Blood Group Determination
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Blood Group Determination

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Questions and Answers

What happens when Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father's baby receives Rh (+) character from the father in the womb?

  • The mother's immune system becomes Rh (+) permanently.
  • Rh antigens are passed from the baby to the mother during the last months of pregnancy, especially during delivery. (correct)
  • The mother's immune system starts to produce anti-Rh antibodies immediately.
  • The baby's erythrocytes are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis.

    • How long can anti-Rh antibodies remain in the mother's circulation?

  • Two or three years (correct)
  • A few days
  • A few months
  • A few weeks

    • What happens to the erythrocytes of the second Rh (+) baby?

  • They increase in number
  • They become resistant to hemolysis
  • They mutate to Rh (-)
  • They are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis (correct)

    • Why is increased bilirubin level in babies a concern?

    <p>It can easily pass into the brain tissue and cause irreversible damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are drugs administered to prevent Rh incompatibility?

    <p>Within the first 72 hours after birth of the first Rh (+) baby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pulse?

    <p>The pressure exerted by the heartbeats on the arteries from certain parts of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tension in the context of blood pressure?

    <p>The pressure exerted by the blood on the artery walls with each beat of the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does systolic blood pressure measure?

    <p>The force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries each time it beats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is the correct definition of diastolic blood pressure?

    <p>The force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries in between beats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What instrument is used for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure?

    <p>Sphygmomanometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the cuff inflated during the blood pressure measurement?

    <p>To 30 mmHg above the systolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement?

    <p>The sound of turbulent blood flow in the brachial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the blood flow in the brachial artery when the cuff pressure is reduced to systolic pressure?

    <p>Blood flow resumes, but it is turbulent and noisy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the disappearance of the sounds during blood pressure measurement indicate?

    <p>The cuff pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general donor blood group that can give blood to other groups?

    <p>O group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group can receive blood from all other groups?

    <p>AB group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rh factor's distinction compared to A and B agglutinogens?

    <p>It has no natural antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of incompatible blood transfusions?

    <p>Hemolytic transfusion reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a person with blood group A receives blood from a group B donor?

    <p>Agglutination and hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people are Rh positive?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical condition can arise due to incompatibility of blood groups in terms of Rh antigen during pregnancy?

    <p>Erythroblastosis fetalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when Rh- individuals receive Rh+ blood?

    <p>Antibody formation against the Rh antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?

    <p>Group AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group B?

    <p>Anti-A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why agglutinogens are crucial in blood grouping?

    <p>They provide antigenic properties to erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when Anti-A agglutinin encounters erythrocytes carrying the A agglutinogen?

    <p>The erythrocytes clump together and undergo hemolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood group lacks both A and B agglutinogens?

    <p>Group 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general rule regarding the presence of agglutinins in the plasma?

    <p>A person has agglutinins against the antigen they do not carry in their erythrocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group AB?

    <p>No antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific term for the antibodies found in blood plasma that react with the A and B agglutinogens?

    <p>Agglutinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Determination of Blood Groups

    • Glycoprotein molecules in erythrocyte membranes give them antigenic properties, classified into A and B agglutinogens.
    • People are grouped according to their blood based on the presence of A and/or B agglutinogens: A, B, AB, and 0.
    • Antibodies that can react with antigenic A and B agglutinogens are naturally found in blood plasma, called agglutinins (Anti-A and Anti-B).
    • A person has agglutinin in their plasma against the antigen they do not carry in their erythrocytes.
    • Group 0, lacking A and B agglutinogens, is the general donor blood group, but can only receive blood from its own group.
    • AB group, carrying both agglutinogens, is the general receiver, can take blood from all groups, but only in limited quantities and under controlled conditions.

    Rh Factor

    • Rh factor is another antigenic structure found in erythrocyte membranes.
    • If a person carries the Rh antigen, they are Rh (+), if not, they are Rh (-), with 80% of people being Rh (+).
    • The Rh antigen has no natural antibody, and antibody formation occurs when an Rh (-) person receives blood from an Rh (+) person.
    • Rh factor is important in blood transfusions, as incompatibility can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions.

    Blood Transfusions

    • Blood types are crucial in blood transfusions to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions.
    • A reaction occurs when the recipient's blood contains agglutinins against agglutinogens in the donor's erythrocytes.
    • Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) occurs when an Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father have a baby, and the mother's immune system produces anti-Rh antibodies.

    Pulse and Blood Pressure

    • Pulse is the feeling of pressure exerted by heartbeats on arteries from certain parts of the body.
    • Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on artery walls with each heartbeat.
    • Systolic blood pressure measures the force the heart exerts on artery walls with each beat, while diastolic blood pressure measures the force between beats.
    • Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure.
    • Indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure is done using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
    • The mechanism of sounds during measurement is caused by turbulent flow in the brachial artery, with laminar flow being quiet and turbulent flow being noisy.
    • Arterial pressure is expressed as systolic / diastolic pressure, e.g., 120/75 mmHg.

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    Blood Groups PDF

    Description

    Learn about the classification of blood groups based on agglutinogens in erythrocyte membranes. Understand the basis of blood grouping and its importance.

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