Padhle 10th - Nutrition and Digestion (Life Processes) Notes PDF

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www.padhle.in @padhle.in Nutrition& Digestion CH 6 Science | Class 10 Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in Thank you for using www.padhle.in. We here at Padhle, make sure that every piece of material reaches you without diving deep into the tabs of your browser. These notes have been downloaded without compulsorily signing up, or submitting your personal details. Enjoy yourselves! To help us in maintainig this, you can contribute to Padhle. Even a small amount can do wonders. Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm www.padhle.in @padhle.in adhle.in You can contribute a little to our efforts. Even a small amount can do wonders. Scan the Code in any UPI App OR Contribute to UPI ID - padhle@paytm Now... Padhle!  LIFE Processes 4 What are life processes ? The → maintenance functions of living organisms must go on even when they are not doing anything particular. - The processes which together perform this maintenance job are life processes. thhat processes will we study about ? Life Processes Nutrition Respiration Digestion Transportation Excretion Nutrition → Nutrients : Group of food in which protein , fats , vitamins and minerals are involved is called nutrients. → Nutrition : The process of intake of nutrients ( like carbohydrates fats , , proteins , minerals , vitamin and water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these the nutrients by organism. Types of Nutrition 1) Autotrophic nutrition %) Heterotrophic (Holozoic) nutrition 1) Autotrophic Nutrition → It is a process where an organism prepares its own food. - They are known as autotrophs. Ex plants green : ii) Heterotrophic nutrition It is in which other → a type of nutrition organisms depend upon to organisms for food survive. EI : animals , humans. - In heterotrophic also , we see : a) Saprophytic : Obtaining food from dead and decaying matter. En Fungi : b) Parasitic : Obtaining food from host organism without killing it. En : Roundworm c) Holozoic : Having solid matter and then digesting it is holozoic mode of nutrition. En : Animals Photosynthesis 4 The process , by which plants make green their own food from dioxide by using in the carbon and water sunlight energy presence of chlorophyll , is called photosynthesis. Carbohydrates are utilised for providing energy to the plant. Chlorophyll GCO, -161120 sunlight Cgtlgzo + 602 (Glucose) Oxygen is released during photosynthesis. The of photosynthesis takes in the leaves process place green of a plant. The leaves food is prepared by the of plant in the form of a green a simple sugar called glucose. The is another food called starch extra glucose changed into. - This Stauch is stored in the leaves of the plant. The plants sunlight into chemical by making green convert energy energy carbohydrates. The dioxide leaves plant through carbon gas enters the the the stomata of present on their surface. Obtaining water for photosynthesis The water required photosynthesis is absorbed by the root by the plants for of the plants from the soil through the process of osmosis. The water absorbed by the roots of the plants is transported upward through the xylem vessels to the leaves where it reaches the photosynthetic cells. Site of photosynthesis The site photosynthesis in cell the leaf chloroplasts of a of are which contain chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are present in the photosynthetic cells ( mesophyll cells) of green plants. contain chlorophyll other cells These cells more than plant -. Stomata 9) They allow the exchange of gasses ( CO2 and Oa ) with the atmosphere. 2) Evaporation of water from the leaf surface occurs through the stomata. - Thus , the stomata help in the process of transpiration. 3) Allows the intake of carbon dioxide and to give out oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. * How do organisms obtain their nutrition ? The nutrition → process of involves the following : * Ingestion → Digestion → Absorption → Assimilation → Egestion Answered 9) All the body cells are not in direct contact with the surrounding environment , like humans in multicellular organisms. Hence , each do cell of the body not get oxygen according to the - requirement by the process of diffusion from environment. So digression is insuffeeient to meet the oxygen demand multicellular organisms of -. , 2) Breathing and respiration are the main criteria used to decide whether is alive something. - Though , living beings also show growth and movement. 3) An organism uses organic molecules as raw material. is whereas food is used by Heterotrophs and carbon dioxide minerals water - , , , used by autotrophs. 4) Following process are essential for maintaining life : 9) Nutrition %) Respiration iii) Transportation 8D Excretion  NUTRITION IN AMOEBA 9) Ingestion → Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger - like extensions , called pseudopodia. it - When a food particle approaches Amoeba , forms pseudopodia around it and forms a food vacuole inside the Amoeba. ii) Digestion → Various enzymes from the cytoplasm enter into the food vacuole and break them down into simple soluble molecules. iii ) Absorption → The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba from food vacuoles through the process of diffusion. iv) Assimilation → Amoeba cell obtains energy from the absorbed food through respiration. This utilised for energy is by Amoeba its growth and repair of the - body. v) Egestion → When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside Amoeba , its cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food. NUTRITION IN FLUMAN BEINGS * Important Definitions ① Ingestion : The process of intake of food by an organism is called Ingestion. ② Digestion : The process in which food containing large , insoluble molecules is broken down into small , water soluble molecules. ③ Absorption : The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into blood stream is called Absorption. ④ Assimilation : The process in which the absorbed food is taken in by body cells and used for energy , growth and repair is called Assimilation. ⑤ Egestion (Excretion) : The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body is called Egestion. D Digestion begins in the mouth itself. 9) Mouth → Digestion begins in the mouth itself. - The saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that breaks down starch which is a complex molecule into sugars like maltose. 2) Buccal or Oral cavity It → extend from mouth to pharynx lies between two upper (fixed) and jaws ,  and lower ( movable). - It contains teeth also. Teeth in help chewing and grinding the - food. - Starch gets converted to simple sugary maltose. - The movement of tongue turns food into mass of a substance called BOLUS. 3) Oesophagus → No digestion of food takes place here. - Peristaltic movement helps to pass the food down. 4) Stomach → The muscular walls of the stomach help in mixing the food thoroughly with digestive more juices. - These digestion functions are taken care by the gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach. Gastric Glands Gastric Glands HCl secretes gastric juice which consists of , mucus and pepsinogen. a) Function of HCl : a) Converts inactive pepsinogen into active pepsin. 2) kills the germs. b) Function of Mucus : → Protects the inner lining of stomach. c) Function of Pepsin : Breaks down proteins into → peptides. - Pepsin is a major enzyme of gastric juice which functions in acidic medium. - It hydrolyses proteins into soluble frongment called peptones and proteases - The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a spindlier muscle which releases it in small amounts into the small intestine. SMALL INTESTINE This is the longest part of the alimentary canal which is fitted into because a compact space of extensive coiling. Site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates proteins fats , and. The food coming from the stomach is acidic and has to be made alkaline for the pancreatic enzymes to act. * The two main functions are : 9) Emulsification of fats by Bile Juice which is secreted by liver. 2) Pancreatic juice secreted by pancreas contains trypsin and lipase. Lipase : Breaks down emulsified fats. Trypsin : Helps to digest protein. The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secrete intestinal juice. The present in it finally convert the proteins to amino acids, enzymes complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol. → Following conversions take place in short : Carbohydrates - Glucose fats - fatty acids + glycerol Protein - Amino acids After that the , inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger like projections - called villi which increase the surface are for absorption. The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body , where it is utilised for obtaining energy , building up new tissues and the repair old tissues of.