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Questions and Answers
What happens when Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father's baby receives Rh (+) character from the father in the womb?
What happens when Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father's baby receives Rh (+) character from the father in the womb?
- The mother's immune system becomes Rh (+) permanently.
- Rh antigens are passed from the baby to the mother during the last months of pregnancy, especially during delivery. (correct)
- The mother's immune system starts to produce anti-Rh antibodies immediately.
- The baby's erythrocytes are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis.
How long can anti-Rh antibodies remain in the mother's circulation?
How long can anti-Rh antibodies remain in the mother's circulation?
- Two or three years (correct)
- A few days
- A few months
- A few weeks
What happens to the erythrocytes of the second Rh (+) baby?
What happens to the erythrocytes of the second Rh (+) baby?
- They increase in number
- They become resistant to hemolysis
- They mutate to Rh (-)
- They are constantly destroyed as a result of hemolysis (correct)
Why is increased bilirubin level in babies a concern?
Why is increased bilirubin level in babies a concern?
When are drugs administered to prevent Rh incompatibility?
When are drugs administered to prevent Rh incompatibility?
What is pulse?
What is pulse?
What is tension in the context of blood pressure?
What is tension in the context of blood pressure?
What does systolic blood pressure measure?
What does systolic blood pressure measure?
Which of these is the correct definition of diastolic blood pressure?
Which of these is the correct definition of diastolic blood pressure?
What instrument is used for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure?
What instrument is used for indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure?
How is the cuff inflated during the blood pressure measurement?
How is the cuff inflated during the blood pressure measurement?
What is the mechanism behind the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement?
What is the mechanism behind the sounds heard during blood pressure measurement?
What happens to the blood flow in the brachial artery when the cuff pressure is reduced to systolic pressure?
What happens to the blood flow in the brachial artery when the cuff pressure is reduced to systolic pressure?
What does the disappearance of the sounds during blood pressure measurement indicate?
What does the disappearance of the sounds during blood pressure measurement indicate?
What is the general donor blood group that can give blood to other groups?
What is the general donor blood group that can give blood to other groups?
Which blood group can receive blood from all other groups?
Which blood group can receive blood from all other groups?
What is the Rh factor's distinction compared to A and B agglutinogens?
What is the Rh factor's distinction compared to A and B agglutinogens?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of incompatible blood transfusions?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of incompatible blood transfusions?
What occurs when a person with blood group A receives blood from a group B donor?
What occurs when a person with blood group A receives blood from a group B donor?
What percentage of people are Rh positive?
What percentage of people are Rh positive?
What clinical condition can arise due to incompatibility of blood groups in terms of Rh antigen during pregnancy?
What clinical condition can arise due to incompatibility of blood groups in terms of Rh antigen during pregnancy?
What happens when Rh- individuals receive Rh+ blood?
What happens when Rh- individuals receive Rh+ blood?
Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?
Which blood group contains both A and B agglutinogens?
What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group B?
What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group B?
What is the main reason why agglutinogens are crucial in blood grouping?
What is the main reason why agglutinogens are crucial in blood grouping?
What happens when Anti-A agglutinin encounters erythrocytes carrying the A agglutinogen?
What happens when Anti-A agglutinin encounters erythrocytes carrying the A agglutinogen?
Which blood group lacks both A and B agglutinogens?
Which blood group lacks both A and B agglutinogens?
What is the general rule regarding the presence of agglutinins in the plasma?
What is the general rule regarding the presence of agglutinins in the plasma?
What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group AB?
What are the antibodies present in the plasma of a person with blood group AB?
What is the scientific term for the antibodies found in blood plasma that react with the A and B agglutinogens?
What is the scientific term for the antibodies found in blood plasma that react with the A and B agglutinogens?
Flashcards
Agglutinogens
Agglutinogens
Glycoproteins found on the surface of red blood cells (erythrocytes) that determine blood type.
ABO Blood Group System
ABO Blood Group System
A blood group system that categorizes individuals based on the presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens on red blood cells.
Agglutinins
Agglutinins
Antibodies found in blood plasma that react with specific agglutinogens on red blood cells.
Blood Type AB
Blood Type AB
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Blood Type O
Blood Type O
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Rh Factor
Rh Factor
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Rh Positive (Rh+)
Rh Positive (Rh+)
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Rh Negative (Rh-)
Rh Negative (Rh-)
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Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
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Pulse
Pulse
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Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
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Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
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Hypertension
Hypertension
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Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
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Korotkoff Sounds
Korotkoff Sounds
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Laminar Flow
Laminar Flow
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Turbulent Flow
Turbulent Flow
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mmHg (Millimeters of Mercury)
mmHg (Millimeters of Mercury)
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Universal Donor
Universal Donor
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Universal Recipient
Universal Recipient
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Blood Type Incompatibility
Blood Type Incompatibility
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Blood Transfusion
Blood Transfusion
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Rh Incompatibility
Rh Incompatibility
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Antibody Formation
Antibody Formation
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Anemia
Anemia
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Antigen
Antigen
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Antibody
Antibody
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Study Notes
Determination of Blood Groups
- Glycoprotein molecules in erythrocyte membranes give them antigenic properties, classified into A and B agglutinogens.
- People are grouped according to their blood based on the presence of A and/or B agglutinogens: A, B, AB, and 0.
- Antibodies that can react with antigenic A and B agglutinogens are naturally found in blood plasma, called agglutinins (Anti-A and Anti-B).
- A person has agglutinin in their plasma against the antigen they do not carry in their erythrocytes.
- Group 0, lacking A and B agglutinogens, is the general donor blood group, but can only receive blood from its own group.
- AB group, carrying both agglutinogens, is the general receiver, can take blood from all groups, but only in limited quantities and under controlled conditions.
Rh Factor
- Rh factor is another antigenic structure found in erythrocyte membranes.
- If a person carries the Rh antigen, they are Rh (+), if not, they are Rh (-), with 80% of people being Rh (+).
- The Rh antigen has no natural antibody, and antibody formation occurs when an Rh (-) person receives blood from an Rh (+) person.
- Rh factor is important in blood transfusions, as incompatibility can cause hemolytic transfusion reactions.
Blood Transfusions
- Blood types are crucial in blood transfusions to prevent hemolytic transfusion reactions.
- A reaction occurs when the recipient's blood contains agglutinins against agglutinogens in the donor's erythrocytes.
- Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis) occurs when an Rh (-) mother and Rh (+) father have a baby, and the mother's immune system produces anti-Rh antibodies.
Pulse and Blood Pressure
- Pulse is the feeling of pressure exerted by heartbeats on arteries from certain parts of the body.
- Blood pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood on artery walls with each heartbeat.
- Systolic blood pressure measures the force the heart exerts on artery walls with each beat, while diastolic blood pressure measures the force between beats.
- Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure.
- Indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure is done using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.
- The mechanism of sounds during measurement is caused by turbulent flow in the brachial artery, with laminar flow being quiet and turbulent flow being noisy.
- Arterial pressure is expressed as systolic / diastolic pressure, e.g., 120/75 mmHg.
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Description
Learn about the classification of blood groups based on agglutinogens in erythrocyte membranes. Understand the basis of blood grouping and its importance.
