Oral Communication Review PDF

- Communication is the process of sharing and highly used to develop public speaking conveying messages or information from one person skills and create a propaganda at that time to another. This can occur within and across various so, it is less focused on intrapersonal...

- Communication is the process of sharing and highly used to develop public speaking conveying messages or information from one person skills and create a propaganda at that time to another. This can occur within and across various so, it is less focused on intrapersonal or channels, contexts, media, and cultures. interpersonal communication NATURE OF COMMMUNICATION speaker must have a very good non-verbal 1. comunication is a process communication with the audience like eye 2. communication occurs between two or more contact people the speaker and the receiver 3. communication can be expressed through written. BERLO’S SMCR MODEL or spoken words, actions In In 1960, David Berlo developed the ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) 1. SPEAKER - The source of information or image model of communication, inspired by the 2. MESSAGE - the information, ideas, or thoughts Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication conveyed by the speaker in words in or actions (1949). 3. ENCODING - the process of converting the This model identifies factors affecting the message into words, actions, or other forms that communication process, making it more the speaker understands efficient. 4. CHANNEL - the medium or the means such as Components: personal or non-personal Sender: The source who encodes the 5. DECODING - the process of interpreting the message. encoded message Message: The content being 6. RECEIVER - the recipient of the message communicated. 7. FEEDBACK - the reactions, responses or Channel: The medium through which information provided by the receiver the message is transmitted. 8. CONTEXT - the environment where Receiver: The individual who decodes communication takes place the message. 9. BARRIER - the factors that affect the flow of II. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF communication COMMUNICATION MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Known as the “mother of all The three basic models of the communication communication models,” the Shannon- process: Weaver Model (1949) depicts 1. Linear communication as a linear or one-way 2. Interactive process with five key elements. 3. Transactional Components: LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL Source: The producer of the message. Communication is considered as one-way Transmitter (Encoder): Converts the process. message into signals. The message signal is encoded and transmitted Channel: Signals adapted for through channel in presence of noise transmission. The sender is more prominent in linear model of Receiver (Decoder): Converts signals communication back into the message. It is applied in mass communication like Destination: The intended recipient of television, radio, etc. the message. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION - Noise: Physical disturbances that - Considered as the first model of communication interfere with message transmission. and was proposed before 300 B.C. II. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Most widely accepted among all communication - Also known as “convergence model” Deals models. with exchange of ideas and messages taking Aristotle Model is mainly focused on speaker and place both ways from sender to receiver and speech, It can be broadly divided into 5 primary vice-versa. elements: Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience Slower feedbacks in turns Concept of physical and Effect Speaker-centred model and psychological context Communication becomes linear if receiver does not respond III. INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Verbal communication is the process of The Wilbur Schramm proposed an alternate exchanged of information or message between model that portrayed communication as a two- two or more persons through written or oral way interaction in 1954. The first to incorporate words. EXAMPLES: Interview Phone calls Emails the feedback- verbal and nonverbal- into a model of communication. 1.Appropriateness - The language that you use Schramm’s Model of Communication It is built should be appropriate to the environment or on the theory that communication is a two-way occasion (i.e., whether formal or informal). street, with a sender and a receiver as shown in 2. Brevity - Speakers who often use simple yet the illustration precise and powerful words are found to be Features: more credible. 1. Never-ending Process: Communication and 3. Clarity - The meanings of words, feelings, or feedback are continuous, with role-switching ideas may be interpreted differently by a between sender and receiver. listener; hence, it is essential for you to clearly 2. Importance of Feedback: Feedback allows the state your message and express your ideas and sender to know if the receiver understood the feelings. message as intended and provides opportunities 4. Ethics - Words should be carefully chosen in for clarification. consideration of the gender, roles, ethnicity, 3. Field of Experience: The background of preferences, and status of the person or participants affects how messages are people you are talking to interpreted and encoded. 4. Encourages Interaction: Common experiences Non-verbal communication is any information and understanding trigger responses, promoting that is communicated without using words. interaction. Absence of words or language. Expressed through body movements, gestures, facial Features of an Effective Communication expressions, silence, space, touch, smell etc. 1.Completeness - Complete communication is EXAMPLES: 1. Head Movements 2. Posture/ essential to the quality of the communication Gestures 3. Sounds process in general. 2. Conciseness - Conciseness does not mean NATURE OF INTERCULTURAL keeping the message short, but making it direct or COMMUNICATION straight to the point. Happens when individuals interact, 3.Consideration - To be effective, the speaker should negotiate and create meanings while always consider relevant information about his/her bringing in their cultural backgrounds. receiver such as mood, background pertains to communication among people 4. Concreteness - Effective communication happens from different nationalities when the message is concrete and supported by (Gudykunst,2003) facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. The Developmental Model of Intercultural 5.Courtesy - The speaker shows courtesy in Sensitivity (DMIS) describes how individuals communication by respecting the culture, values, perceive and respond to cultural differences, and beliefs of his/her receivers. progressing through six stages. 6. Clearness - Clearness in communication implies STAGE 1: DENIAL - individuals overlook the use of simple and specific words to express cultural differences, seeing their own ideas. experiences as universal. 7. Correctness - Correctness in grammar eliminates STAGE 2: DEFENSE - individuals recognize negative impact on the audience and increases the differences but may feel uncomfortable or credibility and effectiveness of the message superior. STAGE 3: MINIMIZATION - individuals Barriers to Communication acknowledge EMOTIOAL BARRIERS - you are having a bad day or differences but downplay them, focusing on you feel frustrated. similarities. USE OF JARGON LACK OF CONFIDENCE NOISY ENVIRONMENT ACCEPTANCE - Small Group – This refers to communication that represents individual’s ability to recognize and involves at least three but not more than twelve appreciate cultural difference in terms of both people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to people’s achieve a desired goal. values and their behavior..3. Public – This type refers to communication ADAPTATION - that requires you to deliver or send the message a stage during which people begin to see cultural before or in front of a group. categories as more flexible and become more The message can be driven by informational or competent in their persuasive purposes. ability to communicate across cultures. 4. MASS COMMUNICATION – This refers to INTEGRATION - communication that takes place through Integration is the final stage of developmental model television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, of intercultural sensitivity, although it is rarely billboards, internet, and other types of media. achieved it reflects those individuals who have multiple frames of reference and can identify and Types of Speech Style move freely within more than one cultural group. 1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs Characteristics of Competent between or among close family members or Intercultural Communicators individuals. The language used in this style World Bank (2010) identifies the following traits may not be shared in public. that 2. Casual – This style is common among peers define a competent intercultural communicator. and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used. 1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate 3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. high levels of uncertainty Professional or mutually acceptable 2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness language is a must in this style. 3. Open-mindedness Examples of situations are communication 4. Sensitivity between teachers and students, employers 5. Adaptability and employees, doctor and patient, judge 6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking (or and lawyer, or President and his/her thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking constituents. for thinking how each one in the system or 4. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and organization influences each other. remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in 7. Politeness ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT Allegiance to country or flag. 1.INTRAPERSONAL – This refers to communication 5. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. that centers on one person where the speaker acts Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. both as the sender and the receiver of message. It is restricted to formal situations and the “The message is made up of your thoughts and words that are used are associated with feelings. academic and professional communication. The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling. Definition of Speech Acts 2. INTERPERSONAL- This refers to communication A speech act is an utterance that a speaker between and among people and establishes makes to achieve an intended effect. personal relationship between and among them Some of the functions which are carried out Types of Interpersonal Context using speech acts are offering an apology, Dyad Communication – communication that occurs greeting, request, complaint, invitation, between two people compliment, or refusal. One speaker and listener come together to A speech act might contain just one word or exchange information, ideas, thoughts or several words or sentences. For example, opinions. “Thanks” and “Thank you for always being there for me.  Some examples of declarations are Three Types of Speech Act blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of sentence, and excommunicating. language and the developer of the Speech Act Example: You are fired! Theory, there are three types of acts in every COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY utterance, given the right circumstances or Since engaging in conversation is also context. bound by implicit rules, cohen (1990) states These are: that strategies must be used to start a 1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering. conversation. “Please do the dishes.” 2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is 1. NOMINATION - you try to open a topic said. By uttering the locution “Please do the a speaker carries out nomination to dishes,” the speaker requests the addressee to collaboratively and productively establish a wash the dishes. topic. 3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is 2. RESTRICTION - refers to any limitation you said. This effect is based on the particular may have as a speaker. context in which the speech act was mentioned. you are typically given specific instructions “Please do the dishes” would lead to the that you must follow addressee washing the dishes. 3. TURN-TAKING - the process by which people decide who takes the conversation Searle’s Classifications of Speech floor. Act As a response to Austin’s Speech Act Theory, 4. TOPIC CONTROL - covers how procedural John Searle (1976), a professor from the of the formality or informality affects the University of California, Berkeley, classified development of topic in conversation. illocutionary acts into five distinct categories. ex. in meetings you are allowed to speak if the 1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which chairperson direct yo to do. the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a 5. TOPIC SHIFTING - involves moving from proposition. one topic to another. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, it is where one part of a conversation ends and putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding. where another begins. 2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which 6. REPAIR - refers to how speaker address the the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an problems in speaking, listening and action. comprehending that they may encounter in the Some examples of a directive act are asking, conversation. ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and 7. TERMINATION - refers to the conversation begging. Example: Please close the door participants close initiating expressions that 3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which ends a topic in a conversation. commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting. Example: From now on, I will participate in our group activity. 4. Expressive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring. Example: I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you do all the work. 5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.