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Questions and Answers
What is the type of joint that has one axis and two movements?
What is the type of joint that has one axis and two movements?
What is the characteristic of a hinge joint?
What is the characteristic of a hinge joint?
What is the type of joint that has a convex surface that articulates with a concave surface?
What is the type of joint that has a convex surface that articulates with a concave surface?
Which type of joint is characterized by a cup and spherical head?
Which type of joint is characterized by a cup and spherical head?
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What is the purpose of ligaments in a joint?
What is the purpose of ligaments in a joint?
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What is the term for the space between the articulating bones in a joint?
What is the term for the space between the articulating bones in a joint?
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What is the function of the articular disc of cartilage in a joint?
What is the function of the articular disc of cartilage in a joint?
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What is the term for the membrane that lines the interior of a joint?
What is the term for the membrane that lines the interior of a joint?
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What type of movement occurs in plane joints?
What type of movement occurs in plane joints?
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What is the type of movement that occurs around a transverse axis?
What is the type of movement that occurs around a transverse axis?
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What type of muscle has fibers parallel to the line of pull?
What type of muscle has fibers parallel to the line of pull?
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What type of muscle has fibers oblique to the line of pull?
What type of muscle has fibers oblique to the line of pull?
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What is the type of movement that involves a combination of all movements in sequence?
What is the type of movement that involves a combination of all movements in sequence?
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What are the three histological types of muscle tissue?
What are the three histological types of muscle tissue?
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What is the function of muscle tissue?
What is the function of muscle tissue?
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What type of joint is the acromio-clavicular joint?
What type of joint is the acromio-clavicular joint?
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What is a characteristic of synovial joints?
What is a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What is a feature of synovial joints that allows for movement?
What is a feature of synovial joints that allows for movement?
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What is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
What is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
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What is a characteristic of fibrous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
What is a characteristic of fibrous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
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What is a characteristic of cartilaginous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
What is a characteristic of cartilaginous joints that is NOT found in synovial joints?
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What is the main difference between synovial joints and other types of joints?
What is the main difference between synovial joints and other types of joints?
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What is a characteristic of synovial joints that allows for flexibility?
What is a characteristic of synovial joints that allows for flexibility?
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What is a characteristic that is common to both synovial and cartilaginous joints?
What is a characteristic that is common to both synovial and cartilaginous joints?
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Study Notes
Joint Structure and Types
- A joint is covered by an articular capsule and lined by a synovial membrane, except on the articular surfaces.
- The joint cavity may be divided by an articular disc of cartilage (e.g., knee and TMJ joints).
- Joints are connected by ligaments and have a wide range of movement.
Synovial Joints
- Classified into three types based on the axis of movement:
- Uniaxial joints (one axis, two movements):
- Hinge joints (transverse axis, e.g., elbow and inter-phalangeal joints)
- Pivot joints (vertical axis, e.g., radio-ulnar joints)
- Biaxial joints (two axes, three movements):
- Condylar joints (e.g., knee and temporomandibular joints)
- Ellipsoid joints (e.g., wrist joint)
- Saddle joints (e.g., carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb)
- Multiaxial joints (more than two axes, more free mobility):
- Ball and socket joints (e.g., shoulder and hip joints)
- Plane joints (e.g., intercarpal and intertarsal joints)
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Articular surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage.
- There is a joint cavity.
Movements at Synovial Joints
- Gliding movement: one surface glides over the other (e.g., plane joints).
- Angular movement:
- Flexion and extension (around transverse axis)
- Abduction and adduction (around antero-posterior axis)
- Rotation movement: rotation around a longitudinal axis.
- Circumduction: a combination of all movements in sequence.
Arterial Supply of Long Bones
- Periosteal arteries: branches from periosteum to compact bone.
- Nutrient artery: enters the shaft through the nutrient foramen and divides into upper and lower branches.
- Epiphyseal artery: supplies the end of the bone.
- Metaphyseal artery: supplies the junction between the shaft and the end of the bone.
Fibrous Joints
- Characters:
- Fibrous tissue between articulating bones.
- No joint cavity.
- No movement.
- Types:
- Suture (e.g., skull bones).
- Gomphosis (e.g., tooth in mandible).
- Syndesmosis (e.g., inferior tibiofibular joint).
Cartilaginous Joints
- Characters:
- Cartilaginous tissue between articulating bones.
- No joint cavity.
- Very limited or no movement.
- Types:
- Primary (temporary, no movement, e.g., epiphyseal plate of cartilage).
- Secondary (permanent, minimal movement, e.g., intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis).
Skeletal Muscles
- Classified based on the direction of muscle fibers to the line of pull:
- Muscles with fibers parallel to the line of pull:
- Strap-like.
- Fusiform.
- Quadrilateral.
- Muscles with fibers oblique to the line of pull:
- Pinnate: - Unipinnate. - Bipinnate. - Multipinnate. - Circumpinnate.
- Non-pinnate: - Triangular. - Circular.
Muscle Tissue
- Consists of elongated cells specialized to respond to stimulation by contracting.
- Three histological types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, differing in appearance, physiology, and function.
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Description
Know the different types of synovial joints, their characteristics, and examples. Understand the movement and structure of each type.
