Osteology of the Upper Limb ANA203 PDF

19/02/2022 ANATO...

19/02/2022 ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB 1- Bones of the upper limb. 2- Muscles of the upper limb. Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 3- Vesseles of the upper limb. 4- Nerves of the upper limb. Royhaan FOLARIN 5- Joints of the upper limb. Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Nigeria 2 [email protected] The upper limb is regionally divided into… THE SHOULDER Consists of the scapula & the clavicle 1- The Shoulder The scapula articulates with the humerus & clavicle. 2- The axilla, pectoral region & breast The clavicle articulates with the sternum & the scapula. 3- The arm 4- The forearm Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 5- The hand 3 4 THE SCAPULA THE SCAPULA (Cond.) The ventral (costal) surface is A flat bone with concave & forms the 2 surfaces subscapular fossa. (ventral & dorsal). The dorsal surface is convex & 3 angles Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO is divided by the spine of the (superior, lateral& inferior). scapula to 2 fossae: 3 borders (medial, lateral & superior). 1- a small supraspinous fossa. Has a spine , acromial 2-a large infraspinous fossa. process & coracoid process. 5 6 1  19/02/2022 THE SCAPULA (Cond.) THE SCAPULA (Cond.) The spine of the scapula runs superolaterally and widens to The form acromial process superior The acromial process articulates angle lies with the lateral end of the opposite clavicle. the second Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO At the lateral end of the superior border is the coracoid rib process. The inferior The lateral angle forms the angle lies glenoid cavity. opposite the seventh rib. 7 8 THE SCAPULA (Cond.) SCAPULA: Articulations There are 2 synovial & 2 fibrous joints. The A-The synovial joints : superior 1. The shoulder joint, formed by the angle lies glenoid cavity and the head of the humerus. opposite 2. The Acromio-clavicular joint the second Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO B- The fibrous joints : rib Coraco-clavicular joint (strong joint The inferior covered with strong ligament) angle lies coraco-acromial joint (strong joint covered with strong ligament) opposite the seventh rib. 9 10 THE CLAVICLE: Functions THE CLAVICLE: Descriptions It has 2 important Lies horizontally in the root of functions: the neck. It overlies the flat 1st rib 1- To transmit forces from Its medial 2/3 are curved the upper limb to the forward to give room for the bones of the axial passage of the large vessels & Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO skeleton (sternum) nerves which leave the neck & 2- To act as strut holding pass behind & below the the arm free from the clavicle on their way to upper limb. trunk. 13 14 2  19/02/2022 THE CLAVICLE: Important THE CLAVICLE : Descriptions (contd) relations A long bone with one body 1-The subclavian artery & & two ends: vein, and the trunk of 1- the sternal end brachial plexus pass behind articulates with the the middle 1/3 of the manubrium of the sternum clavicle. forming the sterno- clavicular 2- The common carotid artery lies behind the left Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO joint. sternoclavicular joint. 2-The acromial end 3- the brachio-cephalic articulates with the acromial artery divided to its 2 process of the scapula forming branches behind the right the acromio- clavicular joint. sternoclavicular joint. The body is convex in 4-The internal jugular vein medial 2/3 concave in lateral lies a little laterally on 1/3. 15 either side. 16 THE HUMERUS THE HUMERUS: Upper end A tubular long bone composed of: The upper end is formed by upper end , 1- the head body (shaft ) 2- the neck ( anatomical &surgical ) and & lower end 3- the tubercles (greater & lesser ) Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 18 19 THE HUMERUS: Upper end (contd) The head : less than ½ sphere directed medially ,upward &posteriorly. It is separated from the greater & lesser tuberosities by a shallow groove called the anatomical neck. The greater tuberosity is a prominence Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO which projects posteriorly in rest position. The lesser tuberosity is a small prominence which projects anteriorly. The greater & lesser tuberosities & the head are separated from the shaft by the surgical neck. There is small groove below them called 20 21 the bicipital/intertubercular groove. 3  19/02/2022 THE HUMERUS: Body (shaft) The upper ½ of the shaft is cylindrical while the lower ½ is like a prism. The lateral & medial borders of the lower shaft continue below to form the lateral & medial Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO supracondyler ridges (crests) which end with the lateral & medial epicondyles. In the middle of the shaft there is deltoid tuberosity & the spiral groove. 22 23 THE HUMERUS: lower end THE HUMERUS: lower end The lower end is formed from the following structures ( from medial to lateral ) : 1- the anterior aspect :medial epicondyle , trochlea, capitulum & lateral epicondyle. With 2 fossae (coronoid & radial ). Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 2- the posterior aspect: medial epicondyle , trochlea & lateral epicondy le with one fossa (olecranon). The medial epicondyle is larger , more prominent & extend downward more than the lateral. 24 It carries a shallow groove in the 25 posterior surface for the ulnar nerve. THE RADIUS THE RADIUS The upper end consist of : 1- The head : which is disc like with two articular surfaces :  the upper surface for the capitulum of the humerus.  the lateral surface for the radial notch of Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO the ulna. 2-The neck: constricted part below the head. 3-The radial tuberosity: below the A long bone , consisting of medial part of the neck. a thin narrow upper end , body 30 31 & thick expanded lower end. 4  19/02/2022 Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 32 33 THE RADIUS: Joints THE RADIUS Above: 1- the upper surface of the head The body of the radius receives the capitulum of the humerus to form part of the elbow has 3 surfaces, 3 borders joint. & a pronator tuberosity. 2- the circumference of the head The lower end is formed articulates with radial notch of the Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO by the styloid process ulna to form the superior radio-ulnar laterally & ulnar notch joint. medially. Below: 1- the ulnar notch receives the head of the ulna to form the inferior radio-ulnar joint. 2- the inferior surface of the lower end articulate with 2 carpal bones to 34 35 form the wrist( radio-carpal )joint THE ULNA THE ULNA It is along bone with upper end , body (shaft ) & lower end. The upper end consist of : 1- The olecranon process :the upper part of the trochlear fossa. Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 2- The coronoid process : the lower part of the trochlear fossa. 3- The ulnar tuberosity :below the coronoid process on the anterior surface. 36. 37 5  19/02/2022 THE ULNA 4-The trochlear fossa : is a large deeply concave articular surface which lies between the olecranon & coronoid processes. 5- The radial notch is a Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO concave surface in the upper part of the lateral side of the coronoid process. It articulates with the circumference of the head of the radius to form the superior radio-ulnar joint. 38 39 THE ULNA The interosseous membrane : The body (shaft) of the ulna is In addition to the sup. & inf. Radio ulnar joints, the radius & triangular in the upper ¾ & ulna are also joined by a cylindrical in the lower ¼. fibrous membrane which The lower end consist of : stretches between the 1- the head : small rounded interosseous borders of the 2 articulating with the medial bones.. It runs obliquely downwards Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO side of the lower end of the radius forming the inferior radio &medially from radius to ulna. – ulnar joint. It is pierced by the 2- The styloid process : projects ant.interosseous Vv. medially & below the head. Its function is 1- increase the area of origin of forearm muscles. 40 2- transmits forces received by 41 the lower end of radius to ulna. The bones of the hand The bones of the hand They consist of :carpus , metacarpus & phalanges bones The carpus bones : they are 8 arrange in 2 rows ( proximal & distal ). From lateral to medial: Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 1- the proximal row : scaphoid ,lunate , triquetral & pisiform. 2- the distal row : trapezium , trapezoid , capitate & hamate. 42 43 6  19/02/2022 The bones of the hand The Metacarpal bones : are 5. One for each finger. Each metacarpal bone has : base ,shaft & head. The phalanges : all the fingers have 3 phalanges ( proximal , middle & distal ) except the thumb has only 2 (proximal & distal ). Each phalanx has base , shaft & head. Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 44 45 The articulation of the carpal bones The articulation of the carpal bones The proximal row is convex toward the lower end of radius & ulna The bones of the distal row articulate with the base of the 1- The scaphoid & lunate articulate with the lower end of the metacarpals by radius. 1- the trapezium articulate with the 1st metacarpal bone. 2- the triquetral articulates with the lower end of the ulna. 2- the trapazoid articulate with the 2nd metacarpal. The bones of the proximal row articulate with the bones of the 3- the capitate articulate with the 3rd metacarpal. distal row in mid carpal (transverese carpal) joint. 4- the hamate articulate with the 4th & 5th metacarpals.. Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 46 47 Upper Limb Osteology...Folarin RO 129 7