Animal Science
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Questions and Answers

What is the average cost of a day-old chick in broiler production?

  • P20.00-25.00/chick
  • P5.00-8.00/chick
  • P13.00-18.00/chick (correct)
  • P10.00-12.00/chick

    • What is the typical feed conversion ratio (FCR) for broilers?

  • 3.0-3.5 kg
  • 2.0-50.00/kg (correct)
  • 1.5-2.5 kg
  • 4.0-5.0 kg

    • Which of the following species contributes to most domestic swine breeds?

  • Sus vittatus
  • Sus scrofa (correct)
  • Sus scrota
  • Sus domesticus

    • What is the average mortality rate for broilers in production?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many batches of broilers are typically raised per year?

    <p>5-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for the maintenance of blood pressure?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in its exocrine role?

    <p>Production of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the heart is known as the cardiac pacemaker?

    <p>Sino-atrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of arteries in the vascular system?

    <p>They carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the 'lub' sound during the heart cycle?

    <p>Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the female gonad to maintain pregnancy?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Defense against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thromboplastin released from platelets?

    <p>Facilitate clotting of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do granulocytes primarily serve in the immune response?

    <p>Phagocytosis of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lymphocytes primarily formed?

    <p>Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes erythrocytes from other blood cells?

    <p>Biconcave shape and hemoglobin content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>Carrying oxygen to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of lymph vessels prevents the backflow of their contents?

    <p>Presence of valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

    <p>Assist in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lymph primarily derive from?

    <p>Interstitial fluid and blood plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action taken by thrombocytes during the hemostatic process?

    <p>Clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unidirectional flow of lymph described as?

    <p>Lymphatic flow towards the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of digestion in the body?

    <p>To break down nutrients into absorbable molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for the initial digestion of starches in the mouth?

    <p>Salivary amylase action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the role of the tongue in digestion?

    <p>Grasps and manipulates food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'prehension' refer to in the context of digestion?

    <p>The process of taking food into the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory organ produces saliva containing mucin?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur within the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors are involved in the digestion process?

    <p>Mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are digestive enzymes described in biological terms?

    <p>Complex proteins that alter other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Salivary amylase performs which specific function in digestion?

    <p>Converts starches to maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the digestive system is true?

    <p>Chemical changes in nutrients occur throughout digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ampulla in male reproduction?

    <p>Production of sperm and androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the ampulla located in mammals?

    <p>In the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the seminal vesicles?

    <p>Secretion high in fructose for sperm transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the testes get an optimal environment for sperm production?

    <p>By being a few degrees cooler than body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epididymis in male reproduction?

    <p>Maturation of spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland surrounds the urethra and produces a secretion that stimulates sperm activity?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cowper's gland?

    <p>Lubrication and secretion in preparation for ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does semen consist of?

    <p>Sperm cells and secretions from accessory glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the penis in male reproductive anatomy?

    <p>To introduce spermatozoa to the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the scrotum?

    <p>It protects the testes and helps regulate their temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein content is recommended for the grower ration for pullets aged 6-14 weeks?

    <p>16% protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which housing system is characterized by providing birds a shed and space to graze?

    <p>Semi-confinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with early sexual maturity in pullets?

    <p>Smaller pullets and egg size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of feed waste when a feeding trough is completely full?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the complete confinement housing system for layers?

    <p>Requires less space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a young male horse usually up to the age of three?

    <p>Colt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a mature female horse that has not produced any young during the breeding season?

    <p>Yeld mare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a castrated male pig performed before the development of secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Barrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a stallion that has only one testis or none in its scrotum?

    <p>Ridgling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to identify a female horse that is specifically bred for breeding purposes?

    <p>Mare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a male goat that has been castrated before the development of secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Wether goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a capon?

    <p>A castrated male chicken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a filly in equine terminology?

    <p>Young female horse usually up to three years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the act of giving birth in cows?

    <p>Calving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of external anatomy in farm animals?

    <p>Protection and covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the ability to give birth to numerous offspring frequently?

    <p>Fecundity/Prolificacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the thoracic cavity primarily contain?

    <p>Lungs and heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'kidding' refer to in the context of farm animal reproduction?

    <p>Giving birth in goats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about internal anatomy is true?

    <p>Internal anatomy includes organs that function together for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT typically a function of external anatomy?

    <p>Transportation of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the act of fertilization?

    <p>Conception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly matches the act of giving birth in mares?

    <p>Foaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term identifies the female parent in the context of animal breeding?

    <p>Dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nerves are responsible for transmitting impulses from the effector organs to the spinal cord or brain?

    <p>Afferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interneurons in the nervous system?

    <p>Conduct impulses within the central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron transmits nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord?

    <p>Efferent neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Preparing the body for stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gap exists between two neurons for the transmission of nerve impulses?

    <p>Synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fibers are primarily associated with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

    <p>Visceral motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nervous system, what are the main components that facilitate the relay of messages?

    <p>Neurons and synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the afferent neurons?

    <p>They transmit sensory information to the central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes visceral motor fibers from other types of fibers?

    <p>They supply smooth muscle and glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best indication that a female animal is in estrus?

    <p>The female stands still when mounted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mating or insemination during the estrous cycle?

    <p>To coincide with ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of the estrous cycle does follicular development occur?

    <p>Proestrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological sign associated with heat or estrus in animals?

    <p>Mucus discharges from the vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if insemination occurs too early in the estrous cycle?

    <p>It reduces conceptions due to sperm viability loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract for cattle and swine?

    <p>20-30 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines puberty in female animals?

    <p>Sexual maturity and capacity to produce offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the estrous cycle is characterized by sexual receptivity due to high levels of estrogen?

    <p>Estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common behavior exhibited by females in heat?

    <p>Mounting other animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does the estrous cycle typically last in females?

    <p>21 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason layers do not consistently lay one egg every day?

    <p>Natural skipping of days in egg production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily water consumption for one hundred layers under normal conditions?

    <p>7 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a necessary condition to implement a two-stage broiler operation?

    <p>Maintaining separate brooder and grower houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In multiple stage broiler operations, how frequently can chick turnover occur?

    <p>Daily, every 2 days, weekly, bi-weekly, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it desirable to manage water intake for layers properly, especially during high temperatures?

    <p>To prevent dehydration and maintain egg production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the normal quiet respiration process?

    <p>Eupnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mastication?

    <p>Breaking down food into smaller particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What respiratory condition is characterized by rapid, shallow breathing?

    <p>Polypnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species has only a dental pad instead of upper incisors?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process primarily occurs in ruminants during the re-chewing of feed particles?

    <p>Ruminating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has the highest normal range of respiratory rate per minute?

    <p>Sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does saliva play during the feeding process?

    <p>It aids in creating a feed bolus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein percentage for layer 1 feed consumed by mature laying hens?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should chicks be transitioned to grower feeds with a protein level of 16%?

    <p>Six to twelve weeks old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical daily feed consumption for mature laying hens?

    <p>90 to 140 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of saliva in the initial stages of digestion?

    <p>It helps in the formation of the bolus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feed is typically given to pullets aged between twelve to eighteen weeks?

    <p>Developer feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of birds recommended per cage for good performance?

    <p>3-4 birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive process occurs primarily in the small and large intestine?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of collecting eggs in wire baskets?

    <p>Ensure good air circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines enzymes in the context of digestion?

    <p>They act as catalysts without being consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory organ contributes to the initial digestion of carbohydrates?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical time frame for egg laying to peak during the day?

    <p>10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the all-in-all out system in broiler operation?

    <p>Simultaneous introduction and removal of all birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process does the term 'prehension' refer to in digestion?

    <p>The selection and intake of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of saliva helps in regulating pH?

    <p>Bicarbonate salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about laying hens' feed composition is accurate?

    <p>It usually includes a protein level between 15% to 18%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the teeth during digestion?

    <p>To grind and break down food into smaller pieces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should the flock replacement program typically be conducted?

    <p>Every three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does salivary amylase specifically convert during digestion?

    <p>Starch to maltose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the mouth and buccal cavity?

    <p>Enzymatic breakdown of lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of nutrient absorption take place during digestion?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pharynx in relation to the digestive system?

    <p>It acts as a common passage for air and feed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down protein into peptides in the stomach?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of the pancreas in digestion?

    <p>Production of digestive enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzyme breaks down starches into simpler carbohydrates?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the small intestine?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT part of the stomach's activities?

    <p>Absorption of amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does microbial fermentation play in digestion?

    <p>Turning cellulose into volatile fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive tract follows the esophagus?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme does NOT specifically target protein during digestion?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of Meishan pigs?

    <p>Wrinkled face and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may Chinese Taihu pigs be viewed negatively in some contexts?

    <p>Difficult to slaughter due to thick backfat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds is considered one of the most prolific in the world?

    <p>Meishan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a farrow-to-finish operation, what does the producer begin with?

    <p>Pregnant gilt/sow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of the Taihu breed's characteristics?

    <p>Difficulty in disease resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is primarily considered a source of energy for poultry?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management practice is essential for the care of growing finishing pigs?

    <p>Health management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial component of brooding management in poultry production?

    <p>Temperature control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of livestock is primarily managed for milk production?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of the G x E interaction in genetics?

    <p>Environmental adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the herd management of beef cattle?

    <p>Housing facility adequacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient category includes calcium and phosphorus in poultry diets?

    <p>Minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management practice is essential for successful goat production?

    <p>Health management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a group of pigs born in one farrowing?

    <p>Litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines a 'stg' in pigs?

    <p>Male pig castrated after sexual maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a young duck in the down stage?

    <p>Duckling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'pullet' in poultry terminology?

    <p>Young female fowl less than one year old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'suckling' refer to in terms of young pigs?

    <p>Young pigs from birth up to weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a 'gilt' in swine production?

    <p>Young female pig under one year of age, usually not given birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a male goat of any age?

    <p>Billy goat or buck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to by the term 'fleece' in sheep context?

    <p>Wool covering the sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following definitions correctly describes a 'lamb'?

    <p>Young sheep of either sex below one year of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'pelt' refer to in reference to sheep?

    <p>Skin and wool of sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and increases heart rate during emergencies?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is associated with insulin produced by the beta cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Stimulates entry of glucose into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal average pulse rate for a horse?

    <p>38 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessels are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vaporization primarily used for in animals?

    <p>To regulate body temperature through heat loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the heart prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during contraction?

    <p>A-V valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is an indication of approaching parturition?

    <p>Enlargement and edema of the vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Production of lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the mammalian heart initiates contraction and acts as the pacemaker?

    <p>Sino-atrial node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does thermal neutrality refer to?

    <p>A condition where environmental heat loss equals minimal heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs in the digestive system to replace worn-out or injured tissues?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thrombin released during blood clotting?

    <p>Transform fibrinogen into fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'systole' refer to in the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Active heart contraction phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the readiness of the mammary gland to produce milk?

    <p>Presence of milk in the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell is primarily involved in oxygen transport?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of mammary activity in farm species?

    <p>Obvious enlargement of the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the changes in pelvic ligaments before parturition?

    <p>To prepare the reproductive tract for birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of increasing parturition activity?

    <p>Thickening of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant change that occurs postpartum in mammals?

    <p>Onset of milk secretion from the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a strong readiness for lactation in an animal post-parturition?

    <p>Presence of colostrum in the udder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the reticulum in ruminants?

    <p>To aid in the regurgitation of feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT part of the digestive pathway in ruminants?

    <p>Absorption in the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the omasum serve in the ruminant digestive system?

    <p>To grind feed into finer particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the abomasum in ruminants?

    <p>It is the last of the four stomach compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient can ruminants convert that is typically indigestible by monogastrics?

    <p>Fibrous feeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a male goat that has been castrated before developing secondary sex characteristics called?

    <p>Wether goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a young horse of either sex that is less than one year old?

    <p>Foal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for a mature male horse?

    <p>Stallion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to a young female horse up to the age of three?

    <p>Filly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a male sheep that has been castrated while young called?

    <p>Wether sheep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for a young male horse usually up to the age of three?

    <p>Colt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'capon' refer to in poultry?

    <p>A caponized male chicken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a female horse used specifically for breeding purposes?

    <p>Broodmare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the inability to produce normal young?

    <p>Sterility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines puberty in animals?

    <p>The onset of sexual maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'weaning' refer to in animal husbandry?

    <p>The process of separating young animals from their dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major biological process is described by gestation?

    <p>The time from conception to birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the male parent of an animal?

    <p>Sire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism?

    <p>Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that defines transmitting ability in animals?

    <p>The ability to pass on genetic traits to offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition of failure to copulate in animals?

    <p>Impotency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What exactly does a weanling refer to?

    <p>A young animal that has been separated from its dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the study of the function of living matter?

    <p>Physiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in digestion?

    <p>To cause changes in other substances without being altered themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of saliva in the digestion process?

    <p>It lubricates food for easier swallowing and initiates starch digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where in the digestive system does the majority of nutrient absorption take place?

    <p>The small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs when feed particles are broken down into suitable products for absorption?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of the tongue in digestion?

    <p>It helps in the mastication and movement of food within the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of salivary amylase in the digestive system?

    <p>To initiate carbohydrate digestion by converting starch to maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the mechanical breakdown of feed occur during digestion?

    <p>Via mechanical forces such as chewing and grinding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accessory organs play in the digestive process?

    <p>They produce enzymes and substances that aid in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prehension in the context of digestion?

    <p>The act of taking in food or grasping it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which digestive process primarily involves the action of bacteria and protozoa?

    <p>Chemical digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of epinephrine in the body?

    <p>Increases heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is produced by the ovaries to enhance female receptivity during estrus?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Islets of Langerhans within the pancreas?

    <p>Regulates blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which part of the heart cycle is diastole observed?

    <p>When the heart muscles relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

    <p>Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of leukocytes in the blood?

    <p>Defend against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the sino-atrial node (SA node) reside in the heart?

    <p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood plasma?

    <p>Carries nutrients and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body as a result of excess insulin production?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic structure is primarily responsible for filtering lymph before it enters the bloodstream?

    <p>Lymph node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a young female horse usually up to the age of three?

    <p>Filly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a mature male horse?

    <p>Stallion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a gelding in equine terminology?

    <p>Castrated male horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a male goat castrated before the secondary sex characteristics develop?

    <p>Wether goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a female horse that has not produced any young during the breeding season?

    <p>Yeld mare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for a young horse of either gender that is less than one year old?

    <p>Foal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'boar' refer to in livestock terminology?

    <p>Mature male pig</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'capon' in poultry terminology?

    <p>Castrated male chicken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of the Berkshire breed according to its characteristics?

    <p>Susceptibility to stress and slow growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique physical characteristic is associated with the Hampshire breed?

    <p>Dark color with a white belt around the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the identifying color patterns of the Poland China breed?

    <p>Black with six white points on the feet and head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a common concern regarding the performance of Hampshire pigs?

    <p>Subpar litter size at birth and weaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of reproductive performance, what is a noted disadvantage of the Berkshire breed?

    <p>Small litter size resulting in fewer young.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in the digestive system?

    <p>To perform chemical changes without changing themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of saliva is primarily responsible for initiating carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in digestion?

    <p>Respiratory function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur within the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific role does the tongue serve in the digestive process?

    <p>Grasping and manipulating food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of mastication?

    <p>Mechanical breakdown of food particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory organ is involved in the production of saliva?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bicarbonate salts found in saliva?

    <p>To neutralize acid and regulate pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During digestion, which of the following statements about the rumen is accurate?

    <p>It aids in the mechanical breakdown of food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'prehension' in the context of digestion?

    <p>The act of grasping food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum feeder space required for day-old chicks?

    <p>2.5 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the length of the brooding period based on environmental conditions?

    <p>Weather/climatic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended waterer space for chicks aged 2-6 weeks?

    <p>1.0 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of the complete confinement housing system?

    <p>Birds are raised in a shed with no outdoor access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do pullets begin to show signs of sexual maturity, such as the increase in the comb size and color?

    <p>16 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the maximum filling limit for feeding troughs to prevent wastage?

    <p>1/3 full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system of rearing poultry is primarily practiced by native chicken growers?

    <p>Range system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of brooding has the shortest duration due to fast feathering breeds?

    <p>6-10 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which system are birds provided less space and primarily housed indoors?

    <p>Complete confinement system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protein content for the grower ration for pullets aged between 14 to 20 weeks?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior indicates that pullets are becoming sociable and friendly as they mature?

    <p>Cackling and seeking nests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which housing method is described as requiring more land area but is commonly practiced by native chicken growers?

    <p>Range system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of providing birds with a high protein feed content too early?

    <p>Smaller eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of feed wastage occurs when a feeding trough is only one-third full?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flooring is commonly associated with a brooder house for young chicks?

    <p>Slatted floor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a conventional method of feeding that can lead to significant feed wastage?

    <p>Mash ration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age range should birds be fed a grower ration to ensure they receive appropriate nutrition?

    <p>6-14 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of housing system is characterized by a modern approach to raising chickens in a completely confined space?

    <p>Cages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the potential benefits of a semi-confinement housing system?

    <p>Provides outdoor grazing area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the drawback of the complete confinement housing method for layers?

    <p>Heightened risk of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of pig is known for its wrinkled face and high prolificacy?

    <p>Meishan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of Taihu pigs is often considered a drawback in terms of processing?

    <p>Difficulty in dressing/cleaning during slaughtering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a farrow to finish operation, what does the producer typically start with?

    <p>Pregnant gilt/sow to produce breeding stocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Meishan pigs is true?

    <p>They are resistant to some diseases and have a distinctive appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operation typically involves starting with feeder/weaners?

    <p>Growing-finishing enterprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external anatomical structure is primarily involved in protection?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of a female animal to give birth to offspring frequently?

    <p>Fecundity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to the act of giving birth in sows?

    <p>Farrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cavity are the lungs and heart located?

    <p>Thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which internal anatomical part is primarily responsible for digestion?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for a female parent animal?

    <p>Dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these functions is NOT associated with external anatomy?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines conception?

    <p>The act of fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing information?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is insulin classified as?

    <p>Polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is generated from the adrenal gland in response to stress?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glycoprotein hormones like FSH and LH?

    <p>Aid in sexual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are derived from cholesterol?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for metabolic regulation?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive thyroid secretion known as?

    <p>Thyrotoxicosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of hormones consists of chains of amino acids less than 100 amino acids long?

    <p>Peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component does NOT belong to the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for quick adjustments in muscle activity to environmental changes?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the muscular walls of the rumen?

    <p>They facilitate absorption of nutrients via papillae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of eructation in ruminants?

    <p>To expel gas from the rumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the esophageal groove function in young ruminants?

    <p>It directs milk straight to the abomasum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit does microbial fermentation provide for ruminants?

    <p>It assists in the breakdown of cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the ovaries in female ruminants?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of rumination primarily involved in?

    <p>Regurgitating and re-chewing food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do papillae play in the rumen?

    <p>They enhance nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the female reproductive system of ruminants, where are ova produced?

    <p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism controls the action of rumination?

    <p>Contractions in the esophagus and rumen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the ruminant digestive system is true?

    <p>The ruminant stomach has four distinct compartments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fats in animal nutrition?

    <p>Source of energy and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is primarily responsible for dietary supply in ruminants?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of a high energy diet with low protein in animals?

    <p>Cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid is considered essential for animal health?

    <p>Linoleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of animal body weight is typically made up of water at birth?

    <p>65-85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of ketosis in animals?

    <p>Catabolism of body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient can cause skin lesions and hair loss in animals when deficient?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common factor leading to cannibalism in chicks?

    <p>Poor ventilation and overcrowding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a carbohydrate breakdown product in ruminants?

    <p>Volatile fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the addition of sugar to the drinking water of day-old chicks benefit them?

    <p>Boosts metabolism and energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a mature male horse?

    <p>Stallion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to a female horse used for breeding purposes?

    <p>Broodmare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of a horse that has been castrated at a young age?

    <p>Gelding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a male goat that has been castrated before the secondary sex characteristics have developed?

    <p>Wether goat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a young horse that is less than one year of age?

    <p>Foal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms describes a stallion that has only one or no testis in its scrotum?

    <p>Ridgling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for a yearling sheep that has two teeth?

    <p>Shearling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a male pig that has been castrated while young?

    <p>Barrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best timing for insemination in relation to the estrous cycle?

    <p>As close to ovulation as possible, preferably at the end of estrus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological manifestation is NOT typically associated with signs of heat or estrus in females?

    <p>Increased aggression towards other animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration range for estrus in different species as stated in the estrous cycle?

    <p>Variable depending on the species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes proestrus in the estrous cycle?

    <p>It precedes estrus and is marked by increasing estrogen production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inseminating too early during the estrous cycle?

    <p>Loss of sperm viability, which reduces the likelihood of conception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a mature female pig that has already given birth?

    <p>Sow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a male duck?

    <p>Drake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the young of a domestic turkey before the sex can be distinguished?

    <p>Poult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term indicates a group of pigs born in one farrowing?

    <p>Litter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name for young pigs that are still nursing and not yet weaned?

    <p>Suckling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a male sheep that is used for breeding?

    <p>Ram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a young goat of either sex below one year of age?

    <p>Kid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the collective group of all domestic birds providing economic service to humans?

    <p>Poultry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the young duck during its down stage?

    <p>Duckling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term accurately defines a male pig that has been castrated after reaching sexual maturity?

    <p>Stag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of bile in the digestive process?

    <p>To emulsify fat particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has a large and highly developed cecum?

    <p>Horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peptidase enzymes in the small intestine?

    <p>Hydrolyze proteins into single amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the large intestine is primarily involved in water reabsorption?

    <p>Colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modifications are present in the avian gastrointestinal tract?

    <p>Gizzard, crop, and proventriculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the length of the colon related to the water reabsorption in animals?

    <p>Longer colons increase the surface area for absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component found in avian saliva?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the crop serve in birds?

    <p>Temporary food storage and moistening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of microbial populations in the large intestine of certain animals?

    <p>To ferment carbohydrates and digest fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

    <p>Thyrocalcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key functions of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Regulation of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Graves' disease is primarily caused by which of the following?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do in the body?

    <p>Increases calcium levels in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus acts as what type of mediator between systems?

    <p>Nervous and endocrine systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT a lobe of the pituitary gland?

    <p>Lateral lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hypothalamus play in relation to the limbic system?

    <p>Controls emotional responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus affect thirst regulation?

    <p>By acting as the thirst center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a lack of thyroxine secretion?

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?

    <p>Stimulates skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is responsible for stimulating contractions of the uterus during parturition?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does excessive glucagon have on blood glucose levels?

    <p>Increases blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?

    <p>Zona glomerulosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glucocorticoids produced by the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Stimulation of gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with oxytocin?

    <p>Regulating mineral metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormonal imbalance can result from a lack of glucagon?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone primarily regulates sodium metabolism by promoting its reabsorption in the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable physical characteristic of the Meishan breed of pig?

    <p>Wrinkled face and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is commonly associated with Taihu pigs?

    <p>Difficult dressing/cleaning during slaughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of operation does the producer begin with a pregnant gilt or sow?

    <p>Farrow to finish operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key issue associated with the growth rate of Meishan pigs?

    <p>They are slow-growing but well-tasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of pig is considered one of the most prolific in the world?

    <p>Meishan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of enzymes in digestion?

    <p>To act as organic catalysts that change other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of salivary amylase?

    <p>It begins the breakdown of starches into maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the formation of the bolus in ruminants?

    <p>Mouth and buccal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do bicarbonate salts play in saliva?

    <p>They buffer and regulate the pH of saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of saliva helps facilitate the swallowing process?

    <p>Mucin's lubricating properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of action primarily aids in the mechanical breakdown of feed during digestion?

    <p>Mechanical forces and enzyme activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rumen in digestion?

    <p>To host bacteria for fermentation of feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'prehension' in the context of digestion?

    <p>Grasping and taking in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory organ produces saliva containing digestive enzymes?

    <p>Salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes viviparity from other reproductive methods?

    <p>The young develop inside the female's body and derive nourishment from her blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique feature of mammalian reproduction?

    <p>The presence of a placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the gestation period defined?

    <p>The period from conception to the birth of the offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the physiological events leading to childbirth?

    <p>Parturition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding gamete longevity is accurate?

    <p>The sperm in horses can live for 72-120 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'ovoviviparity' refer to?

    <p>Live birth with nutrient supply coming from yolk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the placenta in mammalian development?

    <p>Facilitating gas exchange between mother and fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly distinguishes the gamete longevity among different species?

    <p>Horse sperm has the longest recorded longevity at 72-120 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of reproductive methods, which statement is NOT accurate?

    <p>All mammals exhibit the ovoviviparity reproductive strategy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most distinguishing physical characteristic of the Hampshire breed?

    <p>White belt around the shoulder and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of the Berkshire breed in terms of muscle development?

    <p>Weakness of the hind legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding the growth rate of the Berkshire breed?

    <p>Slow grower with susceptibility to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an observable color pattern in the Poland China breed?

    <p>Black with six distinct white points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation is commonly associated with the Hampshire breed's reproductive performance?

    <p>Low litter size at birth and weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic issue is prevalent in Berkshire pigs affecting their backfat?

    <p>Thick backfat associated with coloration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific aspect of the Hampshire breed contributes to its excellent performance?

    <p>High feed efficiency and ham-loin percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted disadvantage of Poland China pigs?

    <p>Low litter size and late maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is known for its late maturing characteristics and thick backfat?

    <p>Poland China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed's origin can be traced back to Southern England?

    <p>Hampshire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the beta cells in the pancreas?

    <p>To produce insulin for glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular systole?

    <p>A-V valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the sino-atrial node in the heart?

    <p>Initiating spontaneous heart contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is NOT produced by the female gonad to assist in reproductive functions?

    <p>Testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that describes the circulation of blood specifically to the liver?

    <p>Hepatic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the hemostatic process, which substance is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell is primarily responsible for the body's immune defense?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary classification of the domestic pig?

    <p>Sus scrofa domesticus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the human cardiovascular system, which vessel carries unoxygenated blood away from the heart?

    <p>Pulmonary artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which broiler nutrient requirement is essential for optimizing growth?

    <p>Total amount of feed consumed of 3.5-3.75 kg/bird</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In broiler production, what is the significance of the mortality rate?

    <p>It reflects the herd's overall health and management practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the Philippine Native Swine?

    <p>It consists of indigenous animals lacking uniform traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cost range for a day-old chick in broiler production?

    <p>P13.00-18.00/chick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes monocytes?

    <p>They are large and actively phagocytic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of erythrocytes that allows them to transport oxygen?

    <p>They contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the lymphatic system is responsible for preventing backflow?

    <p>Valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lymphocytes primarily play in the immune system?

    <p>They create antibodies and counteract toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes thrombocytes?

    <p>They are involved in the formation of blood clots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure does the exchange of gases primarily occur?

    <p>Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

    <p>To maintain fluid balance and distribute immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phagocyte' refer to?

    <p>A cell that engulfs and digests foreign particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the physical breakdown of food?

    <p>The stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT part of the respiratory system's primary function?

    <p>Absorption of nutrients from air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the scrotum in male reproduction?

    <p>Providing an optimal temperature for sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of the seminal vesicles?

    <p>To secrete a fructose-rich fluid that nourishes sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical relationship of the ampulla in mammals?

    <p>It is an enlarged part of the ductus deferens near the urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is primarily responsible for producing a viscous secretion that contributes to the characteristics of semen?

    <p>Prostate gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the epididymis?

    <p>It is the site for sperm maturation prior to ejaculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure introduces spermatozoa to the vagina?

    <p>Penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Cowper's gland in male reproduction?

    <p>To secrete a pre-ejaculatory fluid that lubricates the urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In male reproductive anatomy, how does the ampulla function during sperm transport?

    <p>It stores sperm until they are mixed with seminal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the epididymis from the ductus deferens?

    <p>Epididymis is involved in sperm maturation, while ductus deferens transports sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within semen?

    <p>Sperm cells and secretions from various accessory glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason fat is considered a more energy-dense nutrient compared to carbohydrates or proteins?

    <p>Fat yields more energy upon oxidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which essential fatty acids are mentioned as crucial for animal health?

    <p>Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be an immediate consequence of an imbalanced ration high in energy but low in protein for animals?

    <p>Increased risk of cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is characterized as the cheapest and most abundant in animal biology?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential cause for the occurrence of ketosis in animals?

    <p>Catabolism of body fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the addition of sugar in drinking water have on day-old chicks during their first hours?

    <p>Improves initial energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of prolonged periods without feed and water for animals?

    <p>Potential for cannibalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of fats in animal nutrition?

    <p>Source of essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of cellulose in animal nutrition?

    <p>Yields volatile fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a deficiency in essential fatty acids typically manifest in animals?

    <p>Reduced growth rate and skin lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein content recommended for pullets in the grower ration during the 6-14 weeks period?

    <p>16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which housing system allows for the most flexibility in resource use by providing both shelter and grazing area for birds?

    <p>Semi-confinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main issue associated with pullets reaching early sexual maturity?

    <p>They produce smaller eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point in the feeding process is the lowest percentage of feed waste recorded?

    <p>1/3 full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following feeding arrangements is linked to the practice of conventional feeding that can lead to high feed wastage?

    <p>Complete confinement feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone produced in the adrenal medulla primarily functions to increase heart rate and enhance vasoconstriction?

    <p>Epinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the production of relaxin during parturition?

    <p>Cervical stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cardiac event causes the second heart sound (dub)?

    <p>Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is primarily responsible for identifying and responding to foreign materials in the blood?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

    <p>Regulation of blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood vessel carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart?

    <p>Veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific process do platelets initiate to facilitate blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sino-atrial (SA) node in the heart?

    <p>To act as a pacemaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes warm-blooded animals from cold-blooded animals in terms of body temperature regulation?

    <p>Warm-blooded animals' body temperature is independent of environmental temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes involves the transfer of heat without any contact between the animal and its environment?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a prerequisite for high productivity in animals concerning body temperature?

    <p>Stable balance of heat production and dissipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of nutrients includes synthetically produced vitamins and contributes to the support of life?

    <p>Nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences convective heat transfer in animals?

    <p>Posture and surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of metabolism, which reactions are involved in the conversion of nutrients to energy?

    <p>Anabolic and catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for metabolism to occur in the body regarding nutrient absorption?

    <p>Absorption of the basic units of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in the metabolism of nutrients?

    <p>To catalyze metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of nutrients that must be absorbed for biological energy use?

    <p>Amino acids and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which manner does conduction facilitate heat dissipation in animals?

    <p>By contact with cooler objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which accessory gland is responsible for the production of bile?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gizzard in birds?

    <p>Mechanical breakdown of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal possesses a simple stomach with one compartment?

    <p>Monogastric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure corresponds to the true stomach in birds?

    <p>Proventriculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal category includes swine, poultry, and young ruminants that lack a developed rumen?

    <p>Non-ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a role of the pancreas?

    <p>Secretes bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the microbial fermentation of cellulose in the digestive system?

    <p>Production of volatile fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway describes the flow of digested materials in poultry?

    <p>Mouth - Crop - Proventriculus - Gizzard - Cloaca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compartment structure is characteristic of mature ruminants?

    <p>Four compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HCl and pepsin in the proventriculus of birds?

    <p>Chemical digestion of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vaporization in animals?

    <p>It regulates internal body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of approaching parturition?

    <p>Decreased mammary activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does thermal neutrality signify in animal physiology?

    <p>The balance between environmental temperature and metabolic heat loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes an organism taking in and utilizing food for growth?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the milk secretion from the mammary gland typically begin?

    <p>Immediately after parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to changes during parturition?

    <p>Mammary gland reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the presence of milk in the mammary gland significant?

    <p>It is a strong indication of impending parturition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage does not belong to the vaporization process?

    <p>Nutrient absorption in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs as a result of mammary gland activity before parturition?

    <p>Obvious enlargement of mammary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of animal nutrition?

    <p>To promote growth and tissue repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of the Philippine Native pig?

    <p>Some have a tendency to develop excessive back fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is recognized as having a prolific mothering ability under local conditions?

    <p>Landrace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes the Duroc breed from others?

    <p>Solid color variations from light golden to dark red.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the feeding system described for the local pig or Philippine Native pig?

    <p>Ad libitum feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary physical descriptor of the Landrace breed?

    <p>Sway back with small ears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to a young female carabao under three years of age that has usually not yet given birth?

    <p>Caraheifer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a male breeding ox that can be of any age?

    <p>Bull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used for a mature female ox that has given birth?

    <p>Cow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common term for the male ox that is castrated after sexual maturity?

    <p>Stag</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a bull calf defined in animal science terminology?

    <p>Male breeding ox under one year of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms indicates a young female ox under three years of age?

    <p>Heifer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal group does Bos taurus refer to?

    <p>Cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for a mature female carabao that has given birth?

    <p>Caracow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fertilization involves both parents expelling gametes into a medium, such as water?

    <p>External fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines oviparous organisms?

    <p>The embryo is deposited outside the body as an egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which method of development does the embryo obtain nourishment from the yolk while developing inside the female?

    <p>Ovoviviparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected duration of incubation for a mallard?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reproductive strategy allows offspring to hatch from eggs laid outside the mother's body?

    <p>Oviparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many young does a sheep typically produce per year based on the information provided?

    <p>1-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species has the shortest expected incubation period?

    <p>Pigeon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is TRUE about species with internal fertilization?

    <p>Fertilization occurs inside the female's reproductive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between oviparity and ovoviviparity?

    <p>Eggs are laid vs. eggs hatch inside the female.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these poultry species can produce the highest number of young annually?

    <p>Quail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical daily water consumption for one hundred layers in normal conditions?

    <p>7 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the egg-laying capacity of layers?

    <p>It's typical for layers to skip some days in egg production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the vaporization process that helps animals maintain a constant body temperature?

    <p>The fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial requirement of a two-stage broiler operation?

    <p>To maintain separate facilities for different age groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which time frame does oviposition commonly occur?

    <p>7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of approaching parturition?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a multiple stage broiler operation, what is essential for managing various age groups?

    <p>Multiple units to accommodate different stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of thermal neutrality in animals?

    <p>The environmental temperature where heat loss equals minimum heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of broiler operations, what is a common characteristic of integrator companies?

    <p>They act as contractors for growers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the mammary gland before parturition?

    <p>There is obvious enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied about environmental temperature and water consumption for layers?

    <p>Higher temperatures increase water consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant indication follows the onset of parturition concerning milk production?

    <p>Presence of milk in the mammary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of implementing a two-stage operation in broiler farming?

    <p>It enables better disease control by separating age groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the vaporization process, which bodily surfaces primarily lose heat?

    <p>Skin and respiratory surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not true regarding the layers' egg-laying pattern?

    <p>They can consistently produce eggs daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does nutrition play in an organism's physiology?

    <p>Promotes growth and tissue replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding broiler turnover rates?

    <p>Turnover can be adaptable to daily or bi-weekly schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which farm species typically exhibit obvious mammary activity as an indicator of approaching parturition?

    <p>All farm species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of improper thermal neutrality for an animal?

    <p>Increased risk of hyperthermia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Following parturition, what is the immediate readiness of the mammary gland?

    <p>It is ready to produce milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Meishan breed of pig from other breeds?

    <p>Its unique wrinkled face and skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of Taihu pigs?

    <p>They are slow growing but have excellent taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operational method begins with a pregnant gilt or sow?

    <p>Farrow to finish operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operational method starts with feeder or weanling pigs?

    <p>Growing-finishing enterprise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common objection associated with the processing of Taihu pigs?

    <p>Excessive backfat complicates dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves' disease?

    <p>Activation of thyroid hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland secretes calcitonin in response to parathyroid gland stimulation?

    <p>Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>Control of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does parathyroid hormone (PTH) have on calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>Increases calcium levels by mobilizing calcium from the bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for emotional regulation in relation to the endocrine system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the pituitary gland is involved in producing hormones that stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Anterior lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of iodine deficiency in the diet?

    <p>Simple goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland?

    <p>Through the bloodstream with hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile in the small intestine?

    <p>To emulsify fat particles for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the large intestine is primarily involved in the digestion of fiber in horses?

    <p>Secum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In avian species, which structure functions as a site for the storage and moistening of food?

    <p>Crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the esophagus to the proventriculus in birds?

    <p>Crop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the colon in animals adapted for dry environments, such as the desert rat?

    <p>Very long for maximal water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enzymes specifically helps in the hydrolysis of proteins in the small intestine?

    <p>Proteolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modification allows poultry to process food effectively in their digestive tract?

    <p>Development of the gizzard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with the Yorkshire breed?

    <p>Narrow body with long legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does pancreatic amylase serve in the digestive process?

    <p>Converts starch to maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of the large intestine is responsible for the final storage of waste products before expulsion?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a disadvantage of the Duroc breed?

    <p>Weak legs and pasterns on hind legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is characterized as the ‘muscle’ pig due to its outstanding muscular development?

    <p>Pietrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ruminants and horses differ in terms of large intestine functionality?

    <p>Horses have a highly developed cecum for fiber digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue faced by some Yorkshire pigs that can lead to lameness?

    <p>Unsound legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which country did the development of the Yorkshire breed primarily occur?

    <p>Northern England</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is recognized as being particularly resistant to stress?

    <p>Duroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of some Landrace strains?

    <p>Small head size relative to body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is recognized for having good foraging abilities and economic gains?

    <p>Yorkshire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which geographical region is primarily associated with the origin of the Pietrain breed?

    <p>Belgium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trait of Yorkshire sows?

    <p>Large litter sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protein content recommended for layer hens after 42 weeks of age?

    <p>17% CP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common observation regarding the timing of egg laying in hens?

    <p>The concentration of egg laying occurs before noon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advised feed ration for hens aged 18 to 42 weeks?

    <p>Layer 2 feed at 17% CP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of operational costs, what aspect is considered the most significant in poultry production?

    <p>Feed costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical protein content found in grower feeds for chickens aged 6 to 12 weeks?

    <p>16% CP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often can replacement flocks be set up in broiler production?

    <p>Every month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical feed consumption by mature laying hens per year?

    <p>40 to 42 kilos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight of feed do mature laying hens consume daily?

    <p>As low as 90 grams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary composition is required for layers referred to as layer ration?

    <p>15-18% protein level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age range for chicks to be fed starter mash?

    <p>0 to 6 weeks old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of external anatomy in farm animals?

    <p>Providing covering and protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the act of giving birth in cows?

    <p>Calving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fecundity refer to in the context of farm animals?

    <p>Ability to give birth frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is located in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the abdominal cavity play in farm animals?

    <p>Housing organs for digestion and metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a female parent in farm animals?

    <p>Dam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which external anatomy feature is primarily associated with aesthetics in farm animals?

    <p>Feathers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'conception' refer to in the reproductive process of farm animals?

    <p>The fertilization of an ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of amylase in digestion?

    <p>Breaking down starch into simpler sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of enzymes in digestion?

    <p>To speed up chemical changes in other substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major functions of the stomach?

    <p>Storage, mechanical breakdown, and production of digestive substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of saliva is primarily responsible for initiating carbohydrate digestion?

    <p>Salivary amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the small intestine primarily receives secretions from the pancreas and liver?

    <p>Duodenum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which parts of the digestive system does the breakdown of feed occur?

    <p>Small intestine and large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of protein into polypeptides in the stomach?

    <p>Protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what order does food travel through the digestive system of monogastrics?

    <p>Mouth - esophagus - stomach - small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial function of the mouth and buccal cavity in digestion?

    <p>Mechanical breakdown of feed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of salivary glands in the digestive process?

    <p>To create a moist environment for easier swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of microbial urease in digestion?

    <p>Breaking down urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily produced in the rumen to aid in digestion?

    <p>Microbial fermentation products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur within the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does salivary amylase function in the digestive system?

    <p>It catalyzes the conversion of starch to maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT produced by the pancreas for digestion?

    <p>Pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be classified as mechanical breakdown in the digestion process?

    <p>The chewing of food by teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nephron in the kidney?

    <p>Site of urine formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the ova from each ovary to the respective horn of the uterus?

    <p>Oviduct / Fallopian tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT performed by the excretory system?

    <p>Production of hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the infundibulum when expanded?

    <p>Funnel-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the uterus serve during embryonic development?

    <p>Site of implantation and nourishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily regulated by the components of the nephron?

    <p>Chemical composition of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the gas produced in the rumen transport to the lungs?

    <p>By the esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the uterine tube is adjacent to the ovary?

    <p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of estrus in carabao?

    <p>5 - 36 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is the corpus luteum (CL) highly active in progesterone production?

    <p>Diestrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to inseminate swine?

    <p>On the second or third day of estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of mono-estrus animals?

    <p>They only come into heat once a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average duration of estrus in mares?

    <p>6 - 7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of sperm capacitation?

    <p>Sperm residing in the female reproductive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about estrous cycles is true for seasonally polyestrous animals?

    <p>They come into heat at specific seasons of the year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the fertilization process?

    <p>The creation of a zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein content is recommended for the pullet developer ration aged 14-20 weeks?

    <p>14% protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which housing system allows for birds to have both a sheltered area and outdoor grazing?

    <p>Semi-confinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern related to pullets achieving early sexual maturity?

    <p>Smaller pullets and eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what level of feed trough fullness is the waste percentage highest?

    <p>Completely full</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following housing configurations is not typically used for layers?

    <p>Conventional open pen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of ration is required for growing pullets aged 6-14 weeks?

    <p>Grower ration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected feed wastage when a feeding trough is ½ full?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is cited as the modern trend in raising chickens?

    <p>Complete confinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an animal classified as monoestrus?

    <p>It comes in heat only once a year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal insemination timing for mares based on estrus duration?

    <p>Fourth and fifth day of estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase is the corpus luteum (CL) most active in producing progesterone?

    <p>Diestrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the estrus duration in carabao?

    <p>It lasts from 5-36 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of estrus in swine, and when is the best time for insemination?

    <p>2-3 days; best on the second or third day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic disadvantage of the Berkshire breed?

    <p>Weakness of hind legs due to muscle imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of fertilization in reproductive biology?

    <p>Sperm fusing with the ovum to form a zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical trait is most distinctive of the Hampshire breed?

    <p>White belt around the shoulder and body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does sperm capacitation refer to during fertilization?

    <p>The ability of sperm to fertilize the ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major concern regarding the growth rate of the Berkshire breed?

    <p>Slow growth rate and susceptibility to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes seasonally polyestrous animals?

    <p>They experience multiple heats during specific seasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common disadvantage of the Hampshire breed?

    <p>Low litter size at birth and weaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is the modern Poland China breed primarily recognized for?

    <p>Black with white points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key disadvantage related to the mothering ability of the Hampshire breed?

    <p>Inadequate nursing leading to poor piglet growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of Berkshire pigs is primarily noted for development?

    <p>Ham muscle growth in comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why being black is considered a disadvantage for Hampshire pigs?

    <p>Associated with thick backfat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily water consumption for 100 layers under normal conditions?

    <p>7 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum frequency at which broiler chicks can be turned over?

    <p>Daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can affect the water consumption of layers significantly?

    <p>Temperature of the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of expecting layers to produce one egg per day for an extended period?

    <p>Natural variation in egg production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a two-stage broiler operation, what is the expected outcome if different ages of chicks are mixed?

    <p>Heightened disease susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of separate housing for different age groups in a broiler operation?

    <p>Lowered risk of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What time period does oviposition typically occur in layers?

    <p>7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of contract growing in broiler production?

    <p>To ensure consistent quality and supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of insulin produced by the beta cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Enhances blood glucose entry into cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of estrogen produced by the ovaries?

    <p>Enhances female receptivity during estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart?

    <p>Arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure prevents backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during contraction?

    <p>A-V valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sino-atrial node primarily control?

    <p>Rate at which the heart beats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Filtration and defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?

    <p>Clot formation and repair of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is produced by the corpus luteum?

    <p>Progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of excessive insulin in the body?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the contraction of the heart muscles?

    <p>Sino-atrial node depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of blood plasma?

    <p>Water and dissolved substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the heart cycle does 'diastole' occur?

    <p>Relaxation of heart muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the aortic valve during the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood cells are primarily responsible for the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adrenal Medulla

    • Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
    • Epinephrine increases heart rate and vasoconstriction in emergencies
    • Norepinephrine maintains blood pressure

    Female Gonad: Ovary

    • Produces female gametes (ova)
    • Produces estrogen to enhance female receptivity during estrus and develop accessory sex glands (mammary gland)
    • Produces progesterone from the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy and develop alveoli of the mammary gland
    • Produces relaxin for the relaxation of the cervix during parturition

    The Pancreas

    • Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine
    • Functions as both an exocrine and endocrine gland
    • Exocrine function: acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes
    • Endocrine function: Islets of Langerhans alpha and beta cells produce hormones
    • Beta cells produce insulin, which stimulates glucose entry into cells for metabolism, lowering blood glucose levels
    • Excess insulin can cause hypoglycemia
    • Lack of insulin can cause diabetes mellitus

    The Cardiovascular System (CVS)

    • Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

    The Heart

    • At each pumping of the heart, aortic arterial pressure rises to its highest point (systole) and falls to its lowest point (diastole)
    • Contraction is spontaneous, initiated by depolarization of the sino-atrial node

    Mammalian Heart

    • Has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower)
    • Atrioventricular valve prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium during ventricular systole
    • Aortic and pulmonary valves prevent backflow of blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during diastole
    • Tricuspid valve is on the right side, bicuspid (mitral) valve is on the left

    Sino-atrial Node (SA Node)

    • Cardiac pacemaker
    • Rate of discharge determines the rate at which the heart beats

    The Blood Vessels

    • Artery carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
    • Vein carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
    • Pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
    • Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
    • Systemic blood circulation involves the oxygen being taken in by tissues and carbon dioxide being given off by tissues to the circulating blood
    • Special systems of blood circulation:
      • Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart
      • Hepatic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the liver
      • Cerebral circulation: supplies arterial blood into the brain
      • Renal circulation: supplies arterial blood into the kidney
      • Splanchnic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the digestive tract

    The Blood

    • Thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous solution of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
    • Circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood plasma, and dissolved substances

    Blood Plasma

    • Fluid portion containing ions, inorganic molecules, and organic molecules involved in transport
    • Normal volume: 3-5% of body weight

    Blood Cells

    • Leukocytes (white blood cells): responsible for defense and protection of the body
      • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils): most numerous, main function is phagocytosis
      • Monocytes: large and non-nucleated, actively phagocytic
      • Lymphocytes: formed in lymph nodes, spleen and thymus, produce antibodies and counteract toxins
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): contain red pigment hemoglobin, biconcave disks manufactured in the bone marrow, carry oxygen for distribution
    • Thrombocytes (platelets): important for blood clotting

    Hemoglobin

    • Complex conjugated globular protein containing iron
    • Responsible for oxygen-carrying property

    Blood Clotting

    • Platelets collect and stick to the wall of the injured site and liberate serotonin (local vasoconstriction)
    • Thromboplastin is liberated (essential for blood clotting)

    The Lymphatic System

    • Composed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph
    • Carries fluid from tissue spaces into the blood
    • Defense mechanism by phagocytosing noxious materials, bacteria, and debris

    Lymph Nodes

    • Bean-shaped bodies of lymphoid tissue located strategically throughout the body through which lymph passes
    • Functions: production of lymphocytes and stop foreign materials
    • Become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial infections

    Lymph Vessels

    • System of vessels draining from the lungs and body tissues, ending in the venous system
    • Contain valves that prevent backflow

    Lymph

    • Interstitial fluid derived largely from the blood and similar in composition to blood plasma
    • Unidirectional flow from tissues toward the heart

    The Respiratory System

    • Structures involved in gas exchange between blood and lungs
    • Air pump that draws fresh air through air tubes to small air sacs
    • Two major functions: supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide

    The Digestive System

    • Includes the digestive tract and associated glands

    Digestion

    • Mechanical breakdown of feed and chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa
    • Breakdown of feed particles into products for absorption

    Enzymes

    • Complex proteins produced in living cells that cause changes in other substances without being changed themselves
    • Organic catalysts

    The Mouth and Buccal Cavity

    • Prehension, mastication, and insalivation
    • Bolus formation in ruminants
    • Accessory organs:
      • Tongue: grasping food
      • Teeth: mastication of food
      • Salivary glands: produce saliva containing water (moistening), mucin (lubrication), bicarbonate salts (pH regulation), and salivary amylase (carbohydrate digestion)

    Animal Terminology

    • Steer - male ox castrated before sexual maturity
    • Colt - young male horse usually up to the age of three years
    • Filly - young female horse usually up to the age of three years old
    • Foal - young horse of either sex below one year of age
    • Gelding - horse which was castrated while young
    • Mare - mature female horse
    • Ridgling - stallion with only one testis or none in its scrotum
    • Stallion - mature male horse
    • Studhorse - a stallion used for breeding purposes
    • Yeld mare or dry mare - one which has not produced any young during the breeding season
    • Boar - male pig of any age
    • Barrow - male pig which was castrated while young
    • Shearling - yearling sheep with two teeth
    • Wether goat - male goat castrated before the secondary sex characterstics have developed
    • Wether sheep - male sheep which was castrated while young preferably between 1 to 3 weeks of age
    • Capon - a caponized male chicken, readily distinguished by the undeveloped comb and wattles
    • Chick - young chicken while in the down stage

    Reproduction

    • Parturition is the act of giving birth.
      • Calving - in cows
      • Farrowing - in sows
      • Foaling - in mares
      • Kidding - in goats
      • Lambing - in ewes
    • Conception is the act of fertilization.
    • Dam - female parent
    • Fecundity/ prolificacy - ability to give birth to offspring frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals
    • 20-30 hours in man; 14 days in chicken - the lifespan of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract

    Puberty and Estrous Cycle

    • Puberty - indication that sexual maturity is reached; capable of producing offspring, the usual manifestation is showing signs of estrus
    • Estrous cycle - the interval from the beginning of one heat period (estrus) to the start of another heat period, divided into four stages:
      • Proestrus - the period between regression of the corpus luteum (CL) and estrus, when follicular development is occurring and estrogen production is increasing; (about the eighteenth to twentieth days of the bovine cycle)
      • Estrus - the period of sexual receptivity, due to high levels of estrogen; depending upon the species, length of estrus ranges
      • Mating or insemination must be done at the time that the ovulation would likely take place, or as close as possible to the expected ovulation time.
      • Too early insemination reduces conception rate due to the loss of sperm viability
      • The surest sign of sexual maturity is the laying of the first egg.

    Anatomy

    • Anatomy - the study of the form and structure
    • External Anatomy - are structures found outside the body which an integral part of the organ systems located internally
      • protection/covering such as feathers, hairs, horns, skin, etc
      • digestion like mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, etc
      • sensation such as skin, nostril, eyes, ears
      • aesthetic like comb, wattles, feathers
    • Internal Anatomy - are organs and organ systems which functions in a well-coordinated manner to enable survival, growth and reproduction
      • thoracic cavity - lungs, heart
      • abdominal cavity - stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver,

    The Nervous System

    • Basic unit - the nerve cells or neurons
    • Specialize in impulse conduction or the relay of messages from effector organs to the nervous system and vice versa
    • Synapse: a gap between two neurons; where nerve impulses are transmitted from one nerve cell to another
    • May be classified according to the direction of impulse conduction:
      • Afferent (sensory) neurons - transmit nerve impulses from the effector organ to the spinal cord or brain.
      • Efferent (motor) neurons - transmit nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord or towards muscles or glands.
      • Interneurons - conduct impulses from an afferent neuron within the central nervous system
    • Divisions of the Nervous system:
      • Autonomic/Visceral
      • supplies & receives fibers to & from smooth muscle, cardiac Muscle, and glands
      • made up of visceral motor fibers (those supplying smooth Muscle, cardiac muscle, & glands)
      • 2 Subdivision of Autonomic NS:
        • Parasympathetic division - important for control of 'normal' Body functions; e.g.Normal operation of digestive system
        • Sympathetic division - also called the 'fight or flight' Division; important in helping us cope with stress

    The Endocrine System

    • Endocrinology - a branch of physiology dealing with the coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators produced bv, restricted areas of the body and transported through the circulatory system to the organ or tissue on which they exert their effects
    • Signs of Heat or Estrus
      • Reddening and swelling of the vulva
      • Mucus discharges from the vagina
      • Frequent urination
      • Restlessness and lack of appetite
      • Mounting other animals in the herd
      • The female stands still when mounted - best sign

    Poultry

    • Systems of rearing of layer flocks:
      • Range system - good system but needs more land area, commonly practiced by native chicken growers and duck raisers
      • Semi-confinement = a system where birds are provided with shed and an area to graze
      • Complete confinement- modern trend in raising chicken.Ex.Litter floor, slat floor, combinations and cages
    • Housing:
      • Small poultry housing - shed or gable type
      • Large poultry house monitor or semi monitor
      • Open sided
      • Housing units for layers
        • Brooder house - 4 to 6 weeks old; slatted or litter floor
        • Growing house - 4 or 6 weeks old to 14-16 wks.
    • Feed wastage (conventional feeding through & a mash ration):
      • Completely full - 30% of feed is wasted
      • 2/3 full - 10% of feed is wasted
      • ½ full -3%
      • 1/3 full -1%
    • Birds tend to lay eggs early when feed of high protein content. This is not desirable since early sexual maturity results in smaller pullets & consequently production of smaller eggs.

    Respiration

    • Normal respiration is called eupnea.
    • Difficult breathing is dyspnea.
    • Cessation of breathing is apnea.
    • Increased rate and/or depth of breathing is hyperpnea.
    • Rapid, shallow breathing is polypnea.

    Digestive System

    • The diaphragm separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
    • The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and mediastinal organs.

    Mastication

    • The pig and horse have a complete set of incisors and molars.
    • Cattle and sheep have a dental pad instead of upper incisors.
    • Mastication refers to chewing.
    • It breaks down feed into finer particles.
    • Finely divided feed increases surface area for digestive enzymes and allows for proper mixing with saliva.
    • Rumination, or re-chewing, is important in ruminants for breaking down coarser feed particles.

    Salivation

    • Salivation is the process of mixing feed with saliva.
    • Salivation is greatest during feeding, mastication, and rumination.
    • Saliva's purpose is to:
      • Lubricate the food bolus.
      • Add small amounts of salivary amylase for starting carbohydrate digestion.
      • Buffer the pH in the rumen due to its alkalinity and volume.

    Digestion

    • Digestion refers to the mechanical breakdown of feed and the chemical changes caused by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa.
    • It involves preparing food for absorption, breaking it down into absorbable products.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are complex proteins produced by living cells.
    • They cause changes in other substances without being changed themselves.
    • They act as catalysts for biological reactions.

    Absorption

    • Absorption transfers substances from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to the circulatory system (blood or lymph).
    • It involves the movement of small molecules through the GIT membranes into the bloodstream.

    Parts of the Digestive System

    • Mouth and Buccal Cavity:
      • Functions in prehension (grasping), mastication, and insalivation.
      • Involved in bolus formation in ruminants.
      • Accessory organs:
        • Tongue: grasping food
        • Teeth: mastication
        • Salivary glands: producing saliva (water, mucin, bicarbonate salts, salivary amylase)
    • Pharynx:
      • Common passage for air and food.
      • Inspired air enters the larynx.
      • Food enters the esophagus.
    • Esophagus:
      • Muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach.
      • Allows passage of food from mouth to stomach.
    • Stomach:
      • Muscular organ for feed storage, grinding, mixing, absorption, enzymatic action, and microbial fermentation.
      • Three major functions: storage, mechanical breakdown, and production of HCl, enzymes, and mucus.
    • Small Intestine:
      • Three sections:
        • Duodenum: Active site of digestion, receiving secretions from the pancreas, liver, and intestinal walls.
        • Jejunum: Middle section involved in nutrient absorption.
        • Ileum: Last section involved in nutrient absorption.

    Digestive Pathway in Monogastrics

    • Mouth -> Esophagus -> Simple Stomach -> Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

    Swine Production and Management

    • The average gestation period in swine is 114 days.
    • Swine breeds are categorized as:
      • European Breeds:
        • Yorkshire: known for fast growth rate and lean muscle mass.
        • Hampshire: distinguished by their black bodies and white belt.
        • Duroc: known for their red color and fast growth rate.
        • Landrace: characterized by white skin and long bodies.
        • Chester White: white in color, known for their short snouts and erect ears.
      • Asian Breeds:
        • Meishan: known for their wrinkled face and skin, highly prolific breed.
        • Taihu: categorized as Asian, large and extremely fat.
    • Production Systems:
      • Farrowing to Weaning Operation: Producers start with pregnant sows and focus on raising piglets to weaning age.
      • Farrow to Finish Operation: Producers start with pregnant sows and raise piglets to market weight.
      • Growing-Finishing Enterprise: Producers purchase weaned piglets and raise them to market weight.
    • Specialized Fields in Swine Management:
      • Care and Maintenance of Sows and Gilts: Managing pregnant sows and gilts is crucial for successful breeding.
      • Management of the Boar: Boars play a crucial role in breeding, their management is vital for proper breeding and meat quality.
      • Care and Management of Growing-Finishing Pigs: Focus on managing weaned piglets as they grow and prepare for market weight.

    Animal Species and Terms

    • Steer: male ox castrated before sexual maturity
    • Goat: Capra hircus
    • Pig: Sus scrofa
    • Horse: Equus caballus
    • Broodmare: female horse used for breeding
    • Colt: young male horse up to three years old
    • Equitation: the art of riding on horseback
    • Filly: young female horse up to three years old
    • Foal: young horse of either sex, under one year old
    • Gelding: castrated male horse
    • Mare: mature female horse
    • Ridgling: stallion with one or no testes
    • Stallion: mature male horse
    • Studhorse: stallion used for breeding purposes
    • Yeld mare: a mare that has not produced young during the breeding season
    • Shearling: yearling sheep with two teeth
    • Wether goat: male goat castrated before secondary sex characteristics develop
    • Wether sheep: male sheep castrated while young, preferably between 1-3 weeks old

    Swine Terms

    • Boar: male pig of any age
    • Barrow: castrated male pig
    • Gestation: pregnancy time from conception to birth
    • Impotency: failure to copulate
    • Puberty: sexual maturity, marked by first heat or ovulation
    • Sire: the male parent
    • Sterility: inability to produce normal offspring
    • Transmitting ability: the ability of an animal to pass on traits to offspring
    • Weaning: separating young animals from their mothers
    • Weanling: young animal after separation from its mother

    Poultry Terms

    • Capon: castrated male poultry, distinguished by undeveloped comb and wattles
    • Chick: young chicken in the down stage
    • Fertility: ability to produce fertilizable ova and provide the environment for cell division and embryonic development

    The Nervous System

    • The Pancreas
      • Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine
      • Functions as an exocrine gland: its acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes
      • Functions as an endocrine gland: its Islets of Langerhans alpha and beta cells produce hormones. The beta cells produce insulin that lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glucose storage.
      • Excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia
      • A lack of insulin can lead to diabetes mellitus

    Female Reproductive System

    • Ovary
      • Produces female gametes (ova)
      • Produces estrogen which enhances female receptivity during estrus and develops mammary glands
      • Produces progesterone from the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy and develop mammary gland alveoli
      • Produces relaxin for the relaxation of the cervix during parturition

    Cardiovascular System

    • The Heart
      • Consists of four chambers (upper: 2 atria; lower: 2 ventricles)
      • A-V valve/ atria-ventricular valve: prevents backflow of blood from ventricle to atrium during ventricular systole
      • Aortic and pulmonary valves prevent backflow of blood from the blood vessels into the ventricles during diastole
      • Tricuspid: right valve; bicuspid (mitral): left valve
      • Sino-atrial node (SA node) is the cardiac pacemaker, controlling the heart rate
      • The heart sounds are:
        • Lub: caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
        • Dub: caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
      • Sequence: contraction of atria (atrial systole), followed by contraction of ventricles (ventricular systole), then diastole (relaxation of the heart muscles)

    Blood Vessels

    • Artery
      • Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
    • Vein
      • Carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
    • Pulmonary artery
      • Carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
    • Pulmonary vein
      • Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

    Systemic Blood Circulation

    • The oxygen is taken in by the tissues and carbon dioxide is given off by the tissues to the circulating blood.
    • Includes the following special systems of blood circulation:
      • Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart
      • Hepatic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the liver
      • Cerebral circulation: supplies arterial blood into the brain
      • Renal circulation: supplies arterial blood into the kidney
      • Splanchnic circulation: supplies arterial blood into the digestive tract

    Blood

    • A thick suspension of cellular elements in a solution of electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
    • Circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood plasma, and other dissolved substances.
    • Blood plasma: the fluid portion of the blood containing ions, inorganic molecules, and organic molecules. It’s involved in the transport of other substances.
    • Three blood cells:
      • Leukocytes (white blood cells): protect the body.
      • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): carry oxygen.
      • Platelets: involved in blood clotting.

    The Lymphatic System

    • Composed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph
    • Carries fluid from the tissue spaces into the blood
    • Defense mechanism to control infection by phagocytosing noxious materials, bacteria and debris from the tissues at the lymph nodes
    • Lymph nodes:
      • Bean-shaped small bodies of lymphoid tissues located at strategic points in the body through which the lymph passes on its way to the bloodstream
      • Functions: production of lymphocytes and to filter foreign materials
      • Become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial infection

    The Digestive System

    • Digestion: The mechanical breakdown of feed and the consequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa.
    • Absorption: The passage of digested nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood.
    • Metabolism: the process by which nutrients are broken down to very small molecules, to their basic units, with the action of enzymes. Occurs primarily in the small and large intestines.

    Parts of the Digestive System and their Functions

    • Mouth and buccal cavity: prehension, mastication, and insalivation. Used in bolus formation in ruminants. Has three accessory organs:
      • Tongue: grasping food
      • Teeth: mastication of food
      • Salivary glands: produce saliva which contains water to moisten food, mucin to lubricate food, bicarbonate salts to buffer pH, and salivary amylase to start carbohydrate digestion.
    • Reticulum: regulates the passage of feed from the rumen to the succeeding compartments. Aids in regurgitation of feed back to the mouth. Acts as a site of microbial fermentation.
    • Rumen: where cattle, carabao, sheep, and goat store and digest fibrous feeds. Converts indigestible feeds into useful nutrients.
    • Omasum: a round muscular organ containing many muscular laminae. Further grinds and reduces feed into finer particles before entering the abomasum.
    • Abomasum: The true stomach of the ruminant.

    The Digestive Pathway in Ruminants:

    • Mouth - esophagus - reticulum - rumen - (processes of regurgitation, rechewing, reinsalivation, and reswallowing) - reticulum - rumen - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine (and cecum) - rectum- anus

    Bolus Formation:

    • The formation of "balls" of feed out of masticated feed particles.

    Swine

    • Boar - male pig of any age
    • Barrow - castrated male pig

    Horse

    • Broodmare - female horse used for breeding
    • Colt - young male horse (up to 3 years old)
    • Equitation - the art of riding on horseback
    • Filly - young female horse (up to 3 years old)
    • Foal - young horse (under 1 year old)
    • Gelding - castrated male horse
    • Mare - mature female horse
    • Ridgling - stallion with only one or no testicles
    • Shearling - yearling sheep with two teeth
    • Stallion - mature male horse
    • Studhorse - stallion used for breeding
    • Yeld mare or dry mare - a female horse that has not produced young during the breeding season

    Goat

    • Wether Goat - castrated male goat before the secondary sexual characteristics develop

    Sheep

    • Wether Sheep - castrated male sheep (preferably 1 to 3 weeks old)

    Poultry

    • Capon - a castrated male chicken, with underdeveloped comb and wattles
    • Chick - young chicken (in the down stage)

    Digestion

    • Digestion - the process of the mechanical breakdown of feed and the subsequent chemical changes by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa
    • Breakdown of Food - the process of breaking down feed particles into substances that can be absorbed by the body
    • Enzymes - complex proteins that cause changes in other substances within the body without changing themselves; organic catalysts
    • Saliva - contains water, mucin, bicarbonate salts, and salivary amylase
    • Salivary Amylase - breaks down starch into maltose
    • Rumen - site of microbial digestion
    • Small intestine - primary site of nutrient absorption
    • Large intestine - site of water absorption

    Growing Management

    • Range System - good system for native chicken and duck growers
    • Semi-Confinement System - provides both shelter and grazing space
    • Complete Confinement System - modern trend for raising commercial strains
    • Litter Floor - type of housing for chickens
    • Slat Floor - type of housing for chickens
    • Combination - type of housing for chickens
    • Cages - type of housing for chickens

    Rearing of Pullets

    • Pullets - young female chicks raised for egg production
    • Grower ration - feed for pullets (6-14 weeks)
    • Pullet developer ration - feed for pullets (14-20 weeks)

    Feed Wastage

    • Feed wastage - a measure of how much feed is wasted by the birds
    • Completely Full Feeders - 30% of feed is wasted
    • 2/3 Full Feeders - 10% of feed is wasted
    • 1/2 Full Feeders - 3% of feed is wasted
    • 1/3 Full Feeders - 1% of feed is wasted

    Factors Affecting Length of Brooding Period

    • Weather/climatic conditions - longer brooding period during cold and rainy months
    • Rate of Feathering - faster feathering breeds have shorter brooding periods

    Signs of Sexual Maturity in Pullets

    • Comb and wattles increase in size and become red in color
    • Pullets become friendly and cackle
    • Pullets begin to nest
    • Pullets become docile
    • Vent and abdomen enlarge

    Systems of Rearing Layer Flocks

    • Range system - good system but needs more land area, commonly practiced by native chicken growers and duck raisers
    • Semi-confinement - birds are provided with a shed and an area to graze
    • Complete confinement - modern trend in raising chickens, examples include litter floor, slat floor, combinations, and cages

    Housing

    • Small poultry housing - shed or gable type housing
    • Large poultry house - monitor or semi monitor type housing
    • Open sided - type of housing
    • Housing units for layers - specialized housing units for laying hens
    • Brooder House - for chickens between 4-6 weeks old
    • Growing House - for chickens between 4-6 weeks old to 14-16 weeks old

    Berkshire Pig Breed

    • Berkshire - a purebred pig breed
    • Characteristics - black with six white points, short and sometimes upturned nose, thick backfat
    • Performance - well-muscled ham, good motherly ability
    • Disadvantages - slow grower, late maturing, weakness of hindlegs, susceptible to stress

    Hampshire Pig Breed

    • Hampshire - a purebred pig breed
    • Characteristics - black with white belt on shoulder and body, white feet, white on the forehead, late maturing
    • Performance - good feed efficiency, high ham-loin percentage
    • Disadvantages - low litter size at birth and weaning, poor mothering ability

    Poland of China Pig Breed

    • Poland of China - a purebred pig breed
    • Characteristics - black in color with six white points, white belt on shoulder and body, white feet, white on the forehead, and white on the switch of the tail
    • Performance -
    • Disadvantages -

    List of Other Purebred Pig Breeds

    • Spotted
    • Limousine
    • Chester White
    • Hereford
    • Taniworth
    • Large Black

    Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

    • Anatomy is the study of the form and structure of organisms
    • External anatomy includes structures located outside the body that are part of internal organ systems.
    • External anatomy functions:
      • Protection/covering (feathers, hairs, horns, skin)
      • Digestion (mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle)
      • Sensation (skin, nostril, eyes, ears)
      • Aesthetic (comb, wattles, feathers)
    • Internal anatomy consists of organs and organ systems that function together for survival, growth, and reproduction.
      • Thoracic cavity (lungs, heart)
      • Abdominal cavity (stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, etc)

    Hormones

    • Hormones are chemical mediators produced by endocrine glands, secreted into the bloodstream and exert their effects on target cells.
    • Hormone classifications:
      • Polypeptides: Chains of amino acids (e.g. Insulin)
      • Glycoproteins: A polypeptide chain attached to a carbohydrate (e.g. FSH, LH)
      • Amines: Hormones derived from tyrosine and tryptophan (e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline)
      • Steroids: Lipids derived from cholesterol (e.g. Corticosteroids)

    Ruminants

    • Ruminants have a four-compartment stomach, primarily for microbial fermentation of feed.
    • Rumen is the largest compartment, located on the left side, with muscular walls and projections called papillae.
    • Microbial fermentation benefits:
      • Breakdown of cellulose
      • Production of volatile fatty acids (VFA)
      • Synthesis of vitamins and amino acids
    • Esophageal groove directs milk to the abomasum, bypassing the rumen.
    • Rumination involves regurgitating, re-chewing, and re-swallowing food for better digestion.
    • Eructation is the belching of gas to remove excess gas produced in the rumen.

    The Female Reproductive System

    • The female has immobile haploid gametes (sex cells) called ova.
    • Ovary: Almond-shaped organ near the uterine horn, produces ova and secretes estrogen.

    Nutrients

    • Fat provides 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates or proteins.
    • Fat functions:
      • Dietary supply of essential nutrients
      • Heat, insulation, and protection for the body
      • Carrier for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

    Cannibalism in Pigs

    • Cannibalism in pigs can be caused by:
      • Imbalanced rations (high energy, low protein)
      • Overcrowding, insufficient feeding and drinking space
      • Extended period without feed and water
      • Poor ventilation
      • Excessive heat and light
      • Strain characteristics (e.g., Chinese Taihu pigs)

    Pig Breeds

    • Meishan pigs:
      • Originate from China, named after Taihu Lake
      • Known for wrinkled face, slow growth, high fat content, and good taste.
    • Other pig breeds mentioned:
      • Berkshire
      • Funjiang
      • Janxiang black
      • Erhualian

    Pig Production Systems

    • Farrow to finish operation
      • Producers start with pregnant gilts/sows to produce breeders stocks, including junior boars and replacement gilts.
    • Growing-Finishing Enterprise
      • Producers start with feeder/weanling pigs and raise them to market weight.

    Animal Husbandry Terminology

    • Steer: Male ox castrated before sexual maturity.
    • Boar: Male pig of any age.
    • Barrow: Male pig castrated while young.
    • Gelding: Horse castrated while young
    • Wether goat: Male goat castrated before secondary sex characteristics develop.
    • Wether sheep: Male sheep castrated while young.
    • Capon: Castrated male chicken.
    • Broodmare: Female horse used for breeding.
    • Colt: Young male horse, usually up to three years old.
    • Filly: Young female horse, usually up to three years old.
    • Foal: Young horse of either sex under one year old.
    • Mare: Mature female horse.
    • Stallion: Mature male horse.
    • Studhorse: Stallion used for breeding.
    • Yeld mare: Female horse that has not produced young during the breeding season.
    • Doe: Female goat of any age.
    • Ewe: Female sheep of any age.
    • Gilt: Young female pig under one year old.
    • Sow: Mature female pig that has given birth.
    • Chick: Young chicken in the down stage
    • Cockerel: Male fowl less than one year old.
    • Drake: Male duck.
    • Duck: Female duck.
    • Duckling: Young duck in the down stage.
    • Poult: Young turkey, before sex can be distinguished.
    • Pullet: Female fowl less than one year old.
    • Rooster: Male fowl one year old or older.
    • Kid: Young goat of either sex under one year old.
    • Lamb: Young sheep of either sex under one year old.
    • Litter: Group of pigs born in one farrowing.
    • Litter size: Number of young pigs born in one farrowing.
    • Shote: Young pig of either sex, weighing approximately 60 kg.
    • Suckling: Young pig from birth up to weaning.
    • Weanling: Young pig separated from the sow, around 5 weeks old.
    • Shearling: Yearling sheep with two teeth.
    • Ridgling: Stallion with only one testis or none in its scrotum.
    • Fleece: Wool covering the sheep.
    • Pelt: Wool and skin of sheep.
    • Ram: Male sheep of any age for breeding purposes.

    The Hypothalamus

    • Controls the autonomic nervous system.
    • Receives sensory impulses from the viscera.
    • Acts as an intermediary between the nervous and endocrine systems.
    • Regulates body temperature.
    • Controls body intake.
    • Contains the thirst center.
    • Part of the limbic system, influencing emotions like rage and aggression.
    • Part of the reticular formation.

    The Pituitary Gland

    • Composed of three lobes: anterior, intermediate, and posterior.
    • Plays a crucial role in hormone regulation.

    The Thyroid Gland

    • Produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones.
    • Essential for growth, metabolism, and development.
    • Can be affected by iodine deficiency.
    • Produces calcitonin, which regulates blood calcium levels.

    The Parathyroid Gland

    • Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which increases blood calcium levels.
    • Mobilizes calcium from bones.
    • Enhances calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestinal tract.
    • Decreases urinary phosphate excretion.

    The Avian GI Tract

    • Mouth: Lacks teeth; beak used for feeding and breaking down food; tongue and salivary glands are present.
    • Crop: Enlarged area in the esophagus for food storage, moistening, and salivary amylase action; microbial fermentation in some species.
    • Proventriculus: Glandular stomach.
    • Gizzard: Muscular stomach responsible for grinding food.

    Reproduction in Animals

    • Puberty: Reaching sexual maturity, marked by estrus.
    • Estrous cycle: Interval between heat periods.
    • Proestrus: Period between regression of the corpus luteum and estrus, during which follicular development occurs and estrogen production increases.
    • Estrus: Period of sexual receptivity.
    • Mating or insemination: Ideally done at the time of ovulation.
    • Signs of Heat (Estrus):
      • Reddening and swelling of the vulva.
      • Mucus discharges from the vagina.
      • Frequent urination.
      • Restlessness and lack of appetite.
      • Mounting other animals.
      • Standing still when mounted (best sign).

    Digestion in Animals

    • Small intestine: Site of most nutrient absorption.
    • Large intestine: Involved in water reabsorption; cecum is important for microbial digestion, particularly in horses.
    • Bile: Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder (except in horses); aids in fat digestion.

    Cattle, Swine, and Carabao

    • Have a complex digestive system, including a four-chambered stomach (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum).

    Poultry

    • Have a modified simple stomach.

    Horses

    • Have a large cecum, housing microbial populations that digest fiber.
    • Lack a gallbladder.

    Spermatozoa Lifespan

    • Roughly 20-30 hours in humans, 14 days in chickens.
    • Varies depending on the species.

    The Intermediate Lobe

    • Secretes Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
    • MSH targets skin melanocytes
    • MSH is responsible for skin pigmentation (melanin production)

    The Posterior Lobe

    • Secretes Oxytocin

    • Targets the mammary glands and uterus

    • Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection in lactating females

    • Oxytocin promotes uterus contraction at parturition for fetal expulsion

    • Secretes Vasopressin or Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

    • Targets the kidneys

    • ADH is responsible for maintaining body water through reabsorption

    The Adrenal Gland

    • Divided into cortex and medulla
    • Located at the anterior part of the kidney

    The Adrenal Cortex

    • Secretes Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone)

    • Glucocorticoids are produced by the zona fasciculate and zona reticularis

    • Stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, impacting blood glucose levels

    • Secretes Aldosterone

    • Produced by the zona glomerulosa

    • Regulates mineral metabolism and water balance

    • Regulates sodium metabolism by reabsorbing sodium from the kidney tubules

    The Gonads

    • Male Gonad: Testes
    • Produce male gametes (sperm)
    • Produce testosterone, responsible for the development of male characteristics

    Digestion

    • The mechanical breakdown of feed and subsequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria and protozoa
    • Breakdown of feed particles into products suitable for absorption
    • May include mechanical forces, chemical action and enzyme activity
    • Involves processes used to prepare food for absorption

    Enzymes

    • Complex proteins produced in living cells
    • Cause changes in other substances within the body without being changed itself
    • Act as organic catalysts

    Saliva

    • Contains Salivary amylase: breaks down starch to maltose (limited in cattle and sheep)
    • Begins the initial digestion of sugars and starch

    Rumen

    • The primary site of microbial digestion
    • Contains microbes that break down feed materials into simpler molecules

    Gestation Period

    • The period from conception to birth of the offspring

    Placenta

    • A fusion of the fetal membranes to the endometrium of the uterus
    • Allows physiological exchange between fetus and mother
    • Enables nutrient provision from the maternal organism

    Parturition

    • The physiological process of giving birth
    • Involves the expulsion of the offspring from the uterus

    Berkshire Breed

    • Characteristics include a short, upturned nose and black skin
    • Known for being a slow grower and susceptible to stress
    • Possesses a relatively well-muscled ham

    Hampshire Breed

    • Originates from Southern England
    • Characterized by a white belt around the shoulder and body
    • Excellent in feed efficiency, length, and ham-loin percent

    Poland China Breed

    • Originates from the Miami Valley of Ohio
    • Known as the "Hot Type" or "Big Type Poland China"
    • Color is black with six distinct white points: four feet, poll of the head, and switch of the tail

    Swine Production Systems

    • Farrow to Finish Operation: Starts with a pregnant gilt/sow to produce breeders (junior boars and replacement gilts)
    • Growing-Finishing Enterprise: Begins with feeder/weanlings and focuses on raising them to market weight
    • **

    Adrenal Medulla

    • Secretes Epinephrine (adrenaline): increases heart rate, vasoconstriction
    • Secretes Norepinephrine: maintains blood pressure

    Female Gonad

    • Ovary produces female gametes (ova)
    • Estrogen: enhances female receptivity during estrus, stimulates development of accessory sex glands (mammary gland)
    • Progesterone: maintains pregnancy, develops alveoli of mammary gland
    • Relaxin: relaxes cervix during parturition

    The Pancreas

    • Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine
    • Exocrine gland: acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes
    • Endocrine gland: Islets of Langerhans alpha and beta cells produce hormones
      • Beta cells produce Insulin: stimulates glucose entry into cells for metabolism, lowers blood glucose levels, anabolic process
      • Excess insulin: can cause hypoglycemia
      • Lack of insulin: can cause diabetes mellitus

    Cardiovascular System (CVS)

    • Components: heart, blood, blood vessels

    The Heart

    • 4 chambers: 2 atria (upper), 2 ventricles (lower)
    • A-V valve (atrioventricular valve): prevents blood backflow from ventricle to atrium during ventricular systole
    • Aortic and pulmonary valves: prevent blood backflow from blood vessels into ventricles during diastole
    • Tricuspid valve: right valve, bicuspid (mitral) valve: left valve
    • Sino-atrial node (SA node): cardiac pacemaker, its discharge rate determines heart beat rate
    • Heart sound:
      • "Lub": first sound, low and slight, caused by mitral and tricuspid valve closure
      • "Dub": second sound, shorter and higher pitch, caused by aortic and pulmonary valve closure after ventricular systole
      • Sequence: atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole (relaxation)

    Pulse or Pulse Wave

    • Arterial palpation of a heartbeat
    • Wave of systolic pressure, starts at heart and spreads throughout arterial network
    • Occurs due to arteries filling with oxygenated blood during systole from left ventricle
    • Measured to determine heart rate
    • Can be felt in surface arteries near bones, particularly if the artery can be pressed against an underlying bone or solid structure

    Normal Average Pulse Rate per Minute and Location for Measuring

    • Carabao & cattle: 54, external maxillary artery (slightly on the outer surface of the lower jaw), coccygeal artery (base of the tail, underneath)
    • Goat: 78, femoral artery
    • Horse: 38, external maxillary artery (middle of the lower jaw)
    • Chicken: 200-400, auscultation method using stethoscope at the chest region (same with other farm animals)

    Blood Vessels

    • Artery: carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
    • Vein: carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
    • Pulmonary artery: carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
    • Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
    • Systemic Blood Circulation: oxygen is taken in by tissues and carbon dioxide is given off by tissues to the circulating blood
    • Special systems of blood circulation:
      • Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart
      • Hepatic circulation: supplies arterial blood to the liver
      • Cerebral circulation: supplies arterial blood to the brain
      • Renal circulation: supplies arterial blood to the kidney
      • Splanchnic circulation: supplies arterial blood to the digestive tract

    The Blood

    • Thick suspension of cellular elements in aqueous solution of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
    • Circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood plasma, and dissolved substances
    • Separable into cells and plasma by centrifugation

    Blood Plasma

    • Fluid portion of blood
    • Contains ions, inorganic and organic molecules involved in transport of substances
    • Normal plasma volume: 3-5% of body weight

    Blood Cells

    • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): defend the body
      • Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils): most numerous, phagocytic
      • Monocytes: large, non-nuclear, actively phagocytic
      • Lymphocytes: formed in lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, produce antibodies, counteract toxins
    • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): contain hemoglobin
      • Biconcave disks manufactured in bone marrow
      • Carry oxygen to tissues
    • Thrombocytes (Platelets):
      • Small, irregular, non-nucleated bodies
      • Essential for blood clotting
      • Collect and stick to injured site walls, liberating serotonin (vasoconstriction) and thromboplastin (essential for clotting)

    Lymphatic System

    • Components: lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph
    • Carries fluid from tissue spaces into blood
    • Defense mechanism against infection by phagocytosing noxious materials, bacteria, and debris in lymph nodes

    Lymph Nodes

    • Bean-shaped bodies of lymphoid tissue located strategically throughout body
    • Lymph passes through on its way to bloodstream
    • Functions: produce lymphocytes, stop foreign materials
    • Become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial infections

    Lymph Vessels

    • System of vessels draining from the lungs and tissues, ending in the venous system
    • Contain valves that prevent backflow of contents

    Lymph

    • Interstitial fluid
    • Largely derived from blood, and is composed similarly to blood plasma
    • Flow in lymph vessels is unidirectional, from tissues toward the heart

    Respiratory System

    • Structures involved in gas exchange between blood and lungs/organ systems
    • Air pump that draws fresh air through air tubes to small air sacs
    • Functions: supply oxygen to blood, remove carbon dioxide from blood

    Digestive System

    • Components: digestive tract and associated glands

    Male Reproductive Organs

    • Testes: paired primary sex organ
      • Functions: produce sperm, secrete androgen (male sex hormone)
    • Scrotum: pouch of skin, external covering of testes
      • Protects testes from injury
      • Provides testes with cooler environment than body temperature
    • Excurrent ducts:
      • Epididymis: long, convoluted tube connecting vasa efferentia of testis to ductus deferens
      • Maturation of sperm before ejaculation
      • Ductus deferens (vas deferens): stores sperm until ejaculation
      • Ampulla: enlarged portion of ductus deferens before urethra entrance
      • Seminal vesicles: paired glands on either side of ampulla
        • Produce secretion high in fructose, acts as sperm transport vehicle
      • Prostate gland: unpaired gland surrounding urethra
        • Produces viscous secretion that stimulates sperm activity and gives semen its odor
      • Cowper’s gland: small paired gland on either side of pelvic urethra
    • Penis: erectile tissue
      • Drains urinary bladder of urine
      • Introduces sperm into vagina
    • Semen: consists of sperm cells and secretions from accessory glands

    Nutrients & Characteristics

    • Water: cheapest and most abundant nutrient
      • Makes up 65-85% of animal body weight at birth
      • 5-10% sugar in drinking water for day-old chicks in the first 6-8 hours of arrival
      • Supplementation with water-soluble vitamin-mineral antibiotic preparation for a good start
    • Fats (Lipids or Ether Extract): Made up of C (77%), H (12%), O (11%)
      • Yield 2.25 times more energy than carbohydrates or proteins
      • Functions: dietary supply, source of heat, insulation, protection, essential fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic)
      • Deficiency/Abnormal metabolism: skin lesions, hair loss, reduced growth rate, ketosis, fatty liver
    • Protein: Amino Acids
    • Starch: Glucose (non-ruminants), volatile fatty acids and lactic acid (ruminants)
    • Cellulose: Volatile fatty acids
    • Sucrose: Glucose and fructose
    • Lactose: Glucose and galactose
    • Minerals: any soluble form
    • Vitamins: any soluble form

    Causes of Cannibalism

    • Imbalanced ration: high energy diet with low protein
    • Overcrowding and insufficient feeding/drinking space
    • Extended period without feed and water
    • Poor ventilation
    • Excessive heat and too much light
    • Strain characteristic

    Broiler Production Parameters

    • Cost of day-old chicks: P13.00 - P18.00/chick
    • Total amount of feed consumed: 3.5-3.75 kg/bird
    • Feed conversion ratio (FCR): 2.0-50.00/kg
    • Mortality: 5%
    • Dressing percentage: 70%
    • Price of live weight chicken: P40-P50.00/kg
    • Number of batches per year: 5-6

    Broiler Strains Marketed in the Philippines

    • Anak 2000
    • Anak 180
    • Arbor acre
    • Cobb
    • Pilch
    • Starbro
    • Peterson
    • Ross
    • Avian

    Classification of Broiler Raisers

    • Independent raiser
    • Contract grower

    Swine Classification

    • Family: Suidae
    • Genus: Sus
    • Species: Scrofa/vittatus
    • Sub-species: domesticus

    Swine Species

    • Sus scrofa: wild hog of continental Europe, origin of most domestic swine
    • Sus vittatus: East Indian pig species that contributed to domestic swine

    Philippine Native Swine

    • Indigenous animals without uniform traits, no specific breed

    Breeds of Swine

    • Philippine Native Swine: indigenous animals without uniform traits, no specific breed

    Animal Science

    • Animal products provide various economic benefits such as food, security, power, medicine, pets, sports, and clothing.
    • Farm animals include cattle, buffalo, sheep, and pigs.
    • The two methods of fertilization include external fertilization (gametes are released into a medium) and internal fertilization (sperm is deposited inside the female reproductive tract).
    • Oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity are three forms of development depending on where embryonic development occurs.
    • Oviparity involves the egg being deposited outside the female body, ovoviviparity involves the embryo developing inside the female body but still obtaining nourishment from the egg yolk, and viviparity includes the fetus developing inside the female body and receiving nourishment directly from the mother.
    • The onset of milk secretion typically follows parturition.
    • The process of vaporization is a crucial way animals lose heat to maintain a constant body temperature.
    • The ideal temperature range is known as thermal neutrality, where heat loss equals minimum heat production.
    • An integrator company (contractor) collaborates with a contract grower to raise broilers.
    • There are three main broiler operation types: single-stage (all birds are sold at the same time), two-stage (older birds are transferred to a grower house), and multiple-stage (chickens are raised in multiple units).
    • The local pig, or Philippine Native pig, belongs to the Order Artiodactyla and is characterized by its small size, late maturity, and lack of anatomical symmetry compared to standard breeds.

    Hog Zoological Scheme

    • The Hog Zoological Scheme classifies the Philippine Native pig within the animal kingdom, chordate phylum, mammalia class, and artiodactyla order.
    • Philippine Native pigs are known for being small, late maturing, and having a black or black and white color, small ears, a sway back, and weak pasterns.
    • The Luzon Warty pig (Sus philippinensis) and Palawan Bearded pig (Sus barbatus) are two distinct species of pigs in the Philippines.

    Purebreeds

    • Landrace swine was developed in Denmark for high-quality bacon production.
    • Landrace pigs are white but can have black skin spots or freckles.
    • They are known for their prolificacy and mothering abilities in the Philippines.
    • Duroc hogs originated in the eastern United States and have solid colors ranging from light golden to dark red.
    • Duroc pigs are known for being the longest breed and having 16 to 17 ribs.

    The Hypothalamus

    • Plays a vital role in the endocrine system
    • Regulates autonomic nervous system, receives sensory information from internal organs, acts as a bridge between nervous and endocrine systems, controls body temperature, regulates fluid intake, is part of the limbic system responsible for emotions, and participates in the reticular formation
    • Secretes hormones involved in regulating other endocrine glands

    Thyroid Gland

    • Produces thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) essential for metabolism, growth and development
    • Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) can cause Graves' disease, also known as exophthalmic disorder

    Hypothyroidism

    • Characterized by low thyroxine secretion leading to simple goiter
    • Commonly caused by iodine deficiency

    Parathyroid Gland

    • Located near the thyroid gland
    • Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium levels in the blood by mobilizing calcium from bones and enhancing calcium and phosphate absorption from the intestinal tract
    • PTH also regulates urinary phosphate excretion

    The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

    • Contains three lobes: anterior (adenohypophysis), intermediate (pars intermedia), and posterior (neurohypophysis)
    • Secretes various hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and bodily functions

    Digestion in the Small Intestine

    • Proteolytic enzymes continue protein breakdown
    • Pancreatic amylase converts starch to maltose
    • Peptidase enzymes reduce dipeptides to single amino acids
    • Bile, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder (except in horses), aids in fat digestion by emulsifying fat particles

    The Avian Gastrointestinal Tract

    • Birds lack teeth, using their beaks to collect and break down food
    • Saliva contains salivary amylase
    • The esophagus contains a crop for temporary food storage and moistening

    Horse Digestive System

    • Large intestine, especially the cecum, is highly developed, allowing for microbial fermentation and digestion of forages
    • Bile is produced by the liver but not stored in a gallbladder

    Layer House Management

    • 14-16 weeks onwards, hens lay eggs primarily between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm
    • Eggs should be collected in wire baskets for optimal air circulation
    • Layer ration contains 15-18% protein
    • Mature laying hens consume 90-140 grams of feed daily
    • One-year consumption varies from 40 to 42 kilos per layer

    Flock Replacement Program

    • Replacement programs can vary from every 3 months to monthly setups
    • Chicks receive starter mash (20% CP) from day-old to six weeks
    • Grower feeds (16% CP) are provided from six to twelve weeks
    • Developer feeds (14% CP) are used from twelve to eighteen weeks
    • Laying hens receive layer 1 feed (18% CP) from 18 to 42 weeks
    • Layer 2 feeds (17% CP) are fed after 42 weeks until culling

    Broiler Operation

    • All-in-all-out system is commonly used
    • Intensive capital is required for broiler raising, with quick returns but high investments

    Swine Breeds

    • Landrace characterized by a small head, medium jowl, legs proportional to body size, good growth rate, and feed efficiency, but weak legs and pasterns
    • Yorkshire/Large White known for its white color, good mothering qualities, large litters, and favorable foraging capabilities
    • Pietrain known for its exceptional muscle development, particularly in the ham, loin, and shoulder, but thicker backfat and difficulty in processing
    • Duroc recognized for its superior growth rate, feed efficiency, good muscle quality, and stress resistance, but some individuals may have an arched back
    • Berkshire known for its black color, long ears, and excellent meat quality
    • Chinese Taihu pigs include Funjiang, Janxiang black, and Erhualian, known for slow growth and fat content, but with a good taste and disease resistance

    Swine Farming Systems

    • Farrow-to-finish operation starts with pregnant gilts/sows to produce breeder stocks
    • Growing-finishing enterprise starts with feeder/weanlings

    Anatomy of Farm Animals

    • External Anatomy: Structures found outside the body, integral to internal organ systems. Functions include protection, digestion, sensation, and aesthetics.
      • Examples: feathers, hairs, horns, skin, mouth, beak, bill, snout, muzzle, skin, nostril, eyes, ears, comb, wattles.
    • Internal Anatomy: Organs and organ systems working together for survival, growth, and reproduction. Located in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
      • Thoracic cavity: Contains lungs and heart.
      • Abdominal cavity: Contains stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and other organs.

    Common Terms in Animal Reproduction

    • Parturition: The act of giving birth.
      • Calving: In cows.
      • Farrowing: In sows.
      • Foaling: In mares.
      • Kidding: In goats.
      • Lambing: In ewes.
    • Conception: The act of fertilization.
    • Dam: Female parent.
    • Fecundity/Prolificacy: Ability to give birth to offspring frequently or numerous young at frequent intervals.
    • Digestion: The mechanical breakdown of feed and subsequent chemical changes brought about by digestive juices, bacteria, and protozoa.
      • Breaks down feed particles into absorbable products.
      • Includes mechanical forces, chemical action, and enzyme activity.

    Digestion in Farm Animals

    • Enzymes: Complex proteins produced by living cells that cause changes in other substances without being changed themselves.
      • Saliva: Contains salivary amylase (starch to maltose), mucin (lubrication), bicarbonate salts (pH regulation).
      • Rumen (Ruminants): Microbial cellulose (cellulose to volatile fatty acids), Microbial amylase (starch to volatile fatty acids and lactic acid), Microbial proteases (protein to amino acids and NH3), Microbial urease (urea to CO2 and NH3).
      • Stomach, Abomasum, Proventriculus: Pepsin (protein to polypeptides).
      • Pancreas: Secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase into the duodenum (protein breakdown).

    The Excretory System

    • Functions to excrete waste products (urine) and regulate water balance, pH, osmotic pressure, electrolyte levels, and substance concentration.
    • Kidney: Paired, bean-shaped organs located on either side of the vertebral column against the posterior abdominal wall.
      • Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney, composed of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, renal tubules, loop of Henle, and distal tubules.
      • Nephron permeability varies for different substances and water, influencing urine composition.

    The Female Reproductive System

    • Responsible for producing eggs and nurturing developing embryos.
    • Ovary: Produces female gametes (eggs).
    • Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped portion of the uterine tube adjacent to the ovary, picks up the egg during ovulation.
    • Oviduct/Fallopian Tube: Connects the ovary to the uterus, site of fertilization and early embryonic development.
    • Uterus: Tubular structure, site of implantation, provides nutrients and support for the developing embryo.

    The Estrous Cycle in Farm Animals

    • Estrus: Period of sexual receptivity in female animals.
      • Cattle and Carabao: Estrus duration 5-36 hours (average 18 hours), ovulation occurs 15-18 hours after estrus ends.
      • Swine: Estrus duration 2-3 days, best to inseminate on the 2nd or 3rd day.
      • Mares: Estrus duration 6-7 days, best to inseminate on the 4th or 5th day.

    Fertilization and Embryonic Development

    • Fertilization: Process where sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote.
    • Sperm Capacitation: Sperm cells reside in the female reproductive tract before becoming capable of fertilizing an ovum.
      • Starts in the uterus.
    • Frequency of Ovulation: Varies among species.
    • Embryonic Development: Length of gestation and expected number of progeny per year vary among species.

    Additional Notes

    • The digestive pathway for monogastric animals is mouth - esophagus - simple stomach - small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) - large intestine - rectum - anus.
    • The digestive pathway for ruminants is mouth - esophagus - rumen - reticulum - omasum - abomasum - small intestine - large intestine - rectum - anus.

    Adrenal Medulla

    • Produces epinephrine (adrenaline) for emergency situations, increasing heart rate and vasoconstriction
    • Produces norepinephrine for maintaining blood pressure

    Female Gonad: Ovary

    • Produces female gametes (ova)
    • Produces estrogen to enhance female receptivity during estrus and develop accessory sex glands
    • Produces progesterone from the corpus luteum to maintain pregnancy and develop alveoli of the mammary gland
    • Produces relaxin for the relaxation of the cervix during parturition

    The Pancreas

    • Located at the duodenal loop of the small intestine
    • Functions as an exocrine gland: secretes pancreatic juices with digestive enzymes
    • Functions as an endocrine gland: Islets of Langerhans produce hormones
      • Alpha cells produce glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels
      • Beta cells produce insulin, which stimulates glucose entry into cells for metabolism, lowering blood glucose levels
    • Excess insulin can cause hypoglycemia
    • Lack of insulin can cause diabetes mellitus

    The Cardiovascular System (CVS)

    • Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

    The Heart

    • Each heart pump produces a rise in aortic arterial pressure (systole) and a fall (diastole)
    • Heart contraction is spontaneous, initiated by the depolarization of the sino-atrial node
    • Mammalian heart has four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower)
    • Atrioventricular valves prevent blood backflow from ventricle to atrium during ventricular systole
    • Aortic and pulmonary valves prevent blood backflow from blood vessels to ventricles during diastole
    • Tricuspid valve is on the right, bicuspid (mitral) valve is on the left
    • Sino-atrial node (SA node) is the cardiac pacemaker, its discharge rate determines heart rate
    • Heart sounds:
      • "Lub" (low and slight): closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
      • "Dub" (short and high pitch): closure of aortic and pulmonary valves after ventricular systole
    • Heartbeat sequence: atrial systole (contraction of atria), followed by ventricular systole (contraction of ventricles), then diastole (heart muscle relaxation)

    Pulse or Pulse Wave

    • Arterial palpation of a heartbeat, the wave of systolic pressure starting at the heart and spreading through the arterial network
    • Occurs due to arteries filling with oxygenated blood from the left ventricle during systole
    • Measured to determine heartbeat rate
    • Can be felt in arteries near the body surface, especially where the artery is pressed against bone or a solid structure

    Blood Vessels

    • Artery: carries oxygenated blood from the heart
    • Vein: carries unoxygenated blood back to the heart
    • Pulmonary artery: carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
    • Pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

    Systemic Blood Circulation

    • Oxygen is taken in by tissues and carbon dioxide is given off by tissues to circulating blood
    • Includes special blood circulation systems:
      • Coronary circulation: supplies blood to the heart
      • Hepatic circulation: supplies arterial blood to the liver
      • Cerebral circulation: supplies arterial blood to the brain
      • Renal circulation: supplies arterial blood to the kidney
      • Splanchnic circulation: supplies arterial blood to the digestive tract

    Blood

    • Thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous solution of electrolytes and non-electrolytes
    • Circulatory tissue composed of blood cells, blood plasma, and dissolved substances
    • Separated into cells and plasma by centrifugation

    Blood Plasma

    • Fluid portion of blood containing ions, inorganic, and organic molecules that transport various substances
    • Normal plasma volume is about 3-5% of body weight

    Blood Cells

    • Leukocytes (white blood cells): responsible for body defense and protection
      • Classified into three types: granulocytes, lymphocytes, and monocytes
    • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): responsible for oxygen transport
    • Thrombocytes (platelets): responsible for blood clotting

    Blood Clotting

    • Fibrinogen (a plasma protein) is converted to fibrin by thrombin
    • Fibrin forms a network that traps blood cells and forms a clot
    • Injured tissue releases thromboplastin, which activates prothrombin to form thrombin
    • Platelets release serotonin, causing local vasoconstriction

    The Lymphatic System

    • Composed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph
    • Carries fluid from tissue spaces into the blood
    • Defense mechanism against infection, phagocytosing noxious materials, bacteria, and tissue debris at lymph nodes

    Lymph Nodes

    • Bean-shaped lymphoid tissue bodies located strategically in the body, through which lymph passes on its way to the bloodstream
    • Functions: produce lymphocytes, stop foreign materials that reach them
    • Become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial infections

    The Estrous Cycle

    • Metestrus: phase following estrus, corpus luteum forms and produces progesterone
    • Diestrus: phase when corpus luteum is highly active in progesterone production
    • Estrus: period of sexual receptivity in females
    • Proestrus: period preceding estrus, follicles grow and prepare for ovulation

    Classification of Animals Based on Estrous Cycle

    • Monoestrus: animals come in heat only once a year (e.g., dogs)
    • Seasonally polyestrus: animals come in heat only during certain seasons (e.g., sheep)

    Fertilization

    • Process where a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a zygote

    Sperm Capacitation

    • Sperm cells reside in the female reproductive tract before becoming capable of attaching to and penetrating the ovum
    • Believed to begin in the uterus

    Ovulation, Embryonic Development, and Progeny Frequency

    • Variation in ovulation frequency, embryonic development length, and expected progeny number per year per female amongst farm animal species
    • Example:
      • Cattle and carabao: ovulation occurs 15-18 hours after the end of estrus, estrus duration is 5-36 hours (average 18 hours)
      • Swine: estrus duration is about 2-3 days, best to inseminate on the 2nd or 3rd day of estrus
      • Mares: estrus duration is about 6-7 days, best to inseminate on the 4th or 5th day of estrus

    Poultry Production and Management

    • Pullet Rearing
      • 6-14 weeks: grower ration, 16% protein
      • 14-20 weeks: pullet developer ration, 14% protein
      • Early egg laying (due to high protein feed) results in smaller pullets and smaller eggs
    • Feed Wastage
      • Completely full feeder: 30% wastage
      • 2/3 full: 10% wastage
      • ½ full: 3% wastage
      • 1/3 full: 1% wastage
    • Watering
      • 100 layers consume about 7 gallons of water daily, more when temperature is higher
    • Egg Collection
      • Laying capacity is one egg a day, but not achievable for extended periods
      • Skipping days in egg production is expected
      • Oviposition normally occurs from 7:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.
    • Broiler Production
      • One-stage operation: All broilers are raised and sold at the same time
      • Two-stage operation: Two age groups of broilers are kept in separate brooder and grower houses for disease control
      • Multiple-stage operation: Similar to two-stage but with multiple units for diverse broiler ages, allowing flexibility in chick turnover timeframe
      • Contract growing: Integrator company (contractor) provides chicks, feed, medication, and marketing, while the grower provides housing and labor
    • Housing
      • Small poultry housing: shed or gable type
      • Large poultry housing: monitor or semi-monitor, open-sided
      • Housing units for layers: Brooder house (4-6 weeks old), growing house (4-6 weeks to 14-16 weeks)

    Swine Production and Management

    • Hog Zoological Scheme:
      • Kingdom: Animalia
      • Phylum: Chordata
      • Class: Mammalia
      • Order: Artiodactyla
    • Breeds:
      • Berkshire:
        • Characteristics: short and sometimes upturned nose, black with six white points (four feet, forehead, tail switch)
        • Disadvantages: slow growth, susceptibility to stress, small litter size
      • Yorkshire:
        • Characteristics: white, erect ears, long body, considered the "Mother Breed"
        • Advantages: large litters, good mothering ability
        • Disadvantages: relatively thin backfat, lower carcass quality
      • Hampshire:
        • Characteristics: black with white belt around shoulder and body, erect ears
        • Advantages: good feed efficiency, length, ham-loin percent
        • Disadvantages: low litter size, poor mothering ability, late maturing
      • Duroc:
        • Characteristics: reddish brown in color, drooping ears
        • Advantages: fast-growing, good muscle development, high feed efficiency
        • Disadvantages: susceptible to stress, low carcass quality
      • Poland China:
        • Characteristics: black with six white points (four feet, poll, tail switch), drooping ears
        • Advantages: good meat quality, docile temperament
        • Disadvantages: small litter size at birth and weaning, late maturing
      • Other Purebreds: Spotted, Limousine, Chester White, Hereford, Taniworth, Large Black
    • Systems of Rearing:
      • Range system: good system but needs more land area, commonly practiced by native chicken and duck growers
      • Semi-confinement: birds are provided with shed and an area to graze
      • Complete confinement: modern trend, includes litter floor, slat floor, combinations, and cages (e.g., cages, slat floor)
    • Housing for Layers
      • Shed or gable type (small-scale)
      • Monitor or semi-monitor, open-sided (large-scale)
      • Brooder house (4-6 weeks old)
      • Growing house (4-6 weeks to 14-16 weeks)

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