given off by the tissues to the circulating blood - the arterial palpation of a heartbeat - includes the following special systems of blood circulation: - the wave of systolic pressure which starts at the heart and Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart spreads throughout the arterial network Hepatic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the liver - occurs due to the filling of the arteries from the left ventricle Cerebral circulation: supplies arterial blood into the brain with oxygenated blood during systole Renal circulation: supplies arterial blood into the kidney - is determined to measure the rate or heartbeat Splanchnic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the digestive - can be felt in arteries near the surface of the body, tract particularly if the artery can be pressed against an underlying bone or other solid structure GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 8 The Blood - platelets collects itself and stick into the wall of the injured - A thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous site, and liberate serotonin which leads to local vasocintriction solution of electrolytes and some non electrolytes - also liberates thromboplastin which i s essential for blood - A circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood plasma, clotting and other dissolved substances - By centrifugation, it can be separated into two categories: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM cells and plasma - Composed of lymph node, lymph vessel, and the lymph The blood plasma - Carries fluid from the tissue spaces into the blood - A defense mechanism to control infection by phagocytosing noxious - t h e fluid portion of the blood containing a number of ions, materials, bacteria and debris from the tissues at the lymph nodes inorganic molecules, and organic molecules which are in transport of other substances The Lymph nodes - normal plasma volume: about 3-5% of the body weight - Bean-shaped small bodies of lymphoid tissues located in The Three Blood cells strategic points in the body through which the lymph passes (a) Leukocytes (white blood cells) on its way to the bloodstream Functions: production of lymphocytes and to stop foreign - responsible for the defense/ protection of the body materials that come to them - classified into three - become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial 1. Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) - the infections most numerous; main function is to phagocyte 2. Monocytes - large and non - nudear; actively phagocytic 1The Lymph vessels 3. Lymphocytes - mostly formed in the lymph nodes, spleen - A system of vessels draining from the lungs and from the and thymus; believed to produce antibodies and counteract rest of the body tissues ending in the venous system toxins - Also contain valves which prevent the back flow of its (b) Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contents (like the veins) - contain red pigment hemoglobin The Lymph - biconcave disks manufactured in the bone marrow - An interstitial fluid - carries oxygen for distributi, on to the different tissues - Derived largely from the blood and in similar composition Hemoglobin - a complex conjugated globular protein containing iron with blood plasma - The lymph flow in the lymph vessels is unidirectional, from responsible for its oxygen-carrying property the tissues toward the heart (c) Thrombocytes (platelets GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 9 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - Refers to the structure involved in the exchange of gases -includes the digestive tract and its associated glands between the blood and the lungs and other organ systems - An air pump which draws fresh air through the air tubes to ecebeas;on small air sacs The seizing and conveying of feed into the mouth - 2 major function: supply oxygen to the blood and remove The principal prehensile structures are the lips (or beak in carbon dioxide from the blood birds), teeth, and tongue. When grazing, cattle utilize the tongue and lower incisors. Respiration Horses and sheep utilize their lips and teeth. - Generally involves In:spiration, the oxygen from the environment is The pig and horse possess a complete set of incisors and taken in, and Expirat.ion, carbon dioxide, a metabolic product is molars. Cattle and sheep (and other ruminants) have only a expelled during respiration dental pad instead of upper incisors Eupnea - the normal quite respiration Mastjcat;on Dyspnea - difficult breathing Chewing Apnea - the cessation/stopping of respiration The mechanical breakdown of feed into finer particles Hyperpnea - the increased rate/depth of breathing or both Important because finely divided feed presents a greater Polypnea - the rapid , shallow breathing sur?a'ce area for the action of digestive enzymes and it allows the feed to be well mixed with the saliva to facilitate Diaphragm - completely separates the abdominal cavity and ,he swallowing thoracic cavity which contains the lungs and the mediastinal organs In ruminants, most of the mastication of coarser feed particles occurs during the process of rumination, or re-chewing. Normal ranges of respiratory rate per minute: Carabao: 24-27 In salivation Cattle: 27-28 The mixing of feed with saliva Fowl: 15-30 Greatest during feeding, mastication , or re- mastication in Horse: 27-28 ruminants. Saliva lubricates the feed bolus, adds small Pig: 29-33 amounts of amylase, and because of its alkalinity and large Sheep: 35-38 volume, buffers the pH in the rumen. Digestion GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 10  The mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent molecules may be used for their specific function; occurs when chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria nutrients are broken down to very small molecules, to their and protozoa basic units, with the action of enzymes; occurs primarily in Breakdown of feed particles into suitable products for the small intestine and large intestine absorption; may include: mechanical forces, chemical action, enzyme activity; involves the processes used to prepare food Parts of the digestive system and their functions for absorption 1. Mouth and buccal cavity - for prehension, mastication, and insalivation Enzymes - used in the bolus formation in ruminants - A complex protein produced in living cells that causes changes - with 3 accesory organs in other substances within the body without being changes itself Tongue - grasping food ( organic catalyst) Teeth - mastication of food Salivary glands - produced saliva which contains water Saliva : Salivary amylase - starch to maltose; (in swine but to moisten food; mucin to IU1bricate food for easy limited in cattle and sheep) begins the initial digestion of swallowing; bicarbonate salts to buffer (regulate pH); sugars and starch _;;alivary amylase to start carbohydrate digestion Rumen: 2. Pharynx - common passage for air and feed; the inspired air Microbial cellulose - cellulose to volatile fatty adds Microbial crosses th pharynx to enter the larynx while the feed crosses the Amylase - starch to volatile fatty acids and lactic cid Microbial pharynx to enter the esophagus Proteases - protein to amino acids and N H3 Microbial urease - urea to CO2 and N H3 3. Esophagus - a muscular tube which connects the stomach to the Stomach, Abomasum and Proventricululus: Pepsin protein to mouth; allows passage of food from mount to stomach polypeptides Pancreas (enzymes produced by pancreas are secreted into 4. Stomach the duoidenum) - a muscular organ which is the site for feed storage, grinding Trypsin protein to peptides and amino acids and mixing of feed, absorption, enzymatic action and microbial Chymotrypsin protein to peptides and amino acids fermentation Carboxypeptidase - protein to peptides and amino acids - 3 major functions: storage of ingested feed, mechanical breakdown, and production of HCL, enzymes and mucus Absorption - Transfer of substance from gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) to 5. Small intestine - has 3 divisions: the circulatory (blood, or lymph) system; involves the Duodenum - an active site of digestion that receives processes that move small molecules through membranes of secretions from the pancreas, liver and intestinal walls. the gastro-intestinal tract (GI tract) into blood so the GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 11  Jejunum - middle section that is involved in nutrient The digestive pathway for feeds in monogastrics is: absorption. Mouth - esophagus - simple stomach - small intestine (duodenum, Ileum - last section - also involved in nutrient absorption. jejunum, Ileum) - large intestine, (and cecum) - rectum - anus Digestion in the small intestine is enhanced by: In horses, the large intestine, especially the cecum, is highly­ Proteolytic enzymes continue protein hydrolysis. developed which allows microbial populations to flourish (similarly in Pancreatic amylase converts starch to maltose the reticulo-rumen of ruminants) and for most of the digestion of Peptidase enzymes reduce dipeptides to single amino acids. forages to occur. Bile is produced by the liver, and stored and secreted by the gall bladder (not present in the horse). Bile aids digestion in 2. Modified simple stomach the small intestine by emulsifying fat particles. - can be found in poultry species with the following modifications: gizzard, crop, and proventriculus 6. Large intestine - also has 3 sections The Avian GI Tract: Secum - first section which is relatively large in the horse and Mouth - does not contain teeth, but the bird's beak is used to rabbit; when well developed as in the horse contains many collect particles of feed and to beak some large particles into bacterial which produced enzymes that digest fiber smaller pieces; a tongue and salivary glands are present and Colon - middle section which is involved in reabsorpti n of the saliva does contain salivary amylase water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption of water; length is related to amount of water reabsorption i.e., Esophagus - The esophagus of most birds include an the colon in very long in the desert rat. enlarged area called the crop as a temporary storage and Rectum - last section moistening of food, as a place for salivary amylase to work, and as microbial fermentation in some species 7. Accessory glands Pancreas - produces digestive enzyme needed in the Proventriculus - corresponds to the true stomach; the site of digestive processes that take place in the small intestine HCI and pepsin production in the bird Liver - secretes bile needed for the emulsification of fat in the small intestine Gizzard/ Ventriculus - a muscular area which contains grit; the involuntary muscular contraction aid in the mechanical Types of animals based on their stomach structure: breakdown of food 1. Monogastric The digestive pathway in poultry can be summarized as: - simple stomach, one compartment stomach Mouth - esophagus - crop - proventriculus (stomach) - gizzard - small - includes swine and horses intestine - large intestine, (and ceca) - cloaca - vent GreenEMPIRE P H (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 12 The Non-ruminant: a general term for those possessing a single Conversion of cellulose from vegetative materials stomach compartment (as well as the modified stomach) to volatile fatty acids as sources of energy Include swine, poultry, and young ruminant animals that have Production of microbial protein from feed proteins not developed a functional rumen, (also dogs, cats, rabbits, and non-protein nitrogen sources that provide the and man) essential amino acids Synthesis of Vitamin K and the B-Vitamins 3. Compound stomach / Ruminants - with four compartments (in mature ruminants) II. Reticulum - includes cattle, carabao, sheep, goat - Regulates the passage of feed from the rumen to the - able to rapidly ingest and store large quantities of fibrous feeds succeeding compartments in their rumen - Aids in the regurgitation of feed back to the mouth -able to convert feeds that are indigestible by humans and other - Also a site of microbial fermentation monogastrics into useful nutrients and products - Has 2 functions (1) to move food into the rumen or omasum - able to utilize fibrous feeds, non-protein nitrogen, and they can and (2) collection of dense particles of food and in produce all of the essential amino acids and B-complex vitamins regurgitation of ingesta during rumination (the process of movement of ingesta back up the esophagus to the mouth The digestive pathway in ruminants is: for additional mechanical breakdown - "chewing the cud"). Mouth - esophagus - reticule- rumen - (processes of regurgitation, rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing) - refculo- rumen - III. Omasum omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large ·ntestine (and - A round muscular organ which contains many muscular cecum ) - rectum - anus laminae (sometimes called manyplies) - Further grinds and reduces the feed into finer particles before Bolus formation - the formation of "balls" of feed out of masticated the feed enters the abomasum feed particles IV. Abomasum The Four Compartments: - The true stomach of the ruminants I. Rumen - the main site of microbial fermentation of feeds; the largest of Additional unique features of the ruminants include: the four compartments; located predominantly on the left side; the muscular walls secrete n, o enzymes and are covered by Esophageal groove - begins at the base of the esophagus and projections called papillae which are required for absorption of when stimulated by sucking forms a tube which empties into the nutrients abomasums; function: to direct milk obtained from sucking to escape - The three major benefits of microbial fermentation in microbial digestions in the rumen ruminants are the: GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 13 Rumination - the process which permits an animal to forage and The Female Reproductive s ystem ingest feed rapidly, then complete chewing at a later time; feed in the The female has an immobile haploid gamete (sex cell) called an stomach is regurgitated, reinsalivate, d, and reswallowed; controlled ovum. vomiting/ ontractions of the esophagus, reticulum and rumen allow ingesta to be regurgitated back up to the esophagus where fluids are 1. Ovary swallowed again and additional remastication and reswallowing of A paired, almond shaped organ situated near the uterine solids occurs horn just behind the kidney Produces the ova and secretes the female sex hormone Eructation - (belching of gas) allows for removal of large volumes of estrogen gas produced in the rumen; contractions of the upper part of the 2. Infundibulum rumen force the gas up the esophagus and from there the gas Portion of the uterine tube adjacent to the ovary penetrates into the trachea and lungs Shaped like a funnel in its expanded form Picks up the egg when released by the ovary at the time of THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM ovulation Needed for the excretion of waste products (urine) and 3. oviduct / fallopian tube regulation of water balance, ph, osmotic pressure, electrolyte Structure that connects the ova from each ovary to the level, and substance concentration respective horn of the uterus Passageway of the egg on its way to the uterus Composition The site of fertilization and site of early embryonic Kidney - paired, bean -shaped organs located on either side development of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall 4. Uterus - site of urine formation through the nephron A tubular structure extending from the termination of both fallopian tubes to a point where the horns of the uterus joins the body of the uterus and continues to the cervix The Nephron - composed of glomerolus, Bowman's capsule, renal tubules, descending and ascending loop of Henle, and distal tubules, The site of implantation and serves in a nutritive and which vary in its permeability to different substances and productive capacity for the developing embryo water, hence, the composition of urine 5. Cervix The neck of the uterus A passage way of semen and protects the uterus from foreign materials THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproduction Secretes a sticky mucus seal during pregnancy - essential for the perpetuation of species, thus, prevent its extinction 6. Vagina A tube extending from the cervix down to the vulva Receives the penis in copulation GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 14  Provides a passage way for the fully developed fetus 8. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) during parturition - a mascular tube which merges with the epididymis and 7. Vulva extends upward to the abdominal cavity and empties in the Common passage way for the products of reproduction urethra and urine - propels the spermatozoa from the epididymis to the 8. Clitoris ejaculatory duct in the urethra during ejaculation A rudimentary organ situated ventrally to the vulva C. U rethra Homologous to the glans penis in the male - a canal starting from the junction of the ampulla and ends at the opening of the penis The Male Reproductive System - a common passage of semen and urine The male has mobile haploid gamete called a sperm. 4. Accessory glands 1. Testis A. Ampulla - the paired primary sex organ of the male - an enlarge portion of the ductus deferens just before its - function: (i) production of the sperm; (ii) secretion of entrance into the urethra androgen, the male sex hormone - the temporary storage of sperm until ejaculation time - In birds, it is located within the body cavity. - In mammals, it is located in the scrotum, outside the 8. seminal vesicles abdominal cavity, specifically -paired glands which are located on either side of the ampulla 2. Scrotum - produce a secretion high in fructose which acts as vehicle for - a pouch of skin, the external covering of the testes sperm transport - protects the testes from direct mechanical injuries - also provides the testes an environment which is a few C. Prostate gland degrees cooler than the body temperature - a n unpaired gland which more or less surrounds the urethra 3. The excurrent ducts - produces a viscous secretion which stimulates sperm activity and gives the semen its characteristic odor A. Epididymis - a long convulated tube which connects the vasa efterentia of D. cowpea's gland the testis with the ductus deferens (vas deferens) - a small paired gland located on either side of pelvic urethra - the place for maturation of the spermatozoa before ejaculation E. Penis -an erectile tissue; function: drain the urinary bladder of urine - introduces the spermatozoa to the vagina GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 15 Semen - consists of sperm cells and the secretions of the accessory Polyestrus glands - comes in heat throughout the year; ex. Cattle, swine, carabao 20-30 hrs in man; 14 days in chicken - the lifespan of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract Signs of Heat or Estrus - perceived through physiological manifestations such as Puberty and Estrous Cycle Reddening and swelling of the vulva Mucus discharges from the vagina Puberty - indication that sexual maturity is reached; capable of Frequent urination producing offsprings; the usual manifestation is showing signs of Restlessness and lack of appetite estrus Mounting other animals in the herd The female stands still when mounted - best sign Estrous cycle - the interval from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the When to breed or inseminate : start of another heat period Mating or insemination must be done at the time that the - divided into four stages ovulation would likely take place, or as close as possible to Proestrus - the period between regression of the corpus th·e expected ovulation time. luteum (CL) and estrus, when follicular develoP,ment is Too early insemination reduces conception rate due to the occurring and estrogen production is increasing; (about the loss of sperm viability eighteenth to twentieth days of the bovine cycle) The best time to inseminate is towards the end of estrus. Estrus - the period of sexual receptivity, due tJ high levels o The duration of estrus is variable. When observed that the estrogen; depending upon thie species, length of estrus ranges animal is in heat, inseminate right away. from about twelve hours to several days; estrogen levels bring about a surge of LH and FSH) Cattle and carabao - ovulation takes place about 15-18 hours from Metestrus - the phase following estrus when the CL forms the end of estrus and begins to produce progesterone Rule: estrus duration in carabao lasts from 5 -36 hours (18 hours Diestrus - the phase when the CL is highly active in its average) production of progesterone Swine - estrus duration is about 2-3 days; best to inseminate on the 2 or 3 day of estrus nd rd Classification of animals based on the occurrence of their estrous Mares - estrus duration is about 6-7 days; best to inseminate on the cycle: 4111 and 5111 day of estrus Mon oestrus - the animal comes in heat only once a year; ex. Dogs Sperm capacitation - the sperm cells reside in the female Seasonally polyestrus reproductive tract before becoming capable of attaching to and - comes in heat in certain seasons only; ex. Sheep penetrating the ovum; believed to start in the uterus GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 16  Frequency of ovulation and length of embryonic development and Fertilization - the process in which a sperm fuses with an ovum to expected number o f progeny per year per breeder female in the form a zygote various species of farm animal species. Zygote - a fertilized cell in which the genetic materials of the sperm Species Estrus Incubation/ Expected number of and ovum are combined Pregnancy young produced per (Days) year Two methods of fertilization Poultry (a) External fertilization - both parents expel their gametes into Quail * 16-19 100-300 another medium, such as water, without necessarily coming into Pigeon * 17 10-20 contact with each other * 21 50-300 (b) Internal fertilization - the male deposits sperm inside the Chicken Mallard * 28 50-300 female reproductive tract. Duck - with three forms of development, depending on where Turkey * 28 50-100 embryonic and fetal development takes place within the organism: * oviparity: The embryo formed inside the female is deposited Geese 30 20-50 fiuscovy * 36 50-100 outside her body as an egg. A er development, offspring _ duck hatch out of the egg and directly into the environment. II Rabbit 15-20 32 10-30 birds and some reptiles are oviparous. Ovoviviparity: The embryo develops inside the female body, Sw1n..e 18-24 114 10-25 Sheep 17 147 1-3 although it still obtains all nourishment from the egg yolk. he Goat 20-21 148 2.5 young hatches fully develoiPed and are released from the female's body. Many reptiles and some fish undergo Cattle 21 280 0.5 ovoviviparity. Carabao 22-24 3116 0.5 Viviparity: The embryo develops inside the female's body Gestation period - as the period of time from conception to birth of and the young obtain their nourishment from the female's blood, rather than egg yolk. The young emerges fully the offspring Placenta developed from the female body. Almost all mammals undergo viviparity. - a fusion of the fetal membranes to the endometrium of the Cattle Horse Sheeo Swine uterus to permit physiological exchange between fetus and Gamete longevity mother (hours) 30-48 72-120 30-48 34-72 - a unique feature of early mammalian development as it Sperm 20-24 6-8 16-24 8-10 allows provision of nutrients from the maternal organism ovum GreenEMPIRE P H (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 17 Parturition - the physiological process by which the pregnant uterus 4. Vaporization - the most important process by which animals lose delivers the fetus and placenta from the maternal organism; triggered heat to maintain a constant body temperature; heat loss from the by the fetus; may be divided into 3 stages skin and respiratory surfaces Signs of approaching parturition Thermal neutrality - body temperature is normal without much Changes in the pelvic ligament regulation; the environmental temperature at which the heat loss is Enlargement and edema of the vulva equal to the minimum heat production Mammary activity - obvious enlargement of the mammary gland occurs in all farm species III. ANIMAL NUTRITION The presence of milk in the mammary gland - a strong indication Nutrition - The series of processes by which an organism takes in and assimilates food for promoting growth and replacing worn-out The onset of milk secretion follows parturition. When the fetus is or injured tissues born, the mammary gland is also ready to produce milk. Encompasses several fields of discipline like biochemistry, chemistry, physiology, endocrinology, microbiology, genetics Body Temperature Regulation Nutrients Body temperature - Any feed constituents or a group of tfeed constituents of the - the resulting balance of heat production and heat dissipation same general chemical composition that aids in the support of - its stability is a prerequisite for high productivity in animals life - May include synthetically produced vitamins, chemical action, 2 groups based on the ability to regulate body temperature with enzyme activity respect to their environment - Its basic unit is the form of the nutrient which may be Warm -blooded - homeotherms; body temperature is largely absorbed independent of that of the environment Cold-blooded - poikilotherm; body temperature varies directly with Metabolism that of the environment - Combination of anabolic and catabolic reactions occurring in Process of heat dissipation: the body with the liberation of energy 1. Conduction - involves direct contact of the animal with a part of - Can occur only after the basic units of the nutrients have been its environment absorbed into the blood 2. Convection - heat is transferred to or from the animal by the - Involved all the chemical reactions performed by the cells to movement of the heated air particles; posture of the animal and other use the basic units of the nutrients for their specific functions conditions affecting surface area affect heat convection i.e., glucose for energy or amino acids for protein synthesis 3. Radiation - transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves; no material medium or physical contact GreenEMPIRE P H (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 18 Nutrient Basic Unit III. Fats {Lipids or Ether Extract) Protein Amino acid - Made up (molecular weight) of C (77%), H (12%) and O (11%) Starch Glucose (non-ruminant) Fat will yield 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates or Volatile fatty acids and lactic acid (ruminant) proteins Functions Cellulose Volatile fatty acids o Dietary supply Sucrose Glucose and fructose o Source of heat, insulation and protection for animal Lactose Glucose and oalactose body Lioids Fattv acids and ol ycerol o Source of essential fatty acids, linoleic, linolenic and Minerals Any soluble form arachidonic acid Vitamins Any soluble form o Serve as a carrier for absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Classes of nutrients and their characteristics - Deficiency and abnormal metabolism o Skin lesions, hair loss and reduced growth rate I. Water o Ketosis - catabolism of body tat - Cheapest and most abundant nutrient /b Fatty liver - abnormal metabolism of liver Makes up to 65-85% of animal body weight at birth andOssible causes of cannibalism are: emphasized.. Imbalanced ration - a high energy diet with low protein leads to - The addition of 5-10% of sugar in the drinking water can be this problem done for the first 6 - 8 hours during the arrival of the day old 2. Overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding and drinking space chick (DOC). 3. Extended period without feed and water Supplementation of water-soluble vitamin-mineral antibiotic 4. Poor ventilation preparation can give the chicks a good start too. 5. Excessive heat and too much light. 6. It may also be a strain characteristic. Adequate feeder and watering space should be provided to the birds. The following allowances are considered minimum for bird: Factors affecting length of brooding period A. Weather/climatic conditions - longer during cold & rainy Feeder {linear) Waterer months, shorter during dry & warm months Day old 2 weeks 2.5 cm 0.5 cm (1 gal/100 chicks) B. Rate of feathering - shorter for fast feathering breeds/ 2 -6 weeks 4.5 1.0 varieties/strains, longer for slow feathering: can be due to 6 -10 weeks 7.5 2.0 genetic makeup or nutrition of the birds. GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 45 GROWING MANAGEMENT Note: Feeding through should not be filled more than 1/3 to I. System of Rearing prevent feed wastage. The feeder should be replenished 3-4 1. Range System - this is a good system but because of more times a day to stimulate feed consumption. land area required, this system is commonly practice by native chicken growers & by duck raisers. 2. Signs of sexual maturity Change in appearance of the secondary sexual characters. 2. sem; -confjnement system - this is a system of raising 1. Comb & wattles begin to increase in size & the color becomes red poultry where the birds are provided w/ shed or housing & an area to graze or pasture. E.i in native chicken, organic chicken 2. Pullets become friendly & cackle production. 3. Pullets instinctively looks for nest 3. complete - confinement - the modern trend in raising 4. Pullets become docile (easily manage) & gregarious commercial strains. (sociable) a.) Litter floor 5. The vent & abdomen become enlarge. st b.) Slat fl oor Note: The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the 1 egg. c.) Combination d.) Cages t.:AYER FLOCKED MANAG EMENT II. Rearing of Pullets Systems of rearing of layer flocks 1. Feeding requirements of growing pullets Range system - good system but needs more land area, 6 -14 weeks Grower ration 16% protein commonly practiced by native chicken growers and duck raisers 14 - 20 weeks Pullet developer ration 14% protein Semi-confinement = a system where birds are provided with shed and an area to graze *Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high protein content.'­ Complete confinement- modern trend in raising chicken. Ex. Litter This is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller floor, slat floor, combinations and cages pullets & consequently production of smaller eggs. Housing Feed wastage (conventional feeding through & a mash Small poultry housing - shed or gable type ration): Large poultry house monitor or semi monitor Completely full - 30% of feed is wasted Open sided 2/3 full - 10% of feed is wasted Housing units for layers ½ full -3% -1% Brooder house - 4 to 6 weeks old; slatted or litter floor 1/3 full Growing house - 4 or 6 weeks old to 14-16 wks. Old; slatted or litter-floor GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 46 Layer house - 14-16 wks onwards; - Majority of hens lay their eggs b/w 10:00 a.m to 2:00 p.m. Cages - The concentration of egg laying takes place before noon as a Single, multiply (2-10 pullets) or colony (20-30 pullets) common observation. Local conditions - 3-4 birds/cage give good performance * Eggs must be collected in wire baskets to provide good air circulation. Daily Routine of Work in the Layer House A. Feeding Flock Replacement Program - Layers must be fed a dietary composition referred to as layer Programs of replacement can vary from a set of one flock ration or breeder ration. every 3 months. - Layer ration will generally contain a 15-18% protein level. It can be as often as a monthly set up of replacement stocks depending on the program and availability of facilities. Day - old to six weeks old - , chicks starter mash (20% CP Six to twelve weeks old - grower feeds; 16% CP Feeds and Feed Supplement Twelve to 18 weeks old - developer feeds; 140/oCP *Feed is the biggest item in the operational cost. 18 to 42 wks. Old - layer 1 feed; 18% CP 42 wks to culling - layer 2 feeds; 17% CP Capitalization Bro1le raising needs intensive capital, returns are quick but Note: Mature laying hens will consume about as low as 90 grams to investments are high. as high as 140 grams a day. One year consumption varies from 40 to 42 kilos per layer. SYSTEM OF BROILER OPERATION All-in-all out system B. Watering Only broiler of one being raised and all of them are sold at - Drinking water must be available to the layers all the time. the same time. - The egg is about 65 to 70 % water. Most desirable to affect a simple disease control measure, - One hundred layers can consume about 7 gallons of especially if in one locality, community or area, there will be water during a normal day and will drink much more when the no other age groups of birds temperature of the environment becomes higher. Two stage operation C. Egg Collection - Two age groups of broiler are being kept in the farm. If the - They are capable of laying one a day but it is next to impossible to principle that no different ages of chicks are not to be mixed realize one-egg-one-day for long period of time. in one house will be followed, the two stage operation - They are expected to skip some days in egg production. certainly calls for separate brooder house and grower house. - Oviposition (the act of egg laying) takes place normally as early as 7:00 a.m to as late as 4:00 p.m. GreenEMPIRE P H (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 47 Multiple stage broiler operation - This is similar to the two stage broiler operation except that VII. SWINE PRODUCTION AND there should be more units to facilitate as many stages or accommodate various ages of broilers MANAGEMENT HOG ZOOLOGICAL SCHEME - The turn-over of chicks cain be either daily every 2 days, weekly bi-weekly, etc. KINGDOM: Animalia PHYLUM: Contract growing of broilers Chordata CLASS: 1. Integrator company (contractor) Mammalia ORDER: 2. Farmer (grower) Artiodactyla FAMILY: Suidae GENUS: Classification of broilers raisers Sus SPECIES: A. Independent raiser Scrofa/vittatus SUB-SPECIES: B. Contract grower domesticus Broilers strains marketed in the Philippines a. Anak 2000 d. Cobb g. Peterson Sus scrota - is a wild hog of continental Europe from which most b. Anak 180 e. Pilch h. Ross domestic swine have been derived. c. Arbor acre f. Starbro i. Avian Sus vittatus - was the chief, if not the only species of the East Indian Important Parameters in Broiler Production pig that contributed to domestic swine. A) Cost of day-old chicks: P13.00-18.00/chick B) Total amount of feed consumed: 3.5-3.75 kg/bird BREEDS OF SWINE C) Feed conversion ratio (FCR): 2.0-50.00/kg D) Mortality: 5% The Philippine Native Swine E) Dressing percentage: 70% Indigenous animals belong to a large undefined population F) Price of live weight chicken P40-50.00/kg of individuals without any uniform traits usually ascribed to G) Number of batches per year: 5-6 a breed. H) Feeding system: ad libitum - The local pig or Philippine Native pig belongs to this I) Cost of feeds category, as they are small and lack the anatomical Chick booster - P385.00/25kg symmetry of standard breeds. Broiler starter - P615.00/50kg General characteristics: Small and late maturing, mostly Broiler finisher - P600.00/50kg solid black or black and white have small ears, sway back J) Labor: Broiler ratio -1: 5,000 birds and with weak pasterns. GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 48 Other Scientific Name Disadvantage: Luzon Warty pig Sus philippinensis Some individuals in this herd are relatively short and with Palawan Bearded pig Sus barbatus big belly and they tend to develop carcasses with excess back fat. Purebreeds 1. Landrace 3. Duroc Origin Origin : First Landrace swine was developed in Denmark for the The Duroc breed of hogs had its origin in the eastern production of high quality bacon. United States and in the Corn Belt. Characteristics It would seem presumptuous today to attempt to identify - The Landrace breed is white in color, although black skin the foundation stock of the breed, which was originally spots or freckles are rather common. called the Duroc-Jersey. It is known as the longest breed of swine ( 16 to 17 ribs). Characteristics - This breed is known for its prolificacy and mothering ability Duroc has solid colors, ranging from very high light golden under Philippine condition. to very dark red that approaches the color of mahogany. Disadvantage - The head is small in proportion to the body and the jowl is Weak legs and pasterns especially on the hind leg. Some medium in size. The length of its legs is proportional to the strains of Landrace have narrow body and long legs depth and length of its body. depending on the country of origin. Performance Duroc is considered a superior breed in terms of growth 2. Yorkshire/Large White rate and feed efficiency. It has a go, od muscle quality and is Origin probably the most resistant to stress. English bacon breed which had its origin in Yorkshire and Disadvantage neighboring countries in Northern England. It was Some individuals have a strong tendency to have a well developed by selection and crossing with Leicester hog arched back which is undesirable because this animal do which was a white hog. not stay long in the breeding herd. - The present Large White was developed in England. Unsound front and hind legs that may lead to stiff gilt or Characteristics lameness are also encountered in some animals. - Yorkshire should be entirely white in color. - Yorkshire sows are noted as good mothers (Mother Breed). 4. Pietrain - They not only farrow or raise large litters, but are greet Origin: milkers. Pietrain, Belgium, the village from which the breed takes its - The pigs are excellent foragers and compare favorably with name, was the birthplace of the breed. those of any other breed in economy of gains. = GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) 49 Characteristics: Origin This breed may be appropriately called the "muscle" pigs South Central England, principally in the countries of because it is well known for its outstanding muscle Berkshire and Wiltshire. development in the ham, loin and shoulder. Characteristics - The backfat is very thin. The motherly ability is well within - The distinct peculiarity of the Berkshire breed is the short acceptable level. and sometimes upturned nose. Disadvantage: - The color is black with six white points, four white feet, one Because of the relatively well-muscled ham, the number point on the forehead; and another on the switch of the one problem of this breed is usually weakness of the hind tail. legs which do not develop as fast as the ham muscle. Disadvantage - This breed is also known for being a slow grower and being - This breed has a small liter size at birth and at weaning, highly susceptible to stress. late maturing, thick backfat and the black skin. 5. Hampshire 7. Poland of China Origin: Origin Hampshire breed traces its origin to Southern England. South-western Ohio in the fertile area known as the Miami But the first Hampshire Swine Record was organiz d in Valley. It is also known as the "Hot Type" of "big Type Boone country Kentucky, just across the Ohio River from Poland China." Cincinnati. Characteristics Characteristics: Modern Poland China is black in color with six distinct white - The most striking characteristic of the Ham shire is the points, the four feet, poll of the head and switch of the tail. white belt around the shoulder and body including the foreleg. 8. List of other Purebreds Performance: a. Spotted Feed efficiency, length and ham-loin percent of this breed is b. Limousine excellent. c. Chester white Disadvantage: d. Hereford Low liter size at birth and at weaning, poor mothering e. Taniworth ability and latte maturing. Being black is also an objection f. Large black because it is associated with thick backfat is also an g. Chinese Taihu pigs objection because it is associated with thick backfat and Funjiang with difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering. Meishan - Janxiang black 6. Berkshire Erhualian GreenEMPIRE PH (www.facebook.com/greenempireph) so Meishan Farrow to finish operation From China, considered Taihu pigs, deriving their name from the - The producer in this type of operation also starts with a pregnant Taihu Lake gilt/sow to produce the breeders stocks, specifically junior boars and Slow growing and fat, but have a very good taste, resistant to replacement gilts. some diseases The Meishan breed is known for its wrinkled face and skin. B. Growing-Finishing Enterprise Meishan pigs are perhaps one of the most prolific breeds of pig in - The swine raiser in this type of operation starts with the world feeder/weanli