Org Comm 4481 - Lecture 1 PDF

lOMoARcPSD|47522633 Org Comm 4481 - Lecture 1 Organizational Communication (York University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|47522633 Org Comm 4481 - Lecture 1 Organizational Communication (York University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 Chapter 1: What is Leadership Communication Identifying Leadership Leaders are individuals who guide, direct, motivate or inspire others Influence others in organizations/community Comment others attention Improve & control situations Transformational Leadership: Positive ethos (authority & credibility) that inspires trust & respect 4 Behavioural Characteristics 1. Idealized Influence 2. Inspirational Motivation 3. Intellectual Stimulation 4. Indidvidualized Consideration Leadership is not something that is gained because of birth or tenure but rather something that is practiced in every moment of opportunity Connecting Leadership to Communication Effective leadership depends on effective communication Communication allows individuals to move into leadership positions Communication Transmission of meaning from one person to another Verbally or nonverbally Medium is the message - Form or medium influences how the message is received & perceived Leadership Communication Effective leadership communication requires the ability to anticipate the potential interruptions in the transmission of the message, appreciate the context, understand the audience, select the right medium & craft messages Goal is to move closer to the ideal meaningful message transfer Applying the Leadership Communication Framework Expanding abilities for more complex situations Need to expand skills to include those needed to lead & work in groups & organizations Core Communications Strategy is the foundation one hich any effective communication depends Need to be able to analyze an audience in every situation & develop a communication strategy that facilitates accomplishing their communication objectives Need to write & speak a language expected of leaders that is clear, appropriate Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 for the context & persuasive Group & Organizational Communication Communication becomes complex when we think about how to best communicate to all internal and external stakeholders Any good communication depends on having strategy Leaders Rely on Different Sources of Power to Influence Others Coercive - Prospect of being punished Reward - Prospective benefits or rewards Legitimate Power - Recognized title or position in organization Referent - Personal attractiveness and charisma Expert - Having knowledge, skills, and expertise Information - Possessing need information Connection - Interpersonal and network linkages Trust Integrity: Reputation for honesty & truthfulness on the part of the trusted individual Competence: Technical knowledge & interpersonal skill needed to perform the job Consistency: Reliability, predictability & good judgement in handling situations Loyalty: Benevolence or the willing to protect, support & encourage others Openness: Mental accessibility or the willingness to share ideas & ifnomration freely with others Communication Seems Simple Sender to Message to Receiver Interferences Often Prevent Successful Communication - Inappropriate context - No audience analysis - Muddled thinking - Wrong medium - Unclear message - Illogical structure - Poor formatting - Offensive tone - Negative ethos Why Do We Care About Communication? Effective communication is key to group & organizational- effectiveness - Coordinating Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 - Learning - Decision Making - Changing behaviour (beliefs, feelings) - Well being – supports managing self in workplace environment Communicate your own ideas clearly Communication in Organizations The process by which information is transmitted and understood by two or more people Evaluating the effectiveness of a communication situation... Is the Communication Effective? 3 Important Components of the Message & its Transmittal 1. TARGET – Get the message to right people 2. CONTENT – Get out the right message (what you intended to send) 3. TIMING – Get the message to target at a timely way (when it is needed, especially – not too late) 3 Important Aspects 1. The Communicator - Establishing credibility & trustworthiness 2. The Audience - Who is the target/recipient (ex. what do they already know) 3. The Message - Its purpose & persuasive message Encoding & Decoding Effectiveness Influenced by Similar “codebooks” Proficiency/experience Motivation Shared mental models of the context Characteristics of Communication Formal / Informal Verbal / Non-Verbal - Verbal: Oral / Written One-Way / Two-Way Intended / Unintended Virtual / “Physical” Face-2-Face Computer-Mediated / Device-Mediated / Internet-Based… Direction of Communication Downward Upward Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 Horizontal Informal Negative Aspects Distorted Escalation Negative attitude if Not matched by formal Positive Aspects Useful when info not available Anxiety relief Bonding (inclusion) Conduit of stories Verbal vs Non-verbal Verbal Oral Written Non-verbal Facial expression Posture, body movements, gestures Voice intonation Physical distance Silence Communication Barriers Filtering - Various forms including hiding, delaying, deleting, distorting - Ex. mum effect (tendency to avoid passing along bad news, cf. “don’t shoot the messenger”), status effect (as when a lower status member is fearful in the communication situation with a higher status member) - Silence Perceptual Barriers - Selective perception, attribution errors & biases, interpretation of non- verbal cues (including interpretation of silence) Cognitive Barriers - Information overload, language, jargon, acronyms, idioms, ambiguity of meaning Physical Barriers - Distance, sound Lying Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 Choosing the Communication Media richness that matches complexity of problem or issue communicated (“choose the best”) Social Acceptance: - (Group/Organizational) norms and expectations - Individual preferences - Symbolic meaning of medium/channel Focus / attention / multi-communication Moderating role of - Communication proficiency - Social presence effects Improving Communication Choose the ‘best’ medium Individual approaches, e.g.: - Address effective communication considerations - Pay attention to cultural differences - Engage in Active Listening [pp. 372-274 BLUE] Organizational approaches - 360 degree feedback - Suggestion systems Leaders Use all Appeals to Influence Others Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals Ethos - Appeal based on credibility - Positive ethos is most important - Inner character (honest, honourable, truthful, fair, ethical) - Aristotle argued that a communicator can create a positive ethos by 1. Ensuring all messages are “worthy of belief” - Make messages meaningful, clear & logical - Have all of the facts in hand - Be honest & ethical - Avoid careless errors 2. Making his/her “own character look right” - Dress the part - Project confidence - Know the subject & be prepared - Take time to build a rapport - Avoid common delivery mistakes 3. Putting the audience into the “right frame of mind” - Affirm cultural values - Be sensitive to context Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47522633 - Understand their needs & motivations - Frame messages carefully & target them specifically Projecting a Positive Leadership Ethos Ethos refers to the qualities of greater depth & substance Charisma: Someone who has the ability to persuade others 360 Degree Feedback - Combines our self-evaluation with that of our superiors, our peers & direct reports to create a well-rounded evaluation of us Connecting Ethos & Ethics A positive ethos demonstrates a strong inner character All leaders are honest, honorable, truthful, fair & ethical Followers must be wholeheartedly convinced of their leaders integrity We judge our leaders by the ethos they project (dress, behaviour, charismatic appeal) Someone can project a positive ethos yet have little or no ethical foundation behind that foundation Pathos - Appeal to emotions Logos - Appeal based in logic Making Ethical Decisions Doing unto others as we expect them to do unto us What is ethical in one culture may differ from another A leader usually follows one of the traditional approaches 1. End Results (consequentialist) - Focuses on harms & benefits to stakeholders to arrive at a decision that produces the greatest good the for greatest number 2. Duty (deontological) - Emphasizes duties, rights & justice, based on moral standards, principles & rules 3. Social Contract (group virtue) - Bases ethical decisions on the customs & norms, the character & integrity of the moral community 4. Personal (individual virtue) - Bases ethical decisions on the conscience, what feels right tot he individual Downloaded by Tristan Cabral ([email protected])