NCMA 216 Pharmacology Module 1 PDF

PRELIMS: NCMA 216 (PHARMACOLOGY) Characterized by their: DRUG NAMES - MODULE #1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN Structure, targets, and mechanisms of GENERIC NAME - given before a drug PHARMACOLOGY | VENJULLIAN....

PRELIMS: NCMA 216 (PHARMACOLOGY) Characterized by their: DRUG NAMES - MODULE #1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN Structure, targets, and mechanisms of GENERIC NAME - given before a drug PHARMACOLOGY | VENJULLIAN. action. becomes officially an approved medication; Distribution in and handling by the body generally used throughout the drug's use HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY. Effects on the body, including desirable CHEMICAL NAME - is the name by which a 1. Babylonians responses (efficacy) and undesirable side- chemist knows it; this name describes the — Earliest surviving "prescriptions" on clay effects (toxicity) constituents of the drug precisely. tablets in 3000 B.C. TRADE/BRAND NAME - is the name given by PHARMACY - is the art of preparing, the drug manufacturer; usually selected to be 2. Chinese compounding, and dispensing drugs. short and easy to remember — Recorded the Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) - a PHARMACIST - a person licensed to prepare 40-volume compendium of plant remedies dating and dispense drugs and make up prescriptions to 2700 B.C. CLINICAL PHARMACIST - is a specialist who often guides the physician in prescribing 3. Egyptians drugs. — Archives of remedies on a document known as Erb's Papyrus in 1500 B.C. DRUGS -are chemicals that alter physiochemical — Pharmacologia sen Manuductio and Materia processes in body cells. Medicum- first recorded reference to the word — They can stimulate or inhibit normal cellular EFFECTS OF DRUGS pharmacology functions. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT - also referred to as — Used interchangeably with medicines. the desired effect, is the primary effect intended, 4. Early 1800s MEDICATION- is a substance administered for that is the reason the drug is prescribed — Chemists isolates specific substances from the diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of complex mixtures symptoms or for prevention of disease. SIDE EFFECT - secondary effect, unintended, — Pharmacologists then study their effects in PRESCRIPTION- written direction for the usually predictable and maybe either harmless or animals preparation and administration of drugs. potentially harmful — Fredrich Serturner - first isolated morphine from opium, injected himself and three other PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS ADVERSE EFFECTS/REACTIONS - more friends with huge doses (100mg) Nurses deal with Pharmacotherapeutics, or severe side effects; may justify discontinuation of Clinical Pharmacology a drug BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY — the branch of pharmacology that uses drugs to PHARMACOLOGY – the study of drugs and treat, prevent, and diagnose disease. DRUG TOXICITY - deleterious effect of a its origin, chemical structure, preparation, drugs on an organism or tissues: result from administration, action, metabolism and excretion. Clinical pharmacology addresses two key overdose; — The study of drugs that alter functions concerns: — buildup of the drug in the blood because of (substances that produce changes in the body) of 1. the drug's effects on the body impaired metabolism or excretion. living organisms. 2. the body's response to the drug. DRUG ALLERGY- an immunologic reaction to BRANCHES OF PHARMACOLOGY Toxicology - the branch of science concerned a drug Pharmacology can be studied at multiple ways: with the nature, effects, anddetection of — A severe allergic reaction usually occurs - Clinical pharmacology is the study of drugs poisons.the measurement and analysis of immediately after administration of the drugs is in human patients potential toxins,intoxicating or banned called Anaphylactic Reaction. - Toxicology is the study of harmful rather than substances, and prescription medications present therapeutic effects in a person’s body DRUG TOLERANCE- exists in a person who - Pharmacy involves manufacture, preparation, has unusually low physiologic response to a drug and dispensing of drugs SOURCES OF DRUGS. and who requires increases in the dosage to 1. NATURAL SOURCES maintain a given therapeutic effect. Pharmacodynamics - pharmaco means Plants - used as medicines since prehistoric "medicine" dynamic means "change". times; source of chemicals that are developed CUMULATIVE EFFECT- is the increasing Refers to how a medicine changes the into drugs response into repeated doses of a drug that occurs body, the branch of pharmacology morphine (Opium), colchicine (autumn when the rate of administration exceeds concerned with mechanisms of drug crocus) Cocaine (cocoa leaves) action and the relationships between drug Animals or Biologic - are agents naturally IDIOSYNCRATIC EFFECT - is one that is concentration and responses in the body. produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or unexpected and may be individual to a client; by the body itself. cause unpredictable and unexplainable symptoms Pharmacokinetics - pharmaco means hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural in a particular client. "medicine", kinetic means "movement or blood products, antibiotics, and vaccines. motion". DRUG INTERACTION The study of drug movement throughout 2. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS - Lithium DRUG INTERACTION - occurs when the the body. How the body deals with carbonate and Cisplatin administration of one drug before, at the same medications. time as, or after another drug alters the effect of 3. SYNTHETIC - Ecstasy or Molly - stimulants one or both drugs. Pharmacognosy - the branch of knowledge that mimic the effect of cocaine — may be beneficial or harmful. concerned with medicinal drugs obtained from plants or other natural resources DRUG EVALUATION (CLINICAL TRIALS) INHIBITING EFFECT - decreasing the effect 1. PRECLINICAL TRIALS - involve testing of of drug Pharmacotherapeutics - the study of the potential drugs on laboratory animals to POTENTIATING EFFECT - increasing the therapeutic uses and effects of drugs.Beneficial determine their therapeutic and adverse effects. effect of drug and adverse effects of drugs. — tests efficacy and toxicity, at different doses, it ADDITIVE EFFECT - when two of the same predicts whether the drug will cause harm to types of drug increase the action of each other Pharmacovigilance - the practice of monitoring humans. SYNERGISTIC EFFECT - occurs when two the effects of medical drugs after they have been — do not always reflect the way a human different drugs increase the action of one or licensed for use especially in order to identify responds, testing may overestimate or another drug. and evaluate previously unreported adverse underestimate the actual risk to humans. reactions. Orphan Drug - are drugs that have been produce unacceptable side effects PROTOTYPE DRUGS discovered but are not financially viable and produce unexpected responses — Individual drugs that represent groups of therefore have not been "adopted" by any drug drugs are calledPrototypes company 5. PHASE IV — May be the first drugs of this group to be — may be useful in treating a rare disease, or — drugs approved for marketing by FDA developed (e.g., penicillin for antibiotics, they may have potentially dangerous adverse — continues evaluation morphine for opioid analgesics) effect — are often abandoned after preclinical trials or REGULATION OF DRUGS PREGNANCY CATEGORIES phase I studies. FDA regulates the development and sale of — Cat. A -studies in pregnant women failed to Criteria: drugs. show risk to the fetus lack therapeutic activity — Cat. B - animal studies have failed to show a too toxic Controlled Substances - drugs with abuse risk to the fetus but there are no adequate studies Teratogenic potential in women have a small margin of safety — Cat. C -animal studies have shown an adverse Generic Drugs - are drugs no longer protected effect on the fetus, no adequate human studies, 2. PHASE I STUDIES - test potential drugs on by patent and can be produced by companies benefits may outweigh risks healthy human subjects. other than the one that developed it. — Cat. D - positive evidence of human fetal risk — Cat. X - animal or human studies have shown 3. PHASE II STUDIES - test potential drugs on Over-the-counter (OTC) Drugs - are available total abnormalities or toxicity patients who have the disease the drugs are without a prescription and are deemed safe when designed to treat. used as directed. SOURCES OF DRUG INFORMATION — chemicals cleared for limited clinical studies — Drug Labels - identifies the brand and — some may not further proceed with the Orphan Drugs - are drugs that have been generic names for the drug, the drug dosage, the evaluation due to the following criteria discovered but are not financially viable and expiration date, and special drug warnings. less effective than expected therefore have not been "adopted" by any drug — Package Inserts - contains all of the chemical are too toxic company. and study information that led to the drug's produce unacceptable side effects — useful in treating a rare disease, or they may approval. have a low benefit-to-risk ratio have potentially dangerous adverse effects. — Nursing Drug Guide (NDG) - has drug are not as effective as available drugs monographs organized alphabetically and GROUPING OF DRUGS includes nursing implications and patient 4. PHASE III STUDIES - test drugs in the — Names may reflect the conditions for which teaching points. clinical setting to determine any unanticipated they are used (e.g. antidepressants) — Physician's Drug Reference (PDR) - is a effects or lack of effectiveness. — May reflect their chemical characteristics compilation of the package insert information — chemicals cleared for large-scale clinical (benzodiazepines) from drugs used in this country, along with some studies — May reflect the effects on body systems drug advertising — some chemicals may not advance further in (central nervous system depressants) the next phase due to the following criteria: TYPES OF DRUG PREPARATION — Paste - a preparation like an ointment, but TOPICAL MEDICATIONS — Aerosol spray of foam - a liquid, powder, or thicker and stiff, that penetrates the skin less than foam deposited in a thin layer on the skin by air an ointment. Transdermal Patch pressure. — Cream - a non-greasy, semi solid preparation — Site of placement is on trunk or lower — Aqueous solution - one or more drugs used on the skin. abdomen dissolved in water. — Liniment - a medication mixed with alcohol, — Areas that are: hairless — Aqueous suspension - one or more drugs oil, or soapy emollient and applied to the skin. — (+) hair (clip, do not shave) finely divided in a liquid such as water. — Transdermal patch - Sa semipermeable — Avoid: cuts, burns, abrasions, distal extremity — Elixir - a sweetened and aromatic solution of membrane shaped in the form of a disc patch that alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal agents. contains a drug to be absorbed through the skin OPHTHALMIC MEDICATIONS — Extract - a concentrated form of a drug made over a long period of time Preparation: from vegetables or animals. — Suppository - one several drugs mixed with a — Clean the eyelid and lashes from inner to outer — Syrup - an aqueous solution of sugar often firm base such as gelatin and shaped for insertion canthus used to disguise unpleasant tasting drugs. into the body; the base dissolves gradually at Instruction before administration — Caplet - a solid form, shaped like a capsule, body temperature, releasing the drug. — Look up coated and easily swallowed. — Capsule - a gelatinous container to hold a ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION. Where and How to Apply: drug in powder, liquid, or oil form. Liquid: — Tablet - a powdered drug compressed into a ORAL MEDICATION - Most common route — Instill correct number of drops hard small disc Contraindications: — Outer third of the lower conjunctival sac — Lozenge (troche) - a flat, round, or oval — Client is vomiting — Instruction after Instillation preparation that dissolves and releases a drug — Client with intestinal or gastric suction — Do PUNCTAL OCCLUSION for 30 seconds when held in the mouth. — Unconscious Client — Pill - one or more drugs mixed with a — Inability to Swallow Ointment: cohesive material, in oval, round, or flattened — Discard the first bead shapes. Tablet or Capsules — Squeeze 2 cm on the lower conjunctival sac — Powder - a finely ground drug or drugs; some — (+) difficulty in swallowing — Instruction after Instillation are used internally, others externally. — Crush and mix with small amount of water — CLOSE but not SQUEEZE the eyelid — Gel or jelly - a clear or translucent semi solid — Avoid Crushing Enteric Coated and Buccal that liquefies when applied to the skin. and Sublingual tablets OTIC MEDICATIONS — Lotion - a medication in a liquid suspension Preparation: applied to the skin. Liquid Medication — Clean the pinna and the meatus of the ear — Ointment (salve, unction) - a semisolid — Mix before pouring canal preparation of one or more drugs used for — Place medication cup on flat surface at eye — Warm the medication: application to the skin less than an ointment. level In between hands — Fill the cup with the desired level using the Place in warm water BOTTOM of the meniscus — Straighten The Auditory Canal: NURSING RESPONSIBILITIES — Keep drugs in their containers or Adult: (>3 y/o): Pull the Pinna The nurse is in a unique position regarding drug wrappersuntil at the patient's bedside UPWARD and BACKWARD therapy because nursing responsibilities include — Avoid touching pills or capsules Child: (