Orientation-part 1_Fall 2023-2024.pdf

Pharmacy Orientation Part I Pharmacy The word Pharmacy Derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon” means medicine or drug. Pharmacy orientation Means to be familiar with all aspects of pharmacy profession and pharmacy education. Pharmacy Is the art and science of preparing and dispensin...

Pharmacy Orientation Part I Pharmacy The word Pharmacy Derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon” means medicine or drug. Pharmacy orientation Means to be familiar with all aspects of pharmacy profession and pharmacy education. Pharmacy Is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medications and the provision of drug-related information to the public.  Pharmacy It involves: Interpretation of prescription orders Drug product selection and drug utilization reviews Patient monitoring and interventions Provision of information of medications and devices Pharmacists: Are those who are educated and licensed to dispense drugs and provide drug information. Pharmacist is the most accessible member of today’s health care team and often the first source of assistance and advice on many common health care matter.  Education and Career All faculties of pharmacy in Egypt, adopt a five years program (now plus 1) to get the Bachelor degree in pharmaceutical sciences (B.Sc.Pharm, now Pharm D or Pharm D-Clinical) The curriculum consists mainly of courses in: Pharmacognosy Organic chemistry Analytical chemistry Pharmaceutical chemistry Biochemistry Pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics Clinical pharmacy Microbiology Pharmacology and toxicology Complementary studies (Mathematics, Management courses, Pharmacy law)  Education and Career In addition to the bachelor degree, most faculties offer postgraduate education; Master degree PhD degree (doctor of philosophy in pharmaceutical sciences) Diploma in: Industrial pharmacy Hospital pharmacy Clinical pharmacy Quality control Cosmetics Medicinal plants Pharmacology Biochemistry Microbiology Organic synthesis  Drug A drug is a material that has a pharmacological effect. The material may be: Natural in origin (plant-animal-minerals) Synthetic drugs like aspirin Semi-synthetic like ampicillin Classification of drugs 1. Prescription drugs: Drugs prescribed by the physician 2. Nonprescription drugs: Over the counter drugs (OTC drugs) Drugs that can be dispensed to the patient without prescription  Drug Naming Chemical name The name indicating the chemical structure of the drug Generic name The name given to the compound during early investigation Official name The name given to the drug in the pharmacopoeia Brand name Trade name of the drug  Drug Naming Example: analgesic compound : O OH NH C CH3 ▪ Chemical name: N- acetyl- para- aminophenol ▪ Official name: B.P. 1998: paracetamol. USP XXII: acetaminophen. ▪ Brand name (Trade name): Panadol (GSK) Abimol (Glaxo), Paramol (Misr) Pyral (Kahira), Cetal (Eipico)  Department of Pharmacology Pharmacology It deals with: Properties and effects of drugs Interaction between a drug and the living system Pharmacodynamics: the mechanism of action of a drug Pharmacokinetics: liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug Toxicology It deals with poisoning effects of drugs and other agents  Department of Pharmaceutics Pharmaceutics The science dealing with: Physico-chemical characters of raw materials (preformulation) Formulation Quality control Quality assurance  Department of Pharmaceutics Industrial Pharmacy The science dealing with unit operation and unit process and regulations adopted in drug industry e.g. GMP , documentation, validation,…  Department of Pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics The science dealing with relationship between physicochemical properties of the drug dosage form, route of administration and bioavailability of the drug (its rate and extent of absorption).  Department of Pharmacy Practice Clinical Pharmacy is the science dealing with: 1. Drug therapy selection 2. Dosage calculation depending on pharmacokinetic parameters 3. Interpretation of laboratory tests and physical assessment used to evaluate: Drug response, adverse effects and primary patient care.  Department of Pharmacology Pharmacology It deals with: Properties and effects of drugs Interaction between a drug and the living system Pharmacodynamics: the mechanism of action of a drug Pharmacokinetics: liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of a drug Toxicology It deals with poisoning effects of drugs and other agents  Department of Pharmacology Pharmacognosy is the science that deals with: Cultivation Collection Transportation Quality control Preservation Of medicinal plants Phytochemistry: Chemistry of active ingredients Pharmacological action Clinical effectiveness Quality control of herbs and their products  Department of Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry is the science dealing with; the chemistry, structure and nomenclature of chemical compounds  Department of Analytical Chemistry Analytical chemistry; the science that deals with the analysis of: Analytical reagents Raw materials Drug products  Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Pharmaceutical chemistry; is the science dealing with analysis and synthesis of: Raw materials Agents used in drug industry Final products Department of Biochemistry Biochemistry; the science deals with: Chemistry and the biological importance of chemical agents found in diet or in the body.  Department of Microbiology Microbiology; the science that deals with; Microscopic or ultramicroscopic structure, actions of viable microorganisms as bacteria, virus, fungi and parasites Infections, sterilization, antimicrobials Immunology Public Health Science that deals with; All measures needed to protect the health of community, which extends to infection problems, pollution, wastes, etc Pharmacy Career Opportunities  Community Pharmacist Community pharmacists are the most accessible health professionals to public. They provide several important services including 1. Dispensing of prescribed drug products 2. Advice on the treatment of minor health problems and may suggest OTC medicine 3. Compound prescriptions to meet the specific needs of individual patients 4. Maximize the intended benefits of drug therapy while minimizing the unintended side effects 5. Provide pharmaceutical care services and promote health.  Hospital Pharmacy Pharmacists working in private & governmental hospitals. Responsibilities: 1. Dispense medications 2. Advise professionals and patients on the use of drug 3. A member in policy-making committee responsible for: Drug selection, use of antibiotics, hospital infection 4. Prepare sterile solutions  Clinical Pharmacy Clinical pharmacist are engaged in the following Activities 1. Selection of drugs 2. Prevention of drug interactions 3. Prevention of teratogenicity 4. Calculation of proper doses 5. Intravenous admixtures dispensing (especially cytotoxics) 6. Pharmacy committee to select drug-products.  Industrial Pharmacy Pharmacists in industry can hold positions in: 1. Research and development (R & D) 2. Manufacture and production 3. Quality control and quality assurance 4. Management 5. Regulatory affairs  Sales and Marketing A medical representative's job is to promote and sell their company's products, whether they are pharmaceutical drugs or medical equipment. Customers can include doctors, nurses and pharmacists. The medical representative will increase product awareness, answer queries, provide advice and introduce new products.  Sales and Marketing Supervisor; Leads and supervises the medical representatives Product and marketing manager; Set the marketing plans for the company’s products, design the product’s brochures as well as follows the competitors activities.  Regulatory control & drug management Government employed pharmacists working in: ❑ Central administration of pharmaceutical affairs and administrative services They are responsible for: 1. Health and drug policy 2. Registration, approval and quality control of drugs, cosmetics and medical devices 3. Inspection 4. Customs Department 5. Establishing and implementing policies regarding continuous education  Regulatory control & drug management Government employed pharmacists working in: ❑ Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA) The EDA is responsible for regulating the registration, handling and quality control of raw materials and Pharmaceutical preparations. The authority is responsible for implementing the rules and regulations related to pharmaceutical preparations and medical supplies. Issuing licenses to all types of pharmaceutical institutions and issuing operating license for pharmaceutical factories.  Military Pharmacy Pharmacist may serve in the armed forces as commissioned officer or Non-commissioned officer. Pharmacist in military services can provide the following services: 1. Manufacture of generic products 2. Distribute drugs to military hospitals 3. Dispense drugs to army personnel  Family Planning Provide Information about: 1. The importance of child care 2. The methods for contraception  Academic Activities Academic Pharmacists are engaged in the following Activities 1. Education 2. Research 3. Continuing education  Training of other Health Care workers Training may include: Promoting the rational use of drugs and ways to reduce drug abuse. Effect of optimized drug therapy Drug storage and stability Pharmaceutical organizations  Pharmaceutical Organizations There are many international and national organizations that are related to the field of pharmacy. International organizations ▪ World Health Organization (WHO); It is the organization responsible for health care all over the world ▪ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) It is the organization responsible for the quality of food and drug in United States of America ▪ United Nations Division of Narcotic Drugs (UNND) Responsible for the regulations concerning the use and abuse of narcotic drugs  Role of international organizations 1. Development of protocols and methodologies. 2. Development of materials as magazines and brochures. 3. Exchange of information and experiences National Organizations o Egyptian Syndicate of Pharmacists Responsible for the profession of pharmacy & welfare of pharmacists in Egypt o Egyptian Pharmaceutical Society The main activities of this society are educational. Issues a scientific journal in pharmaceutical sciences Holds conference every two years for pharmacists o Egyptian Society of Hospital Pharmacists Concerned with all aspects of hospital and clinical pharmacists o National Pharmacopoeia Committee Responsible for reviewing and updating the Egyptian pharmacopoeia National Organizations o Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA) The EDA is responsible for regulating the registration, handling and quality control of raw materials and Pharmaceutical preparations. The authority is responsible for implementing the rules and regulations related to pharmaceutical preparations and medical supplies. Issuing licenses to all types of pharmaceutical institutions and issuing operating license for pharmaceutical factories.  Role of national organizations 1. Monitoring professional performance 2. Training activities to meet local needs 3. Participation in curriculum development for training programs for pharmacists & other health professionals Information Resources in Pharmacy Information Resources in Pharmacy Pharmacists are the major source of information on medicines for doctors Pharmacists need reliable and updated information In the 21st century information is everywhere The greatest challenge is sorting out this information Types of information resources 1. Primary literature Scientific journals 2. Secondary literature Review articles Textbooks Drug monographs 3. Special sources Pharmacopoeia Formularies Drug compendia 4. Resources on the internet Data bases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, BIOSIS) Electronic mail and discussion groups Search engines 1. Primary literature e.g.; scientific journals As researchers finalize a study, they write their research in the following structure; 1. Abstract (summary) 2. Introduction; consisting of: review of past research in the area. 3. Description of methodology used and results 4. Discussion of what the results mean 5. Conclusion 6. List of references 1. Primary literature Examples of journals 1. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 3. Pharmaceutical Research 4. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5. Journal of Drug Development & Industrial Pharmacy 2. Secondary literature It is the compilation of primary scientific literature and includes; 1. Review articles They are summary of research done on a particular topic It is found in journals and special book collection called annual review of, or progress in. 2. Textbooks; e.g., Remington (The Science & Practice of pharmacy) Goodman & Gilman’s (The pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics)  3. Special information sources Pharmacopoeias, Formularies and related lists and Drug compendia Pharmacopoeias Pharmacopoeia are issued by governments or international agencies Pharmacopoeias include the official standard for Purity, Strength and Analysis of drugs The world’s best-known national pharmacopoeias are; United States Pharmacopoeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) British Pharmacopoeia (BP) European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.)  3. Special information sources Martindale: The extra Pharmacopoeia It is not a true pharmacopoeia, but one of the preeminent drug information compendia It contains information on drugs and medicines from around the world It includes proprietary products and manufacturers, making it an invaluable reference for identifying foreign drugs  3. Special information sources Formularies and related lists In the past, formularies were recipe books for making drugs, but now they are usually lists of drugs approved for use by a special hospital or government. Examples; 1. FDA release the “Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations”, an annual publication that is popularly called the Orange Book after the color of its cover 2. BNF (British National Formulary) 3. Special information sources Drug Compendia o Reference works containing information on therapeutic use of drugs, dosage, contraindications and adverse effects. o Examples Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) (Changed to Prescribers’ Digital Reference) Handbook of Nonprescription Products