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Questions and Answers
What is the type of joint that has one axis and two movements?
What is the characteristic of a hinge joint?
What is the type of joint that has a convex surface that articulates with a concave surface?
Which type of joint is characterized by a cup and spherical head?
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What is the purpose of ligaments in a joint?
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What is the term for the space between the articulating bones in a joint?
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What is the function of the articular disc of cartilage in a joint?
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What is the term for the membrane that lines the interior of a joint?
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What type of movement occurs in plane joints?
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What is the type of movement that occurs around a transverse axis?
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What type of muscle has fibers parallel to the line of pull?
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What type of muscle has fibers oblique to the line of pull?
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What is the type of movement that involves a combination of all movements in sequence?
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What are the three histological types of muscle tissue?
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What is the function of muscle tissue?
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What type of joint is the acromio-clavicular joint?
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What is a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What is a feature of synovial joints that allows for movement?
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What is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What is a characteristic of fibrous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
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What is a characteristic of cartilaginous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
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What is the main difference between synovial joints and other types of joints?
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What is a characteristic of synovial joints that allows for flexibility?
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What is a characteristic that is common to both synovial and cartilaginous joints?
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Study Notes
Joint Structure and Types
- A joint is covered by an articular capsule and lined by a synovial membrane, except on the articular surfaces.
- The joint cavity may be divided by an articular disc of cartilage (e.g., knee and TMJ joints).
- Joints are connected by ligaments and have a wide range of movement.
Synovial Joints
- Classified into three types based on the axis of movement:
- Uniaxial joints (one axis, two movements):
- Hinge joints (transverse axis, e.g., elbow and inter-phalangeal joints)
- Pivot joints (vertical axis, e.g., radio-ulnar joints)
- Biaxial joints (two axes, three movements):
- Condylar joints (e.g., knee and temporomandibular joints)
- Ellipsoid joints (e.g., wrist joint)
- Saddle joints (e.g., carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb)
- Multiaxial joints (more than two axes, more free mobility):
- Ball and socket joints (e.g., shoulder and hip joints)
- Plane joints (e.g., intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.
- There is a joint cavity.
Movements at Synovial Joints
- Gliding movement: one surface glides over the other (e.g., plane joints).
- Angular movement:
- Flexion and extension (around transverse axis)
- Abduction and adduction (around antero-posterior axis)
- Rotation movement: rotation around a longitudinal axis.
- Circumduction: a combination of all movements in sequence.
Arterial Supply of Long Bones
- Periosteal arteries: branches from periosteum to compact bone.
- Nutrient artery: enters the shaft through the nutrient foramen and divides into upper and lower branches.
- Epiphyseal artery: supplies the end of the bone.
- Metaphyseal artery: supplies the junction between the shaft and the end of the bone.
Fibrous Joints
- Characters:
- Fibrous tissue between articulating bones.
- No joint cavity.
- No movement.
- Types:
- Suture (e.g., skull bones).
- Gomphosis (e.g., tooth in mandible).
- Syndesmosis (e.g., inferior tibiofibular joint).
Cartilaginous Joints
- Characters:
- Cartilaginous tissue between articulating bones.
- No joint cavity.
- Very limited or no movement.
- Types:
- Primary (temporary, no movement, e.g., epiphyseal plate of cartilage).
- Secondary (permanent, minimal movement, e.g., intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis).
Skeletal Muscles
- Classified based on the direction of muscle fibers to the line of pull:
- Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull:
- Strap-like.
- Fusiform.
- Quadrilateral.
- Muscles with fibers oblique to the line of pull:
- Pinnate: - Unipinnate. - Bipinnate. - Multipinnate. - Circumpinnate.
- Non-pinnate: - Triangular. - Circular.
Muscle Tissue
- Consists of elongated cells specialized to respond to stimulation by contracting.
- Three histological types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, differing in appearance, physiology, and function.
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Description
Know the different types of synovial joints, their characteristics, and examples. Understand the movement and structure of each type.