Communicative Strategies PDF

**COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES** -- Plan of action or technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the communication process successful. **NOMIMATION** -- This I nvolves the opening and establishing of the topic in the conversation. (starting/opening a topic) Example: - Hey are you done...

**COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES** -- Plan of action or technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the communication process successful. **NOMIMATION** -- This I nvolves the opening and establishing of the topic in the conversation. (starting/opening a topic) Example: - Hey are you done with the assignment? - How are you doing today? - Have you met our teacher? - There's a new art festival next month! - Mom, I'm pregnant - What kind of movies do you like? **RESTRICTION** -- This involves limiting what the participants can contribute to the conversation or discussion. (limiting/limitation) Example: - I will only entertain questions, comments, and suggestions after I finish discussing everything. - Stop Talking/Quiet - Report using the English language **TURN-TAKING** -- This refers to the process in which a participant stops speaking and yields the floor to another participant so that he/she can speak. (give all communicators a chance to speak) Example: - That's all I know. How about you? - What about you? What can you say? - Do you have something to say? - You have the spotlight now. - Go on with your ideas. **TOPIC CONTROL** -- This occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic. (keeping the conversation going by asking questions and eliciting responses) Example: - Going back to our topic. - As I was saying. - Let's talk about that later. - Go ahead continue what your saying. - Let's talk about something I am more familiar with. **TOPIC SHIFTING** -- This occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation. (moving/transitioning from one topic to another) Example: - By the way there's a new shop opening at the mall. - In addition to what you said about the beautiful girl is that she is also smart. **REAPAIR** -- This refers to the act of fixing the violations in a communication. (how speakers address the problem in speaking, listening, and comprehending) Example: - I apologize for the interruption continue talking please. - Hey we must speak one at the time! - Excuse me, it's her turn to speak now. - I'm sorry I have a terrible accent. - Can you say that again? - I beg your pardon **TERMINATION** -- This refers to the act of ending a conversation. (closing down a topic/ending a conversation) Example: - Good bye! - See you later! - I need to go now, I'm sorry. - Nice chatting with you. - Let's chat some more when I see you again. - I am sorry but I have to make an important phone call. SHIFTS IN COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE FORM ------------- - It could either be FORMAL or INFORMAL. - Types of sentences: Declarative(making statements), Interrogative(asking questions), Imperatives(commands), Exclamatory(expressing strong emotion) **LANGUAGE FORM IN SPEECH CONTEXT** - **INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL** -- Blend of language forms can be both observed. -- Can use formal or informal language. - **PUBLIC AND MASS COMMUNICATION** -- Declarative languages are often used. -- Mostly formal language. **LANGUAGE FORM IN SPEECH STYLE** - **FORMAL AND FROZEN STYLES** -- Mostly declarative type of language. -- Formal language used. - **CONSLUTATIVE** -- Interrogative form. - **CASUAL AND INTIMATE STYLES** -- Blend of declarative, interrogative and exclamatory. **LANGUAGE FORM IN SPEECH ACTS** - **ASSERTIVE AND DECLARATION SPEECH ACTS** -- Mostly declarative type of language. - **EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACT** -- Mostly exclamatory languages such as when you saw "wow!" - **DIRECTIVE AND COMMISSIVE** -- Imperative type of language is employed. **LANGUAGE FORM IN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY** - **NOMINATION, TURN-TAKING AND TOPIC SHIFTING** -- Mixed forms of interrogative and imperative type of sentences. - **TOPIC CONTROL, REPAIR AND TERMINATION** -- Mostly require the use of declarative and exclamatory type of sentences. DURATION OF INTERACTION/TIME ---------------------------- - It is the length of communication that could be shortened or lengthened depending on how the conversation is going on between the sender and the receiver. **DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH CONTEXTS** -- The duration of interaction as to shifts in speech context depends on the intent of communication. - **INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION** -- Someone can speak to himself/herself overnight to reflect and reminisce personal decisions and experiences (lengthy speech). - **INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION** -- Do not require lengthy speech considering the audience. **DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH STYLE** - **CASUAL CONVERSATION** -- Takes the shortest duration of interaction (you do not spend much time talking to a stranger - **CONSULTATIVE, INTIMATE AND FORMAL** -- May take an average time of one to two hours. - **FROZEN STYLE** -- In reciting a pledge or oath it is mostly short induration. But in reciting series of scripts it is quite lengthy. (Frozen style can be short or long in duration of time depending on the situation) **DURATION OF TIME IN SPEECH ACTS** - **COMMISIVE ACT** -- Requires considerable time for about an hour during formal meetings and declaration. - **EXPRESSIVE ACT** -- Sometimes takes the longest duration of interaction (overnight sharing and socializations) **DURATION OF TIME IN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY** - **NOMINATION, TURN-TAKING, TOPIC SHIFT, REPAIR** -- Do not require significant time. - **TOPIC CONTROL** -- Too lengthy to control the topic. -- General Concept -- the speaker must ensure that during the entire process of communication, the discussion of the topic does not go beyond the indicated agendum. RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER --------------------------- - Bond between the speaker and the receiver which may depend on how the discussions relate to receiver's interests and knowledge. **RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER IN SPEECH CONEXT, SPEECH STYLE, SPEECH ACTS AND COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY** -- Generally the speaker is expected to create positive relationship among his/her listeners. Positive relationship means creating an acceptable, desirable, recognizable, and respectful image. Positive relationship can be done by smiling, greeting someone, reflecting, humble and polite characteristics. Having Positive relationship is applicable and advisable across speech acts, speech contexts, speech style, and communicative strategies for effective communication. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPEAKER ---------------------------------------- - The speaker's foremost role is to clearly send the message to the intended receiver. Except in INTRAPERSONAL communication and FROZEN style, the speaker can interchange roles as both the SPEAKER and the RECEIVER but not at the same time. The speaker can use various speech acts and communicative strategies to rely his/her intended message and receive feedback. **ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SPEAKER IN PUBLIC SPAEKING AND MASS COMMUNICATION** - Responsibility of the speaker should be credible and presentable. - Speaker should relay accurate facts. - Speaker should relay to the listener's situations, feelings, and properly observe ethics. MESSAGE ------- - Core concept of the interaction. **MESSAGE IN SPEECH CONTEXT** - **INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION** -- In a form of reflections, decision-making, self-fulfilment and experiences. - **PUBLIC AND MASS COMMUNICATION** -- Reflect national and general issues concerning the community - **DYAD AND SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS** -- Reflect socialization topics and messages. **MESSAGE IN SPEECH STYLE** - **FORMAL AND CONSULTATIVE STYLES** -- Present academic, political, educational, and scientific messages. - **FROZEN STYLE** -- Mostly observes traditional and ritualistic message. - **INTIMATE AND CASUAL STYLE** -- Speak of social, familial, and general topics. **MESSAGE IN SPEECH ACTS** - Messages vary depending on its purpose which allows the person to direct (directive), assert (assertive), commit (commisive), express (expressive) and declare (declarative) ideas. DELIVERY -------- - Delivery refers to the manner of how the speech/message is presented. - Can be Impromptu, Extemporaneous, Memorized or Manuscript Reading. **DELIVERY IN SPEECH CONTEXT** - **INTRAPERSOANL AND INTERPERSONAL (DYAD)** -- Impromptu messages. - **SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION** -- Extemporaneous. - **MASS AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION** -- Manuscript Delivery. **DELIVERY IN SPEECH STYLE** - **FROZEN STYLE** -- Mostly memorized delivery. - **FORMAL AND CONSULTATIVE STYLES** -- May be guided by notes and extemporaneous by nature. - **CASUAL AND INTIMATE STYLES** -- Impromptu. **DELIVERY IN SPEECH ACTS** - **REPRESENTATIVES, DIRECTIVES AND EXPRESSIVES** -- Impromptu. - **DECLARATIONS IN THE PART OF THE GOVERNMENT AND SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY** -- Manuscript or/and Extemporaneous. **DELIVERY IN COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY** - All types of communicative strategies can be observed in small group discussion. - **REPAIR** -- Mostly impromptu type of delivery. PRINCIPLES EFFECTIVE OF SPEECH WRITING **AUDIENCE PROFILE** -- Knowing your audience specifically their general age, gender, education level, religion, language, culture and group membership is one of the most important aspects in developing your speech. Basically this is done so you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience. **DEMOGRAPHY** -- Statistical characteristics of the audience. Includes age, gender, education, religion, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, occupation, etc. **SITUATION** -- Context or circumstances surrounding the speech. It includes the venue, occasion, time of day, audience size, and event purpose. **PSYCHOLOGY** -- Audiences attitudes, beliefs, values and motivations. It helps the speaker to connect emotionally and intellectually by addressing the audience concerns, aspirations, or biases. **LOGICAL** **ORGANIZATION** -- The logical organization or arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech writing can be defined as all aspects logical organization or arrangement of thoughts when it comes to speech writing can be defined as all aspects of your writing that help the reader move smoothly from one sentence to the next and from one paragraph to another. Thus carefully planning the content of your speech is also necessary. **THREE PARTS OF A WRITTEN SPEECH** **INTRODUCTION** -- Most crucial part of the speech it is where you presents the main idea of your speech. **FIVE FUNCTIONS OF INTRODUCTION** 1. You should be able to gain the audience attention and interest. 2. It states the purpose of your speech. 3. It establishes your credibility. 4. It should provide reasons for your audience to listen. 5. Your introduction should preview the main idea. **BODY** -- Is the core part of the speech, it is where you address the main idea in your speech. Offers definitions, examples or any information that can help you convey your intent and clarify the main concept of your speech. **DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIZATION** - **CHRONOLOGICAL** **ORDER**: A historical or time approach which is from the past to present. It presents idea in time order. - **SPATIAL-GEOGRAPHICAL ORDER**: Going from one place to another, from one direction to another. - **CAUSAL ORDER**: It involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue. - **COMPARE AND CONTRAST ORDER**: It presents comparison and contrast of two or three points/elements. - **PROBLEM-SOLUTION**: It explains the problem and suggests a possible solution. - **CATEGORICAL/TOPICAL ORDER**: It divides the topic into sub-topics based on the importance or interest value or simply because the topic requires it. **CONCLUSION** -- Functions as the main summarizer of the entire speech. It reiterates the main idea. **STRATEGIES IN WRITING A CONCLUSION** 1. Present a summary 2. Repeat the key ideas presented 3. Repeat the central idea for emphasis 4. Go back to the strategy used in the introduction 5. Signal the end of your speech 6. End with an impact **DURATION** -- Most experts say that the ideal length of speech is up to 20 minutes. (Gray Grant, 2017) **INTRODUCTION** -- 2 minutes **BODY: POINT 1** -- 5 minutes **POINT 2** -- 5 minutes **POINT 3** -- 5 minutes **CONCLUSION** -- 3 minutes **WORD** **CHOICE** -- There are a lot of vocabularies available to describe ones idea. However, the speaker should carefully use the correct word in writing the speech. The use of conversational language helps put the audience feel at ease and creates a special bond between the speaker and the audience. **WORDS THAT SHOULD BE AVOIDED IN A WRITTEN** **SPEECH:** A. Jargons or technical terms B. Redundancy or excessive repetition of words C. Language inappropriate for the audience D. Language inappropriate for the occasion. **GRAMATICAL** **CORRECTNESS** -- Using correct grammar when you give a speech is important to prevent misunderstanding and misinterpretation between you and the audience. Good command of the language helps listeners understand you quickly. PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY **EFFECTIVE** **SPEAKING** -- Means being able to say what you need to say in a manner that it is heard and acted upon. According to Stephen Lucas (2011) author of The Art of Public Speaking, a good delivery means that you are capable and able to present your message in a clear, coherent, and interesting way. **ARTICULATION** -- It is the ability to move the tongue, lips, teeth, and jaw to produce sequences of speech sounds, which make up words and sentences. It is defined as the act of speaking clearly. EXAMPLE: when a spelling teacher places careful emphasis on each syllable of a word in order for students to hear the sounds in the word. **MODULATION** -- Happens when you control or adjust the tone or volume of your voice, as you try to lower your voice to a loud whisper in order to get the attention of your audience as they find your message more appealing, dramatic, and mysterious. **STAGE** **PRESENCE** -- It is the ability to get and secure the audience's interest in listening to your presentation. **FACIAL** **EXPRESSION** -- Are essential in setting the emotional tone for a speech. It is really helpful that facial expressions jive with the message being delivered. In addition, facial expressions communicate various types of emotions which reflect the speaker's mood and personality trait. **GESTURES** -- Is a form of non-verbal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures includes the movement of the hands, face, and other parts of the body. **MOVEMENT** -- This help the speaker express himself with the use of his body. **RAPPORT** -- It happens when you have everything in concordance or harmony. Your discourse is correct, The crowed gets it well, They appreciate tuning in to it as much as you appreciate conveying it. In any case, that upbeat agreeable state doesn't happen without conscious effort.