Blood Anatomy and Functions PDF

# Blood Blood is a blood tissue, characterized by a bright red or intense scarlet color when all its functions are working properly. ## Function - Transport oxygen and chemical substances. - Transports waste substances to the organs responsible for eliminating them. ## Composition ### Cells: -...

# Blood Blood is a blood tissue, characterized by a bright red or intense scarlet color when all its functions are working properly. ## Function - Transport oxygen and chemical substances. - Transports waste substances to the organs responsible for eliminating them. ## Composition ### Cells: - White blood cells or leukocytes. - Red blood cells or erythrocytes. - Platelets or thrombocytes ### Plasma: - Is a yellowish liquid where the cells are suspended. - Composed of 90% water, proteins, fats, glucose, urea, and uric acid, among others. ## Blood Cells ### Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes - Responsible for transporting oxygen to all parts of the body. - They do this by means of hemoglobin. ### White Blood Cells or Leukocytes - Responsible for protecting the organism from infections. - Different types of white blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. # Blood Groups in Humans ### Antigens: - Defensive substances responsible for protecting the living being from any external invasion. ### Antibodies: - Natural factors that attack germs and produce antigens. ### Red Blood Cell Antigens and their Antibodies - Antigen A, Antigen B, Antigen AB, none. | Blood Group | Antigen | Antibody | |---|---|---| | A | A | Anti B | | B | B | Anti A | | AB | A and B | None | | O | None | Anti A and Anti B | ### Universal Donor: - Antigen O ### Universal Receiver: - Antigen AB # Lymph - Fluid similar to blood, which collects proteins that escape from the capillaries. # Properties of White Blood Cells or Leukocytes - **Phagocytosis:** Destroy bacteria or other foreign organisms from the body. - **Movement** They release substances to move from one place to another and engulf the enemy. - **Detection** They can detect the attack of enemies by chemical substances, which allows them to reach them. - **Passage** Capable of leaving the blood capillaries to reach the rest of the organism. ## Hemoglobin: - A red pigment that combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. ## Types of white blood cells - **Neutrophils:** Attack and engulf microbes. - **Lymphocytes:** Produce antibodies and act as specific microbes, preventing the spread of infections. - **Eosinophils:** Destroy foreign substances and defend against parasitic infections. - **Basophils:** Regulate certain immune and allergic responses. - **Monocytes:** Fight specific infections and help the leukocytes eliminate dead or damaged tissues. ## Phagocytosis - Leukocytes destroy microorganisms that cause diseases by devouring them. ## Serum - Plasma extracted from the body and therefore without fibrinogen (protein involved in clotting). ## Hematology: - Specialty related to the study of blood and the tissues that form it. # Blood Disorders ## Anemia - **Symptoms:** - Fatigue - Drowsiness - Palpitations - Difficulty breathing - Dizziness - Headache - Nausea - Vomiting - Anorexia - Vertigo - Intolerance to the cold - Lack of appetite ### Types of Anemia: - **Iron Deficiency Anemia:** Due to a lack of iron, vitamin B12, or folate, which are essential for the formation of red blood cells. - **Sickle Cell Anemia:** A genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to be shaped like a sickle, making it difficult for them to carry oxygen. ## Leukemia - **Causes:** - **Transformation of leukocytes into cancerous cells.** - **Red blood cells are produced in large quantities.** ### Types of Leukemia: - **Lymphoid Leukemia:** - **Acute Lymphoid Leukemia:** Common in children. - **Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia:** Common in adults and is often asymptomatic in the early stages. - **Myeloid Leukemia:** - **Acute Myeloid Leukemia:** Common in adults. - **Chronic Myeloid Leukemia:** Common in adults and often asymptomatic in the early stages. ## Myeloid - **Causes:** - Uncontrolled multiplication of myeloid cells, filling the bone marrow and interfering with the production of other blood cells. - **Symptoms:** - Decreased defense against infections - Increased tendency to bleeding, bruising, and anemia. ### Types of Myeloid: - **Acute Myeloid Leukemia:** More common in adults. - **Chronic Myeloid Leukemia:** Common in adults and often asymptomatic in the early stages.