DDS PDF - Pharmacy

DDS [DUREMDES] Pharmacy ○ Provides information as the Concerned with the preparation and intended pharmacological action distribution of medical products and phar...

DDS [DUREMDES] Pharmacy ○ Provides information as the Concerned with the preparation and intended pharmacological action distribution of medical products and pharmaceutical use of drug Embracing: Usual Dose ○ natural and synthetic resources Usual Dose Range preparation, diagnosis or treatment Other Pharmacopoeias and Drug Standards of diseases ★ Homeopathic Pharmacopeia ○ Professional legal and economic ★ International Pharmacopoeia function of distributing medicinal Published by WHO of the UN products properly and safely ○ Important drug standards are Drug provided by means of specifications Agent intended for use in the diagnosis, set forth in individual mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of ○ New Drug and Antibiotic approved disease in humans or in animals by the FDA Dosage Forms ○ In US, provision of additional Are the means by which drug molecules are guidelines for drug quantity delivered to sites of action within the body measured by certain practitioners Drug Compendia and agencies (as adapted new Books of standards for drugs and devices monograph by the USP/NF) known as pharmacopeia and formularies Naming A drug United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Official Title Monographs of active drug substances ○ Non-proprietary or public name National Formulary (Generic) Pharmaceutical agents Drug Category USP Content ○ Indicate the therapeutic or Official title pharmaceutical basis for each ○ Chemical name, botanical name, drug’s recognition in the coined words from complex compendium chemical name Drugs are classified and Categorized according Synonyms to the ff: ○ Small letters below the official title A. Anatomical site of action Chemical formula B. Therapeutic activity or application Official definition C. Pharmacological MOA ○ Intended to preclude questions or D. Source of origin or the chemical and confusions that may arise as to the pharmacological properties of the Drug exact meaning of Purity rubric Mechanism of Drug Action (MOA) ○ Amount of pure substance in terms 1. Exerting physical action-topical applications of % 2. Reacting chemically outside of the body’s Official description cells ○ Follows the official definition of the 3. Modifying metabolic activity of the body’s cell substances Drugs modify the metabolism cells by: Solubility 1. Absorption on the cell membrane or surface Test for identity and Purity 2. Penetration of the cell membrane Assay Drug Dosage ○ Provides information determines Usual dose of a drug amount which may be the amount or quantitative expected to produce in adults, medicinal estimation of chemicals, drugs and effect for which it is indicated preparation necessary to fix their Usual Dosage Range value as medicinal agents Indicates the quantitative range or amount Packaging and Storage that may be prescribed ○ Specifies methods of packaging Factors influences proper dose of a drug and storage to restart/prevent 1. Age deterioration 2. Body weight Available Strength 3. Body surface Category 4. Sex/Gender 1  PRELIMS ○ Whether the disease is best treated 5. Pathologic State 6. Tolerance systemically or locally 7. Concomitant drug therapy ○ Assessment must be made whether 8. Time of administration the illness is best treated with 9. Dosage Form prompt, slow, short or long acting 10. Route of administration pharmaceuticals The Need for Dosage Forms ○ In a vast majority of instances, In addition to provide the mechanism for a manufacturers prepare a single safe and convenient accurate dosage, medical agent into several dosage dosage forms are needed for the ff: forms to partly satisfy the personel a. For the protection of a drug preference or physicians and partly substance from the destructive to meet the particular needs or influence of atmospheric oxygen for requirements of a certain situation moisture ○ Each drug has its own individual i. coated tablets, sealed characteristics relating to drug ampules absorption. Some may be well b. For the protection of the drug absorbed from a given route of substance from the destructive administration whereas others may influence of gastric acid after be poorly absorbed. administration ★ If the patient is unlikely to take oral i. Enteric coated tablets medications, a form suitable for c. To conceal the bitter, salty or parenteral administration may be obnoxious taste or odor developed i. Capsules, coated tablets, ★ If the patient is one that can be flavored syrups treated safely through d. To provide liquid preparations of self-administration of the drug, substances that are either insoluble manufacturers oblige by placing the or unstable in the desired vehicle drug in compact dosage units i. Suspension such as tablets or capsules or liquid e. To provide liquid dosage forms of dosage from substances soluble in the desired B. Age of the Patient vehicle ○ Kids don't know how to swallow i. Solutions chewable, flavored syrups and f. To provide extended drug action suspensions through controlled release ○ Colored and different shapes of mechanism tablets are very much needed for i. Controlled release tablets the elderly g. To provide for the insertion of a ○ The proper design of a dosage form drug into one of the body orifices requires consideration of physical, i. Rectal or vaginal chemical and biological suppositories characteristics of all the drug h. To provide optimal drug action from substances and pharmaceutical topical administration ingredients to be used in fabricating i. Ointments, creams the products i. Permits ease of identification of Drug and pharmaceutic materials must be drugs directly into the bloodstream compatible with one another i. Injections Stable Efficacious Why do we manufacture drugs? Attractive - Efficacious and convenient treatment of Easy to administer diseases safe Therapeutic Considerations in Dosage Form Pharmaceutical Ingredient Design In order to prepare a drug substance into a A. Nature of the disease or illness against final dosage form pharmaceutical ingredients which the drug is intended are required. ○ An essential consideration in For example: in pharmaceutical solutions deciding which dosage forms of a Solvents drug to prepare and market ○ dissolve drug substances Preservatives 2  PRELIMS ○ prevent microbial growth Agent intended for use in the diagnosis, Stabilizers mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of ○ enhance product appeal disease in humans or in animals Bases Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938 ○ applied ointments, creams and Astounding qualities diverse action and suppositories effect on the body Thus, for each dosage form, the pharmaceutical Treatment of common and rare conditions ingredients establish the primary features of a involving body organ, tissue, cell product, and contribute to the physical form, texture, Stimulate cardiac muscle, central nervous stability, taste and overall appearance system, gastrointestinal tract Selective in their action Derived from ○ Plant and animal sources New Formulation involves: ○ By products of microbial growth a. Collecting basic information on the physical ○ Through chemical synthesis and chemical characteristics of the drug to ○ Molecular modification be prepared into pharmaceutical forms ○ Biotechnology Preformulation work Things considered when a new drug ↓ substance is discovered: actual product formulation begins ○ Basic pharmacology (nature & ↓ MOA) and toxicologic feature manufacturing of the dosage form ○ Drugs site and rate of absorption The majority of drug substances used today ○ Pattern of distribution and occur as solid materials. communication within the body Most of them are chemical compounds of ○ Duration of action either crystalline or amorphous ○ Method and rate of elimination or constitution. excretion Liquid drugs poses interesting problems are ○ Route of administration (most used to a much lower extent effective route) Solid drug materials occur as: ○ Dosage recommendations Pure crystalline substance The only difference between a drug and a poison ○ identifiable shape is the DOSAGE Amorphous particles Mydriatic drugs ○ without definite structure (more Dilate the pupil and miotics constrict or soluble) diminish pupillary size Amorphous or crystalline character Emetic drugs ○ considerable importance to its case Induce vomiting of formulation and handling, chemical stability, biologic activity Dosage Forms Ex. 2 antibiotic substances Highly sophisticated delivery system Novobiocin and chloramphenicol palmitate Its design, development, production and use ○ inactive in crystalline form - rapid are the product of application of the GIT absorption pharmaceutical sciences through the blending of the basic, applied clinical Introduction to drugs and pharmacy (HISTORICAL sciences with pharmaceutical technology PERSPECTIVE) Active Therapeutic Ingredient Pharmaceutical Ingredients - excipients Pharmacy ○ Fillers A health profession duly concerned with the ○ Thickness preparation and distribution of medical ○ Solvents procedure ○ Suspending agents Professional legal and economic function of ○ Tablet coatings dispensing medical product properly and ○ Disintegrants safety ○ Penetration enhancers Embracing: ○ Stabilizing agents ○ Art and science of preparing ○ Antimicrobial preservatives natural and synthetic resources ○ Flavor materials for prevention ○ Colorants Drug ○ Sweetness 3  PRELIMS All components of a drug formulation must be - Introducing of scientific pharmacy & physically and chronically compatible medicine The pharmaceutical product must be properly - Descriptions of hundred drugs administered if the patient is to receive maximum - Father of Medicine benefit Dioscorides (1st Century AD) - Greek physician and botanist Pharmacist Responsibility - De Materia Medica (milestone in Procurement, storage, control and the development of pharmaceutical distribution of safe and effectively botany aid in the study of naturally pharmaceutical products occurring medicinal materials - Compounding and filling of prescription pharmacognosy) Advisor on drugs and encourage their safe Claudius Galen (130-200 AD) and proper use through patient counseling - Greek pharmacist-physician who formulated doctrines that were The Heritage of Pharmacy followed for 1500 years First apothecary - Galenic pharmacy - “Galen’s The belief that a drug had magical cerate”, a cold cream association meant that its action for good or Paracelsus (1493-1591 AD) for evil and did not depend upon its natural - Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus qualities alone von Hohenheim The knowledge of drugs and their application - Swiss physician and chemist to disease has always meant power - Influence transformation of Apothecary’s failure was due to: pharmacy from botanical science to ○ Impotent or inappropriate medicine one based on chemical science ○ Underdosage Early Research ○ Overdosage Swede Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742 - 1756) ○ Poisoning - Discoveries (lactic acid, citric acid, Success were attributed to: oxalic acid and arsenic acid) ○ Experience - Scientific glycerin, invented new ○ Mere coincidence of appropriate methods of preparing calomel and drug selection benzoic acid, discovered oxygen ○ Natural healing Friedrich Serturner (1783-1841) ○ Inconsequential effect of the drug - German pharmacist ○ Placebo effect (successful - Isolated morphine from opium treatment due to psychologic rather Joseph Caventou (1796-1877) & Joseph than therapeutic effect) Pelletier (1788-1842) Early Drugs - Isolated quinine & cinchonine from Ebers Papyrus cinchona, strychnine and brucine ○ Continues scroll 60 feet long from nux vomica ○ Dating to the 16th century Pierre Robiquet ○ Discovered by George Ebers - Separate codeine from opium (german egyptologist) Pelletier Robiquet ○ Contain 800 formulas or - Isolated caffeine prescription and 700 drugs United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 1820 ○ Vehicle used - Created to aid in establishing Honey standard Beer Wine Milk Egyptian commonly used in their compounding suppositories, gargles, pills, inhalations, troches, lotions, ointments, plasters, enemas - mortar and pestle - Hand mills - Sieves - Balances Scientific viewpoint Hippocrates (460-377 BC) - Greek physician 4