Blood Groups PDF

Determination of Blood Groups Introduction 2 BLOOD GROUPS Some glycoprotein molecules in the membrane structure of erythrocytes give erythrocytes antigenic properties. These molecules that give erythrocytes antigenic properties are called agglutinogens. These...

Determination of Blood Groups Introduction 2 BLOOD GROUPS Some glycoprotein molecules in the membrane structure of erythrocytes give erythrocytes antigenic properties. These molecules that give erythrocytes antigenic properties are called agglutinogens. These agglutinogens are taken as basis when classifying people according to their blood. Although there are many agglutinogens in erythrocyte membranes, people are grouped according to their blood, based on two agglutinogens, A and B. In the classification based on A and B agglutinogens, people are gathered under 4 groups in terms of their blood. If a person has A agglutinogens in their erythrocytes, they are group A, if they have B agglutinogens, they are group B, if they contain both agglutinogens, they are group AB, if they do not have these two agglutinogens they are group 0.  Antibodies that can react with antigenic A and B agglutinogens are naturally found in the blood plasma. These antibodies in the blood plasma are called agglutinins. The agglutinin of A agglutinogen is Anti- A, and that of B agglutinogen is Anti-B. If it encounters erythrocytes carrying the anti-A agglutinogen A agglutinogen, it suddenly binds many erythrocytes and causes agglutination of the erythrocytes and then hemolysis. In other words, this type of reaction causes erythrocyte destruction and loss. According to the general rule, a person has agglutinin in his plasma, against the antigen that he does not carry in his erythrocytes. Under this rule; While there is no agglutinine in the plasma of the person carrying A agglutinogen in their erythrocytes, anti-B agglutinogens in the person carrying both anti- A, A and B agglutinogens, there are both anti-A and anti-B agglutinins in the plasma of the 0 group of people who lack both agglutinogens. Group 0, which does not carry A and B agglutinogens, is defined as the general donor blood group and can give blood to other groups in limited quantities and under controlled conditions, but only receives blood from its own group. AB group, on the other hand, cannot give blood to any group because it carries both agglutinogens, but it can take blood from all groups, if it is limited. For this reason, the AB group is called the general buyer. Inaddition to the A and B system in blood groups, another antigenic structure found in the erythrocyte membranes is Rh factor. Ifa person carries the Rh antigen in their red blood cells, it is Rh (+), if not, it is Rh (-). 80% of people are Rh (+). The most important difference of Rh antigen from A and B is that it has no natural antibody. Antibody formation against the Rh antigen; A person who does not carry the Rh antigen (Rh-), the blood of a person carrying the Rh antigen (Rh +) on their erythrocytes is seen in the recipient's blood after a while.  Blood types are very important in blood transfusions. When blood transfusions are made from unsuitable groups, hemolytic transfusion reactions occur with hemolysis of erythrocytes. The most important point to be considered in blood transfusions is agglutinogens in the blood of the donor. A reaction occurs if the recipient's blood contains agglutinins against agglutinogens in the donor's erythrocytes. For example, if group B blood is given to a person in group A, agglutination and hemolysis develops as a result of the reaction between the B agglutinogen in the donor's erythrocytes and the anti-B agglutinin in the recipient's plasma. Depending on the severity of hemolysis, jaundice may be observed.  Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) Itis a clinical picture that develops in children due to the incompatibility of mother and father's blood groups in terms of Rh antigen. When the babies of a Rh (-) mother and a Rh (+) father in the mother's womb receive the Rh (+) character from the father, Rh antigens are passed from the baby to the mother during the last months of pregnancy, especially during delivery. After a while after the passage of Rh antigens, the mother's immune system starts to produce anti-Rh antibodies and these antibodies formed in the mother can remain in the circulation for two or three years. Afterthe mother becomes pregnant with a second Rh (+) baby, antibodies begin to pass to the baby through the circulation.  With the passage of baby's antibodies, the erythrocytes are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis. As a result, the baby either dies while in the mother's womb or is born anemic and jaundiced. Jaundice is caused by increased bilirubin levels. Increasing bilirubin level in babies is very important because it can easily pass into the brain tissue. Bilirubin can accumulate in the brain tissue and cause irreversible damage. The mother's conceiving of a Rh (-) baby does not cause the problems described above.  Today, there are drugs to prevent this condition that can develop due to Rh incompatibility. These drugs are administered to the mother who gave birth to her first Rh (+) baby within the first 72 hours after birth. The drug removes the Rh antigens that pass to the mother from the circulation without making antibodies.  Pulse-Blood Pressure Introduction 2  Pulse It’s the feeling of pressure exerted by the heartbeats on the arteries from certain parts of the body. 3  TENSION: The pressure exerted by the blood on the artery walls with each beat of the heart. Measuring blood pressure provides information about the state of a person's cardiovascular system. When measuring blood pressure, 2 blood pressure values are checked. Systolic blood pressure, the top number, measures the force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries each time it beats. Diastolic blood pressure, the bottom number, measures the force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries in between beats. Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE Sphygmomanometer is used for measurement.  Calculation -The stethoscope is placed at the point where the brachial pulse is best taken (it should not be pressed too hard; it should not touch the cuff). - The cuff is inflated to 30 mmHg above the systolic pressure. -The pressure is reduced by 2-3 mmHg per second (2 mmHg per stroke). -The first point where the striking sounds are heard is systolic; The point at which repetitive sounds disappear corresponds to the diastolic pressure.  Seslerin oluşum mekanizması - The sounds are caused by the turbulent flow in the brachial artery. Laminar flow is quiet, turbulent flow is noisy. Pressure in the cuff in the brachial artery When it rises above systolic pressure, blood flow stops from the brachial artery When reduced to systolic pressure, each ventricle creates sound as blood passes through the brachial artery synchronized with its systole. When it falls below the diastolic pressure, there is no stenosis in the brachial artery and the sounds disappear. *** Arterial pressure is expressed as systolic / diastolic pressure. 120/75 mmHg.