SGS-234 Anatomy Past Paper 2016-2017 PDF

department of anatomy QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2016-2017 What’s INSIDE anatomy-1 sgs-234 0  1. Give a short note on the structure and functions of the skin. Answer: Structure of skin: A) Epidermis: formed of 2 layers: 1- Horny...

department of anatomy QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2016-2017 What’s INSIDE anatomy-1 sgs-234 0  1. Give a short note on the structure and functions of the skin. Answer: Structure of skin: A) Epidermis: formed of 2 layers: 1- Horny layer: superficial water proof keratin layer. 2- Germinative layer: deeper stratified squamous epithelium. B) Dermis: formed of 2 layers: 1- Superficial papillary layer. 2- Deep reticular layer. It contains:  Fibers: collagen & elastic.  Vessels: blood vessels & lymphatics of skin.  Nerves: for skin sensation.  Root of hair: with erector pili muscles and sebaceous glands.  Sweat glands: coiled tubular glands that secrets sweat which helps regulation of body temperature. Functions of Skin: 1- Protection: against micro-organisms, trauma and U.V. rays of sun. 2- Keep body fluid: preventing dehydration. 3- Regulate body temperature: by sweat glands and superficial blood vessels. 4- Synthesis: of vitamin D. 5- Sensation: necessary for protection of body. 2. Give a short note on the skin appendages. Answer: Skin appendages: 1- Hair: Primary (Lanugo) and permanent. 2- Nails: developed from epidermis and formed of root, body and free border. 3- Sebaceous glands: Fatty glands that open into hair follicles. 4- Sweat glands: Coiled glands that open into the surface of epidermis. 1  3. Give a short note on the skin pigments. Answer: 1. Melanin: Brown-black in color, present in melanocytes at dermo-epidermal junction.  Melanocytes synthesize and store a Brown pigment, melanin, that gives the tissue a dark color. Melanocytes are common in the epithelium of the skin, where they play a major role in determining skin color. 2. Carotene: Yellowish in color, present in cells of epidermis. 3. Hemoglobin: Pinkish in color, is an oxygen-binding found in red blood cells. The oxygenated blood flowing through superficial dermal vessels gives the skin its pinkish appearance. 4. Mention the functions of bones. Answer: Function of bones: 1- Provide shape of the body. 2- Transmission of body weight. 3- Protection of vital organs: Brain, spinal cord, lungs and heart. 4- Meeting between 2 or more bones form joints. 5- Give muscle attachment. 6- Responsible for movement. 7- Reservoir for calcium and phosphorus. 8- Haemopoitic function: Formation of blood (bone marrow). 2  5. Give a short note on the growth and development of bone. Answer: Bone develops form the mesodermal layer of embryonic plate. Bone formation usually starts at a constant point known as center of ossification. The process of bone formation takes one of the two following routes: a- Intramembranous ossification: Early in embryonic life, the developing bone starts as a mesenchymal model. When the bone starts to appear, it first appears at a center of ossification, almost constant in position for every bone. b- Intracartilagenous ossification: Most bones in the body are developed by this type of ossification especially long bones. After the bone is formed as a mesenchymal model, early change of this model into cartilage occurs. The primary center of ossification extends to both ends at the same time. The two ends of the bone remain cartilaginous for some time, after birth a secondary center of ossification appears in each end transforming it into a piece of bone separated from the bony shaft by a disc of cartilage called the epiphyseal cartilage. All secondary centers of ossification appear after birth, very few just before birth. The epiphyseal cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone is the growing part of the bone. The part of diaphysis just below or immediately adjacent the epiphyseal cartilage is the site of advancing ossification as the bone is continuously growing, and is known as the metaphysis (it is particularly vascular). Thus the Bone formation by primary center of ossification is responsible for growth of shaft of bone. The Secondary centers of ossification causes the two ends of the bone to be transformed into bone. A disc of cartilage will be left between the shaft and epiphysis which permit bone growth in length till a time when the bone reaches its full size, this epiphyseal cartilage itself is transformed to bone when the bone stops to grow. The time of union of epiphysis and diaphysis is characteristic for each bone and is related to the direction of the nutrient artery going towards the epiphysis of this bone. NB: The deposition of bone by the periosteum allows the bone to grow in breadth. 3  6. Mention the main differences betw een epithelium and connective tissue. (Table) Answer: Epithelium Connective tissue Development from the 3 germ layers from the mesoderm Cells closely packed widely separated Matrix minimal abundant Free surface Usually present Has no free surface Basement membrane Present Absent Vascularity Avascular Highly vascular (except hyaline cart.) 1-Covering or lining 1-CT proper (non-specific) 2-Glandular 2-Specific CT (bone, cartilage, blood) Classification 3-Neuroepithelium 4-Myoepithelium epidermis of skin dermis of skin Example 4  7. Mention the main differences between superficial and deep fasciae. (Table) Answer: Superficial Fascia Deep Fascia Site Deep to skin Around muscles, glands and vessels. Loose areolar C.T. rich with fat Dense C.T. rich with collagenous fibers. It which is variable according to age, has variable forms according to site and Nature sex or nutrition. It is dense in scalp, function needed. thin in dorsum of hand. It may be composed of 2 layers. - Heat insulator. -Gives sheathes around muscles. - Reservoir of fat. -Gives intermuscular septa to separate and - Medium for vessels and nerves. give more attachment of muscles. -Formation of interosseous membrane. - Easy movements of skin. -Formation of retinacula. - Contains glands or muscles. -Formation of aponeurosis. Functions - Gives soft pads to different parts -Formation of pulley around tendon. of the body. -Formation of check ligaments. -Formation of sheaths around glands and blood vessels. - Formation of ligaments. 8. Describe the different classes of bones and give example for each. Answer: Classes of bones 1-Long bones: it is the bone with 2 ends and shaft e.g. (large: humerus and femur-small metacarpal bones). 2-Short bones: it is the bone with 2 ends but with no shaft e.g. carpal bones. 3-Flat bones: it is a flattened bone that may take different shapes e.g. scapula. 4-Irregular bones: it is the bone with multiple processes e.g. vertebra. 5- Pneumatic bones: it is the bone that is filled with air e.g. skull bones. 6- Sesamoid bones: it is the bone present in a tendons of particular muscles e.g. patella. 5  9. Give a short note on the structure and functions of the periosteum. Answer: Periosteum Def.: It is the soft tissue sheath that covers the bone except articular surfaces. Structure: composed of 2 layers: 1- Outer fibrous layer: formed of white collagenous fibers and rich with free sensory nerve endings 2- Inner cellular layer: formed of osteoblasts, blood vessels, nerves and yellow elastic fibers. Functions: 1- Gives blood supply to bone. 2- Gives attachment of muscles and ligaments. 3- Growth of bone in diameter. 4- Healing of fractured bone. Age changes: It is more thick and vascular in young age. 10. Give a s h o r t n o t e o n t h e a r t e r i a l supply of long bones. Answer: Arterial supply of long bones 1- Periosteal arteries: Branches from periosteum to compact bone. 2- Nutrient artery: It enters the shaft through nutrient foramen to reach medullary cavity where it divides into upper and lower branches. 3- Epiphyseal artery: it supplies the end of the bone. 4- Metaphyseal artery: it supplies the junction between shaft and the end of the bone. 6  11. Write a brief account of the characters and types of fibrous joints. Answer: Characters and types of fibrous joints  Fibrous tissue between articulating bones.  No joint Cavity.  No movement.  Types: * Suture: e.g. Skull bones. * Gomphosis: e.g. Tooth in mandible. * Syndesmosis: e.g. Inferior tibiofibular joint. 12. Write a brief account of the characters and types of cartilaginous joints. Answer: Characters and types of cartilaginous joints  Cartilaginous tissue between articulating bones.  No joint Cavity.  Very limited or No movement.  Types: * Primary (temporary with no movement): e.g. Epiphyseal plate of cartilage. * Secondary (permanent with minimal movement): e.g. intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis. 7  13. Give a short note on the characters of synovial joints. Answer:  Articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.  There is a joint Cavity.  The joint is covered by articular capsule.  The interior of a joint is lined by synovial membrane except the articular surfaces.  The articulating bones connected by ligaments.  The joint cavity may be divided by articular disc of cartilage (knee and TMJ joints).  Wide range of movement. 14. Give a short note on the types of synovial joints and give example of each. Answer: According to the type of axis 1- Uniaxial: they are joints that have one axis and 2 movements. A- Transverse Axis: Hinge joint which has strong collateral ligaments e.g. elbow joint & inter-phalangeal joints. B- Vertical Axis: Pivot joint composed of central bony pivot and surrounded by a fibro-osseous ring e.g. radio-ulnar joints. 2- Biaxial: A- Condylar: consists of convex surface that articulates with concave surface e.g. knee joint, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). B- Ellipsoid: formed by articulation of concave elliptical surface with oval convex surface e.g. wrist joint. C- Saddle: articular surfaces are concavo-convex e.g. carpo-metacarpal joint of thumb. 8 3- Multiaxial: they have more than 2 axes and have more free mobility. They are: A- Ball & socket: it is the articulation between cup and spherical head e.g. shoulder and hip joints. B- Plane: articular surfaces are flat allowing gliding e.g. intercarpal & intertarsal joints. According to the shape of the articulating bones 1. Hinge joints: examples- elbow and ankle joints. 2. Ellipsoid joints: examples- wrist (radio-carpal) and metacarpophalangeal joints. 3. Ball and socket joints: examples-shoulder and hip joints. 4. Pivot joints: examples- superior, inferior radio-ulnar joints and atlanto-axial joints. 5. Saddle joints: example- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. 6. Condylar joints: examples-knee and temporo-mandibular joints. 7. Plane joints: examples- acromi o -cl avi cul ar, s t erno -cl avi cul ar, intercarpal and intertarsal joints. 15. Mention the different types of movements at the synovial joints. Answer: 1) Gliding movement: It is simple movement that occurs in plane joint. In this movement one particular surface will glides over the other. 2) Angular movement: In this type, there is an increase or decrease of an angle between the articular bones. A- Flexion & extension: These movements occur around transverse axis. In flexion there is a decrease in angle, while in extension there is an increase in the angle. B- Abduction & adduction: Occur around antero-posterior axis. In adduction there is a decrease in the angle while in abduction there is increase in the angle between the two articulating bones. 3) Rotation movement: It is the movement in which the bone rotates around a longitudinal axis, which may be along the moving bone or the fixed bone or between the two bones. 4) Circumduction: It is a combination of all movements in sequence. 9  16. Classify the skeletal muscles according to the form. Answer: It depends on direction of muscle fibers to line of pull (imaginary line from origin to insertion). 1- Muscles with fibers parallel to line of pull: A Strap-like. B- Fusiform. C- Quadrilateral. 2- Muscles with fibers oblique to line of pull: A- Pinnate: 1- Unipinnate. 2- Bipinnate. 3- Multipinnate. 4- Circumpinnate. B- Non pinnate: 1- Triangular 2- Circular 17- Give a short note on the varieties of muscle tissue. Answer: Muscular tissue consists of elongated cells that are specialized to respond to stimulation by contracting. There are three histological types of muscle—skeletal, cardiac, and smooth—, which differ in appearance, physiology, and function. 1. Skeletal muscle: It consists of long, cylindrical cells called muscle fibers. Each cell contains multiple nuclei peripherally situated (adjacent to the plasma membrane). Skeletal muscle is described as striated and voluntary. 10  2. Smooth muscle: It lacks striations and is involuntary. Smooth muscle cells are fusiform and relatively short. They have only one, centrally placed nucleus. Most of it, called visceral layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, blood vessels, the uterus, and other viscera. 3. Cardiac muscle: It is essentially limited to the heart, though it extends slightly into the nearby blood vessels. It, is striated, but it differs from skeletal muscle in its other features. Its cells are much shorter, so they are commonly called myocytes rather than fibers. The myocytes are branched and contain only one nucleus, which is located near the center. Cardiac myocytes are joined end to end by junctions called intercalated discs. 18- Give a short note on the muscle action. Answer: 1. Prime-mover: It is the primary muscle that start a movement e.g. biceps muscle is the prime- mover of flexion of elbow. 2. Antagonist: It is the muscle which opposes the prime-mover e.g. triceps muscle is the antagonist of biceps in flexion of elbow. 3. Fixator: They are muscles which fix the origin of a prime-mover to perform better action. 4. Synergist: They are muscles which stop the action of a prime-mover over one joint to concentrate the action of a prime-mover over the other. 11  19. Give a short note on the muscle tone. Answer: Muscle tone and Reflex Arc:  Stretch of a muscle is felt by sensory receptors (muscle and tendon spindle).  Impulses pass through afferent fibers to posterior horn cells in spinal cord.  Then they pass through interneuron to reach anterior horn cells (motor).  Then impulses pass through efferent fibers to reach motor end plate of the muscle.  Response: is divided into two parts: 1- Phasic part: fast contraction of the muscle. 2- Static part: slow contraction (muscle tone). Importance of reflex arc: 1- It maintains the posture of the body. 2- Keep the muscle prepared for rapid response. 20. Give a short note on the nerve supply of the skeletal muscle. Answer: Nerve supply of skeletal muscles  Each muscle receives mixed nerve (motor and sensory). Motor fibers end in motor end plate while sensory fibers ( proprioception) end in muscle spindle.  The nerve enters the muscle from its deep surface near its origin.  Usually the muscle receives one nerve especially in limbs while in the abdominal and thoracic wall there are multiple nerves to the muscle.  Low of Reciprocal Innervation: in C.N.S., center of prime-mover muscle is connected with center of antagonist muscle so both muscles act in harmony. 12  21. Give a short note on the limitation of movement in skeletal muscles. Answer: 1- Tension of ligaments of the joint. 2- Tension of antagonistic muscles to the movement performed. In normal conditions, the tension of antagonistic muscles never permits any ligament to become tense e.g. the flexion of hip when the knee is extended causes stretch of hamstrings which do not permit any tension of the ligaments of the hip joint. 3- Approximation of soft parts concerned is another factor in limitation of movement e.g. flexion at elbow is limited when the forearm comes in contact with the arm. 4- Shape of articular surfaces (e.g. the sacroiliac joint which is plane synovial) but very\ limited in movements due to bony processes at the articular surfaces. 22. Mention the types of blood circulation. Answer: 1- Pulmonary circulation: Deoxygenated blood is pumped from right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk to the lungs to be oxygenated. Then oxygenated blood returns to left atrium through 4 pulmonary veins. 2- Systemic circulation: Oxygenated blood is pumped from left ventricle to aorta to the whole body tissues. Then deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium through S.V.C. and I.V.C. then blood pumped from the right atrium to the right ventricle then pumped to the lungs for gas exchange. Blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary veins, the pumped to the left ventricle which pumps it to the aorta. 3- Portal circulation: Venous blood from stomach, pancreas, spleen and intestine collects into a large vein called portal vein to the liver where digested food is metabolized. Then venous blood from the liver pass to I.V.C. through hepatic veins. 13  23. Give a short note on the blood supply of the heart. Answer: ARTERIAL  The heart muscle is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries and is drained by the cardiac veins  The coronary arteries are END ARTERIES  The right coronary artery supplies the right half of the heart  The left coronary artery supplies the left half of the heart  The inter-atrial and inter-ventricular septa are supplied from both C.A.  The SAN (Sino Atrial Node-situated in the right atrium) is supplied from both C.A. The Right Coronary Artery  It arises from the anterior aortic sinus. It anastomoses with the terminal part of the left coronary artery.  It gives off the following branches: 1. Branch to the sinoatrial node 2. The right marginal artery 3. The posterior inter-ventricular artery, (the posterior descending artery).  The Left Coronary Artery  It arises from the left posterior aortic sinus.  It gives off the following branches: 1. The circumflex branch 2. The anterior interventricular artery 3. Branch to the SAN (in 30 %)  Occlusion of a coronary artery or one of its branches causes myocardial infarction which is cell death of the cardiac musculature due to inadequate blood supply Angina pectoris, coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction 14 Venous Drainage:  Cardiac veins accompany the arteries.  Most of them are tributaries of the coronary sinus: a sizable vein lying in the posterior part of the atrioventricular groove and opening into the right atrium.  Great cardiac vein accompanies the anterior interventricular artery.  Middle cardiac vein accompanies the posterior interventricular artery.  Small cardiac vein accompanies the marginal artery.  Anterior cardiac veins seen on the anterior wall of the right ventricle drain directly into the right atrium.  Additionally, there are very small veins on the various walls (venae cordis minimae) draining directly into the cardiac cavity. 15  24. Give a short note on the nerve supply and conducting system of the heart. Answer: The heart is supplied by autonomic nerve supply: 1- Sympathetic: Increases the heart rate and power of contraction. 2- Parasympathetic: decreases heart rate and power of contraction. Conductive system of the heart: It is the system responsible for production of heart beats. It is composed of specialized cardiac muscle. It is formed of the following components: 1. Sinoatrial node (S.A.N): It is the pace-maker of the heart. It is present in the wall of right atrium below opening of S.V.C. 2. Atrioventricular node (A.V.N): It is present in lower part of interatrial septum. 3. Atrioventricular bundle: It originates from A.V. Node and passes in the upper part of interventricular septum. 4. Bundle branches: They are right and left branches of the A.V. Bundle, that pass along the right and left sides of the interventricular septum. 5. Purkinje fibers: They are fibers that pass in the walls of ventricles from the ends of the bundle branches. N.B.  No direct connection between S.A.N. & A.V.N., except the muscle of the right atrium this allows a delay in transmission of impulses from atria to ventricles, leading to beginning of ventricular contraction after the end atrial contraction.  Normal rate of heart beats is 70 – 90 /min.  E.C.G. is the electro-cardiogram; that record electrical activity of the cardiac muscle contraction. 16  25. Give a short note on the pericardium. Answer: The heart is surrounded by a serous sac (serous pericardium). This sac is covered by a fibrous layer (fibrous pericardium).  Fibrous pericardium: This is the fibrous covering of the heart which acts as a wall for the serous pericardium. It blends above with fibrous wall of the big vessels of the heart and below the heart with the central tendon of the diaphragm.  Serous pericardium: An empty closed sac of thin serous membrane invaginated by the heart in its posterior aspect, it contains viscid synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant and promotes movements of the heart without friction with surrounding structures. 26. Give the site of main lymph node groups in the body and their drainage areas. (Table) Answer: Group Site Drainage Area Axillary In axilla Upper limb and breast Inguinal Inguinal Region Lower limb and external genitalia Cervical In neck deep to sternomastoid Head and Neck Bronchial Along bronchi Respiratory organs Aortic Along aorta Abdominal and some pelvic organs Iliac Along iliac Most of pelvic organs 17  27. Mention the different parts of the respiratory system. Answer:  Nasal cavity  Nasopharynx  Oropharynx  Laryngopharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Main right and left bronchi  Right and left lungs (right lung: 3 lobes and left lung: 2 lobes)  Bronchopulmonary segments (right lung: 10 segments and left lung: 8 segments)  Bronchioles  Alveoli. 28. Give the main differences between the right and left principle bronchi. (Table) Answer: Right bronchus Left bronchus Shorter Longer Wider Narrower More in line with trachea More horizontal Divides before entering the lung Divides after entering the lung 29. Give the main differences between the right and left lungs. (Table) Answer: Right lung Left lung Shorter Longer Broader Narrower Heavier Lighter Base is deep Base is shallow Has 2 fissures (oblique & horizontal) Has one fissure (oblique) Has 3 lobes (upper, lower and middle) Has 2 lobes (upper & lower) Its anterior border has no notch Has cardiac notch in its anterior border Has 10 broncho-pulmonary segments Has 8 broncho-pulmonary segments 18  30.Mention the different parts of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract. Answer:  Mouth.  Pharynx: oropharynx and laryngopharynx.  Esophagus.  Stomach: 2 ends; cardiac and pyloric-2 parts cardiac portion (fundus and body), pyloric portion (pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pyloric orifice).  Small intestine 6 meters in length (3 parts): 1. Duodenum 12 inches, 2. Jejunum 2/5 3. Ileum 3/5. 19   Large intestine (10 parts): 1. Cecum 2. Appendix 3. Ascending colon 4. Right colic flexure 5. Transverse colon 6. Left colic flexure 7. Descending colon 8. Sigmoid (pelvic) colon 9. Rectum 10. Anal canal and anal sphincter 31.Give the main differences between the small and large intestine. (Table) Answer: Small Intestine Large Intestine Length 6 meters 180 cm Caliber Smaller Larger Site Central Peripheral Taenia coli Absent Present Motility Free (suspended with a Fixed except transverse mesentery) except and pelvic colon. duodenum. Function Digestion & absorption of food Absorption of water and some minerals. Parts - Duodenum. -Cecum and appendix. - Jujenum. -Colon (ascending, - Ileum. transverse, descending and pelvic). - Rectum & anal canal. 20  32.Write a brief account of the digestive glands Answer: 1-Salivary glands:  They are parotid (below the auricle), submandibular (below mandible) and sublingual (below the tongue).  They secret saliva for digestion of carbohydrates.  The duct of the parotid gland opens in the vestibule of mouth, ducts of submandibular and sublingual open in floor of mouth cavity proper. 2- Pancreas:  It is a mixed gland (endocrine and exocrine).  It is present on the posterior abdominal wall behind the stomach.  It has head, neck, body and tail.  It secrets pancreatic juice for protein digestion (exocrine) and insulin for sugar metabolism (endocrine). 3- Liver:  It is the largest organ in abdomen. - Weight: 1.5 kg.  It lies in right hypochondrium and epigastric regions.  It is pyramidal in shape. It has apex directed to left and a base directed to right.  It has 2 big lobes (right and left) and small 2 lobes. Biliary system:  It starts as small bile ductules from each lobe of liver.  Right and left hepatic ducts are formed from union between liver ductules.  Common hepatic duct is formed by union between 2 hepatic ducts.  Common hepatic duct joins cystic duct (the duct of the gall bladder)to form the common bile duct.  Finally, common bile duct ends by joining pancreatic duct to form hepato- pancreatic ampulla of Vater that opens into duodenum.  Bile is concerned with digestion of fat. 21   The main functions of the liver are:  Secretion of bile to digest fat.  Transformation of digested food carried by the portal vein into substances that can be used by tissue to produce energy.  Detoxification of toxic material in the blood (especially ammonia) and some waste products to be excreted by the kidney.  Gall bladder: It is concerned with storage and concentration of bile.  Blood supply of liver:  Blood enters liver through hepatic artery (20 %) and portal vein (80 %).  Blood leaves liver through hepatic veins to inferior vena cava. 33. Give the differences between male and female urethra. (Table) Answer: Male Urethra Female Urethra Length 20 cm 4 cm Parts Prostatic: The widest, inside the prostate (4 cm). Membranous: Between 2 Membranes (1 cm). Penile: in the penis (15 cm). One part only. Functions Passage of urine and semen Passage of urine. 22  34. Describe the male internal genital organ Answer: Male internal genital organs: 1- Vas deference: -It is a muscular duct; its length is 40 cm. -It starts at tail of epididymis (in the tests) and ends behind urinary bladder by joining the duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. -It transmits sperms from epididymis to ejaculatory duct. 2- Seminal vesicle: -It is a highly coiled tubule (gland). -It is present behind urinary bladder. -Its secretion forms the main bulk of the seminal fluid (which is important for the viability and motility of the sperms). 3- Ejaculatory duct: -It is formed by union between vas deference and duct of seminal vesicle. -It ends by opening in prostatic urethra. 4- Prostate: -It is a gland that is present below urinary bladder. -Its secretion is added to semen. 5- Cooper’s glands: -A pair of glands that is present below prostate on both sides of membranous urethera. - Their ducts end by opening into penile urethera. 23  35.Describe the female internal genital organ Answer: Female internal genital organs: 1-Two ovaries: (mixed glands) - They are almond-shaped. - Site: on lateral pelvic wall. - Functions:  They secrete the ova (exocrine part).  They secrete estrogen and progesterone (endocrine part). 2-Uterus: - It is a hollow pear-shaped muscular organ. - Site: in middle of pelvic cavity, behind urinary bladder. - Parts: It is composed of upper fundus, lower cervix with body in between. - Function: It carries the fetus during pregnancy. 3-Uterine tubes (fallopian): - They are connected to the uterus between fundus and body and extends laterally to the ovary. - Function: It transmits ova, sperms and zygote (fertilized ovum). 4-The vagina: -It is elastic muscular canal. It receives the cervix of uterus in its upper part. It ends below as vaginal vestibule. - Function: passage of fetus during delivery. 36. Give the site and functions of endocrine glands. (Table) Answer: Gland Site Functions Pituitary Below base of brain. -Control other endocrine glands. -Secretes growth hormone. -Secretes antidiuretic hormone. Thyroid Front and sides of larynx & trachea. -Secretes thyroxin hormones. Parathyroid Behind thyroid gland. -Secretes parathormone hormone. Suprarenal At upper pole of kidney -Secretes cortisone and adrenaline hormone. 24  37.Give the site and functions of exocrine glands. (Table). Answer: Glands Site Functions Salivary - Below auricle. 1- Parotid - Secrets saliva - Below mandible 2- Submandibular - Below tongue 3- Sublingual Skin glands 1- Sweat glands - Secretes sweat - Dermis of skin 2- Sebaceous glands - Dermis of skin - Secretes fatty material 3- Wax glands - In the external ear. -Secrets wax. 4- Mammary glands - Front of chest -Secretes milk. Genital glands 1- Prostate - Below urinary bladder. - Formation of seminal fluid. 2- Seminal vesicle - Behind urinary bladder 3- Cooper’s - Below prostate 38.Give the site and functions of mixed glands. (Table). Answer: Gland Site Functions Pancreas - Behind stomach - Secrets pancreatic juice (exocrine) and insulin (endocrine). Testis - In scrotum -It forms sperms (exocrine) and testosterone hormone (endocrine) Ovary - In pelvic cavity. -It forms ovum per month (exocrine) and estrogen as well as progesterone hormone (endocrine) 25  39. Name the different parts of the brain and give the function of each. Answer: Parts of the brain: 1- Cerebrum: It is composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres and each is formed of 4 lobes: a- Frontal lobe: it is the most anterior and contains motor area. b- Parietal lobe: it is the most superior and contains sensory area. c- Occipital lobe: It is the most posterior and contains visual area. d- Temporal lobe: It is the most inferior and contains auditory area and memory. 2-Cerebellum:  Parts: 2 hemispheres and median vermis. 26   Site: Below occipital lobe of cerebral hemisphere.  Functions: It controls the muscle tone. It controls the equilibrium of the body (balance). It co-ordinates the fine movement. 3- Brain stem: It is composed of 3 parts: a- Medulla oblongata: it is the lower part and contains heart rate and respiratory centers. b- Pons: It is the middle part and it connects cerebrum with cerebellum. c- Midbrain: It is the upper part and it contains visual and auditory reflex centers. N.B: Central nervous system contains multiple cavities known as ventricles that contains cerebro-spinal fluid. 27  40. Give a short note on the formation of spinal nerve. Answer: Formation of spinal nerve: each spinal nerve is formed as follows: A-Roots: each nerve is attached to spinal cord by: 1-Dorsal (afferent): sensory and carries dorsal root ganglion. 2-Ventral (efferent): Motor and may contain autonomic sympathetic fibers (T1 – L2) and parasympathetic fibers (S 2,3,4). B-Spinal nerve: union between the 2 roots will form the spinal nerve which passes through the intervertebral foramen. It ends by division into 2 rami. C-Rami of spinal nerve: 1-Dorsal Ramus: supply muscles and skin of back of head, neck and trunk. They do not form plexuses. They are thinner than ventral and do not communicate with sympathetic chain. 2-Ventral Ramus: supply the muscles and skin of the rest of the body. They share in plexus formation (cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral). They are thicker and communicate with sympathetic chain 28  41. Give the characters of nervous synapse. Answer: Characters of nervous synapse: 1- No protoplasmic connection. 2- Nervous impulse is transmitted in one direction. 3- There is some delay in transmission of nervous impulse. 4- Transmission occurs by release of chemical transmitter like acetylcholine or adrenaline.  Electro-chemical transmission via neurotransmitters: * Acetylcholine * Epinephrine, Norepinephrine * Dopamine * Serotonin * Histamine 29 DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY about this document Prepared by the Staff members of the Department of Anatomy For the students of Anatomy -1 “SGS-234” It provides the students with: Short Essay Questions and their model answers 24