Blood Group Determination

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Questions and Answers

What happens when Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father's baby receives Rh (+) character from the father in the womb?

The mother's immune system becomes Rh (+) permanently.

Rh antigens are passed from the baby to the mother during the last months of pregnancy, especially during delivery. (correct)

The mother's immune system starts to produce anti-Rh antibodies immediately.

The baby's erythrocytes are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis.

How long can anti-Rh antibodies remain in the mother's circulation?

Two or three years (correct)

A few days

A few months

A few weeks

What happens to the erythrocytes of the second Rh (+) baby?

They increase in number

They become resistant to hemolysis

They mutate to Rh (-)

They are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis (correct)

Why is increased bilirubin level in babies a concern?

It can easily pass into the brain tissue and cause irreversible damage Signup and view all the answers

When are drugs administered to prevent Rh incompatibility?

Within the first 72 hours after birth of the first Rh (+) baby Signup and view all the answers

What is pulse?

The pressure exerted by the heartbeats on the arteries from certain parts of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is tension in the context of blood pressure?

The pressure exerted by the blood on the artery walls with each beat of the heart Signup and view all the answers

What does systolic blood pressure measure?

The force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries each time it beats Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the correct definition of diastolic blood pressure?

The force your heart exerts on the walls of your arteries in between beats. Signup and view all the answers

What instrument is used for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure?

Sphygmomanometer Signup and view all the answers

How is the cuff inflated during the blood pressure measurement?

To 30 mmHg above the systolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement?

The sound of turbulent blood flow in the brachial artery Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the blood flow in the brachial artery when the cuff pressure is reduced to systolic pressure?

Blood flow resumes, but it is turbulent and noisy Signup and view all the answers

What does the disappearance of the sounds during blood pressure measurement indicate?

The cuff pressure is equal to the diastolic pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the general donor blood group that can give blood to other groups?

O group Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group can receive blood from all other groups?

AB group Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rh factor's distinction compared to A and B agglutinogens?

It has no natural antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of incompatible blood transfusions?

Hemolytic transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a person with blood group A receives blood from a group B donor?

Agglutination and hemolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people are Rh positive?

80% Signup and view all the answers

What clinical condition can arise due to incompatibility of blood groups in terms of Rh antigen during pregnancy?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What happens when Rh- individuals receive Rh+ blood?

Antibody formation against the Rh antigen Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?

Group AB Signup and view all the answers

What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group B?

Anti-A Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why agglutinogens are crucial in blood grouping?

They provide antigenic properties to erythrocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when Anti-A agglutinin encounters erythrocytes carrying the A agglutinogen?

The erythrocytes clump together and undergo hemolysis. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood group lacks both A and B agglutinogens?

Group 0 Signup and view all the answers

What is the general rule regarding the presence of agglutinins in the plasma?

A person has agglutinins against the antigen they do not carry in their erythrocytes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group AB?

No antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific term for the antibodies found in blood plasma that react with the A and B agglutinogens?

Agglutinins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Determination of Blood Groups

Glycoprotein molecules in erythrocyte membranes give them antigenic properties, classified into A and B agglutinogens.
People are grouped according to their blood based on the presence of A and/or B agglutinogens: A, B, AB, and 0.
Antibodies that can react with antigenic A and B agglutinogens are naturally found in blood plasma, called agglutinins (Anti-A and Anti-B).
A person has agglutinin in their plasma against the antigen they do not carry in their erythrocytes.
Group 0, lacking A and B agglutinogens, is the general donor blood group, but can only receive blood from its own group.
AB group, carrying both agglutinogens, is the general receiver, can take blood from all groups, but only in limited quantities and under controlled conditions.

Rh Factor

Rh factor is another antigenic structure found in erythrocyte membranes.
If a person carries the Rh antigen, they are Rh (+), if not, they are Rh (-), with 80% of people being Rh (+).
The Rh antigen has no natural antibody, and antibody formation occurs when an Rh (-) person receives blood from an Rh (+) person.
Rh factor is important in blood transfusions, as incompatibility can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Blood Transfusions

Blood types are crucial in blood transfusions to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions.
A reaction occurs when the recipient's blood contains agglutinins against agglutinogens in the donor's erythrocytes.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) occurs when an Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father have a baby, and the mother's immune system produces anti-Rh antibodies.

Pulse and Blood Pressure

Pulse is the feeling of pressure exerted by heartbeats on arteries from certain parts of the body.
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on artery walls with each heartbeat.
Systolic blood pressure measures the force the heart exerts on artery walls with each beat, while diastolic blood pressure measures the force between beats.
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure.
Indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure is done using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
The mechanism of sounds during measurement is caused by turbulent flow in the brachial artery, with laminar flow being quiet and turbulent flow being noisy.
Arterial pressure is expressed as systolic / diastolic pressure, e.g., 120/75 mmHg.

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Description

Learn about the classification of blood groups based on agglutinogens in erythrocyte membranes. Understand the basis of blood grouping and its importance.