Physical Education PDF

REVIEWER Physical Education 1. Physical Fitness - Refers to ability of the body to adopt to external environment and cope with daily activities. The aspect of total fitness...

REVIEWER Physical Education 1. Physical Fitness - Refers to ability of the body to adopt to external environment and cope with daily activities. The aspect of total fitness - A fit person has the ability to cope stress and everyday strain of modern day. Specifity – pick the right kind of activities to affect each component. Overload – work hard to bring improvement. Regularity – you cant hoard P. Fitness, at least 3 balance work outs meet are necessary (MAINTAIN). Progression – increase the intensity, frequency and duration of activity, in order to improve. [ Fitness is individual quality that varies from one to other. ] BMI FORMULA BMI = kg/m² Proper rest and recovery (48hrs/2days) - Muscles must allowed sufficient recovery time to adopt. Importance and values of P. Fitness It boost overall health – regular exercise is important part of staying healthy. It helps pro long your life span – it helps to prevent diseases It promotes mental health – during exercise the body releases “endorphins and serotin” called “Happy Hormones”, which lower anxiety// make yourself tired to relax. It increases strength and stamina for more higarous activity – enhance flexibility/bone density… It saves related – health expenses – less injury, preventing unwanted hospitalization. 1.2. The Human Body Cells – long been recognized as simplest units of living matter. Tissues – more complex than cells Organs – more complex than tissue/ org. of several diff. kinds of tissue. System – most complex/ org. of varying. Skeletal System – bones provide ragid framework, known as skeleton that supports and protect soft organs. BONES Baby – 300 Adult – 206 Muscular System – composed of specialized cells called “muscular fiber” [Voluntary Movement] BICEPS – FRONT TRICEPS - BACK  Nervous System – major controlling, regulatory and communication in the body/ center of all mental activity (thought, learning, memory) through RECEPTORS. ♡ Internal Environment ♡ External Environment (feeling) Cardiovascular System – called “Blood-vascular” / Circulatory System. Respiratory System – main job is to move fresh air into your body. 2. Fitness Test - “ physical fitness test is not an end itself, it is part of process to create an educated citizen.” Health Related Fitness - Function of the body to adopt to exercise. Could be developed and maintained through regular. Five Components 1. Cardiorespiratory Endurance – ability of the body’s circulatory and respiratory system to supply. 60 – 100 heart rate per minute Subtract your age from 220 ( maximum heart rate) ✓ Progression – start slowly/ low level 2. Flexibility – it is the range motion around a joints. (sit and reach) 3. Muscular Strength – ability of the muscle to exert force/ lift. (weightlifting) 4. Muscular Endurance – ability of the muscle to continue to perform w/o fatigue./ sustain exercise to period of time. (walking) 5. Body Composition – refers to relative amount of muscles, fat, and bone/ body ratio… Skill Related-Fitness - Refers to quality of one’s movement in developing. + combination of these skills/abilities usually determines a skilled performance in particular sport. Components of Skill R-F 1. Agility – ability to change body the direction of movements. (Hexagon agility test) 2. Balance – refers to ability of a person to maintain in the same place. 3. Coordination – speed and accuracy / ability to control body movement. 4. Power – application of strength and speed during muscular movement. (Dynamic S)  5. Speed – ability to move body/region of the body rapidly as possible from one point to another. 6. Reaction Time – refers to time lapse between presentation of stimulus (sound, sight, touch). Body Types (William H. Sheldon, PHD, MD) - or Somatotype, refers to the idea that there is 3 generalize body composition. Endomorph – Fat, pear-shaped body, rounded head //// CHUBBY/FAT Characteristics: Relaxed, tolerant, comfortable, sociable + Increase muscle mass much more easily than Ectomorph. Mesomorph – medium build, strong, muscled arms //// ATHLETIC Characteristics: Adventurous and courageous / love taking-risk + respond well to cardiovascular and resistance training // can sustain body fat levels. Ectomorph – Hard to gain muscle (hard gainer), Small bone, very fat metabolism Characteristics: Self-conscious, artistic, socially anxious + suited for aerobic activity like gymnastic Phases of Exercise 1. Warm up – prepares your body for the activity // Fix Position. 2. Stretching – range of motion activities, can be perform as part of warm up (8-10s). 3. Conditioning – perform the exercise that produces fitness benefits such as calorie burning. 4. Cool down – ends your exercise session with recovery time for your body. / requires you to keep moving. Elements of Training 1. Aerobic Fitness – also known as cardio-/endurance. 2. Strength Training – help you to increase bone strength and muscular fitness. 3. Core Exercise – muscles in your abdomen, pelvis, lower back known as Core Muscles help to protect. 4. Balance Training – Balance Exercise can help to maintain your balance at any age. 5. Flexibility and Stretching – can improve range of motion of your jaunts and may promote better posture.  3. Types of Movement Locomotor movement – which body travels Even rhythm locomotor – walking, running Uneven rhythm locomotor – sliding, skipping Non-locomotor – “Axial Movement”, not moved to another place. 4 different types of joints 1. Bail-and-socket joints – such as shoulder and hip joints. + forward/backward rotating movements. 2. Hinge joints – such as in the fingers, knees, elbows and toes. + straightening / bending. 3. Pivot joints – neck joints / - limited rotation movements. 4. Ellipsoidal joints – wrist joints, allows all types of movements, except pratol movement. Types of joint movement 1. Flexion – bending a joint/ when the angle of a joint decreases. (Construction of Muscles) 2. Extension – straightening a joint, angle increases. 3. Abduction – movement away from midline of the body. (jumping jacks) 4. Adduction – movement towards the midline of the body. (hip and shoulder, returning) // bringing closer. YOGA – hindu spiritual and ascetic discipline, a part of which, including breath control, simple medication (relaxation). 5 benefits of Yoga 1. Improved flexibility and strength 2. Stand up straighten 3. Ease stress and anxiety levels 4. Reduces back pain 5. Improved sleep  Draw 1. Lettering LETTERING – An act of writing letters with style either in freehand or in the mechanical method. It is also the written language of industry. LETTERS – are conventional symbols usually written or printed to represent a simple or compound speech sound. ORIGIN and DEVELOPMENT of LETTERS ANCIENT EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS - A pictographic system of communicating information in terms of visual symbolism. A picture of a bird that represents the sound of the letter "a". A picture of rippling water which represents the sound of the letter "n". TYPES OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS PICTOGRAPHIC – a picture representing a word, phrase, or idea, especially one used in early writing systems. IDEOGRAPHICS – a system of communicating information through visual symbolism used to represent ideas. PHONOGRAPHICS - a system of communicating information through visual symbolism used to represent sounds.  GUIDELINES - Guidelines ensure consistency in the size of the letter characters 4 Horizontal Guidelines Cap line – the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letter. Waist line - indicates the upper limit of the lowercase letters. The ascender is the part of the lowercase letter that extends above the body of the letter. All ascenders are as high as the caps. Base line – where all letter rests or stand. Drop line - indicates the lower limit of the lowercase letters. The descender is the part of the lowercase letter that extends below the body of the letter. 5 Common styles of lettering 1. Gothic – Standard lettering style used in industries. This is made up of lines that are all the same thickness and without serif. 2. Roman – composed of accented thick and thin elements. Considered as the most beautiful and elegant letter style. This style is commonly used on maps, titles, and names of countries. SERIF – are extra elements added to a Roman letter usually found on its extremities. FILLET – Part of a Roman letter connecting 3. Old English / Text lettering – considered as the most artistic. Usually done with the aid of speedball nib “C”. It denotes antiquity. This style is often used on diploma and certificates. 4. Script – style of typography that resembles cursive or connected writing. The kind of writing that can be categorized as calligraphy or simply handwritten cursive. 5. Italic - GENERAL PROPORTION OF LETTERS: SPACING Normal - used when the writing space is adequate 1. Space between letters 2. Space between words Compressed – used when the space is limited 3. Space between lines Extended – used when the space is too wide to write on. 2. Alphabet of Lines 3 CONSTRUCTION OF LINE 1. CONTINEOUS LINES 2. BROKEN LINES 3. 3 WEIGHTS OF LINE - Heavy, medium, light Technical Drawing - provide clear and accurate information on how an object is to be manufactured. // form of design communication.. often referred to as a universal language understood (readable) by anyone regardless of the language they speak. Line Symbols - used in technical drawing are often referred to as ALPHABET OF LINES. The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express the features of designed products clearly and accurately. 3. Mechanical Drawing - Done with instruments. Drafting – is an act and discipline of composing drawing that visually communicate on how something functions. Drafting Material/Instrument and Equipment (without materials it will take long to finish work) Drafting table and stand – special table w/ slanted surface that can be adjusted based on desired angle. Triangles – 90° and 30° Triangular Scale – guides horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines. Scale – used for reducing and enlarging the object’s size. Compass – draw large arc and circles in pencil or pen point Divider – used equally divide a line / space trial and error. Protractor – semicircular tool used to measure layout arc Erasing Shield – erased ink, pencil lines Sand Paper – pencil point Drafting Paper – a thick paper specially for drafting and sketching. Unipin /technical pen Proper care and Maintenance Proper care of Drafting Instruments – is essential to take care.  1. Pencil – always keep the lead sharp /- never sharpen the pencil over. 2. T-square, triangles, French curves – do not used as hammer /- never cut paper 3. Ruler/Scale – do not used scale as ruler/- should not be picked w/ needle points. 4. Divider, Compass – do not oil the joints legs of dividers/- not used as sub for thumbtacks/- sharp and equal. 5. Ruling pen – sharpen the nibs/ blade the ruling pen. 6. Drawing paper – stored in rolled form 7. Making Tape, Scratch tape- stored together. 8.. 9. Drawing board / drawing tape – clear and good conditions +++++++ Drawing - is a method of representing ideas by means of lines and letters + Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression within the visual arts. o Artistic Drawing o Mechanical Drawing 4 Objectives of Mechanical Drawing: ✓ Accuracy - the condition or quality of being correct, or exact; precision or exactness; correctness. ✓ Legibility - the quality of being clear enough to read. ✓ Speed - Being punctual with your work or completing your tasks on time. ✓ Neatness - Drawing must be clear, and neat in order to serve its purpose.  Mandarin 1. Numbers 2. Mid-autumn festival - or Mid-autumn day, is a second grandest festival in china after Chinese New Year. - It is celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month/calendar - In Gregorian Calendar, usually falls in September or early October. + People in mainland china, enjoy one day off on festival day, which connected to weekend to be 3-days Holiday. BUT, if it falls within October 1-7, the holiday will be 8days long, celebrated with Chinese National Day. Chinese Moon Festival - at that time of the year the moon is believed to be at its fullest and brightest, and Chinese always worship the moon and appreciate full moon on that day. How do Chinese celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival? 1. Eat Moon Cakes – most popular activity in festival. It is cookies with various fillings like nuts, read bean paste, egg yolk meat and fruit etc. they are round to symbolize the full moon and family reunion.  2. Appreciate the Full Moon – in traditional Chinese culture, the moon on the festival night is believed to be the fullest and brightest of the whole year, symbolize family reunion. + Even a family member is not home, he/she is appreciating the same moon with other families, seeming like they are together. 3. Worship the Moon – 3,000 years old tradition, where on that night, they set a table with mooncakes and other sacrifices towards the moon, make wishes, offer incense and kowtow to the moon. Afterwards, the families will share the sacrifices. 4. Enjoy family reunion dinner – during festival, families try their best to go home and enjoy big feast.// mooncakes, osmanthus/cake, wine, crab, duck, taro and pumpkin. 5. Make a Hang Festival Lanterns – popular activity in Guangdong and Hong Kong areas, favored by kids. In other places, people set Kongming lanterns to make best wishes.  NSTP 1. NSTP and its law The National Service Training Program act of 2001 (RA 9163) - Signed by Former Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo - Origin/backbone of RA 9163 is RA 7077 The implementing rules and regulation of RA 9163 series of 2009 ~ According to Section 1, the duty of the gov. is to serve and protect its citizen, in turn, all citizens are responsible to defend the country and promote general welfare. Gov.8 may require its citizens to choose one component of NSTP. What is National Service Training Program? - In Section 3, this program aim in enhancing civic consciousness and defense preparedness in youth, by developing the ethics of service and patriotism. 3 Components of NSTP 1. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) – General welfare and betterment of life for members of community/enhancement. 2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) – Train the student to teach literacy and numerical skills to children. 3. Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) – Provide military training to tertiary level students – motivate, train/mobilize team. Role of the Youth and Citizen - Section 2, shall promote civil consciousness to them and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. Who are the covered of this law? - In Section 4 of IRR, all incoming student (male/female) starting s.y 2002-2003 who enrolled in any baccalaureate and at least 2 years technical vocational are required to complete. - All higher educations institutes including state university and collage (SUC’s) must offer upon enrollment ~~ all 3 NSTP component. - Module phase foe 25hrs training (drug education, disaster awareness..) + PMA, PMMA, PNDA are EXEMPTED.. Duration and course unit of this subject NSTP shall not be included in GPA but - 2 semesters with 3 units per sem. - 54 to 90 training hours per sem. requirement for graduation. ALIENS/FOREIGNERS ARE EXEMPTED Can we enroll NSTP to another university? - Yes, because according to Section 7 of IRR of this act, it is allowed, but make sure that the school are credited by CHED or TESDA. Organizations of Students NSTP - In Section 11, non-ROTC component shall belong to National Service Reserve Corps. (NSRC) and could tap by state for literacy and Civic welfare activities. - ROTC students shall be part of Citizen Armed Force Pursuant to RA 7077. Do we have certification of completion in this subject? - Yes, Section 2 of IRR. 2. Citizenship Training (Bill of Rights) The 1987 Philippine Constitution Article III – Bill of Rights - Article III of the Philippine Constitution known as the Bill of Rights. - A Bill of Rights is sometimes considered as the declaration of rights; it is a list of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to the citizens of a country. - The purpose of these rights is to protect the rights of the people against violation from the government or any private citizens. 3. Citizenship Training (Philippine Flag and Heraldic Code) RA 8491 The Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines Section 4: The flag of the PH shall be blue, white and red with an eight-rayed golden-yellow sun and three-pointed stars. it is rectangular shape and has white equilateral triangle design with blue and red horizontal stripes. White – symbolizes liberty, equality and fraternity Blue – peace, truth and justice Red – patriotism and valor 3 stars (Main island of the Archipelago) – Luzon, Visayas (Panay) and Mindanao Eight rays of sun (eight province that revolted against Spain during Spanish Revo.) – Manila, Pampanga, Batangas, Tarlac, Bulacan, Laguna, Cavite and Nueva Ecija Section 6: National flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night, throughout the year, in front of the ff. Malacañang Palace Congress of the Philippines Supreme Court Rizal Monument Aguinaldo Shrine Barasoain Church Libingan ng mga Bayani Section 7: shall be displayed in private buildings and residences or raised in the open flag- staffs every. April 9 (Araw ng Kagitingan) May 1 (Labor Day) (National Flag Days) May 28-June (Bonifacio Day); December 30 (Rizal Day) // such other day declared by president. Section 9: shall be flown on all naval vessels and on merchant ships of Philippine registry, of more than one thousand (1000) gross tons. //on all aircraft of Philippine registry (Horizontal) Section 10: blue field on top in time of peace, and the red field on top in time of war... vertical, left blue (Time of peace), left red (war). Section 11: If planted on the ground, the flag pole shall be at a prominent place and shall be of such height as would give the national flag commanding position in relation to the building in the vicinity. The flagpole must not be of equal height or higher than the independence flagpole at the Rizal Park, Manila Section 12: When the national flag is flown with the flags of other countries, the flags must be of equal size and on separate staffs of the same height. shall be hoisted first and lowered last. When displayed in a semi-circle w flags of other countries, the flag of the country of where is it shall be at the center. When displayed in a circle of flags w other countries, the national flag should be flown on the flagpole facing the main road. The flags of other countries arranged counter-clockwise in alphabetical order. Section 13: When displayed with another flag, the PH flag shall be on the right of the other flags. if there is a line, the PH flag shall be at the middle line. when carried in a parade with flags, which are not national flags, the PH Flag shall be in front of the center of the line. Section 14: A worn-out National Flag should not be thrown away. it should be solemnly burned to avoid misuse or declaration. Section 15: Raising Ceremony (Monday) Sunrise Lowering Ceremony (Friday) Sunset Section 16: The National Flag may be displayed: a. inside &/ outside a building, on a stationary or movable flagpole. if the national flag is displayed indoors on a flagpole, it shall be placed at the left of the observed as one enters the room; b. from the top of a flagpole, which shall be at a prominent place or a commanding position in relation to the surrounding building; c. from a staff projection upward from the window sill, roof, canopy, balcony or facade of the building; placed at the left of the observer as one enters the room; d. In a suspended position from a rope extending from a building to a pole erected away from the building; e. flat against the wall, vertically with the sun and stars on top; f. Hanging vertically in the middle of the two -way traffic road, the blue field should be pointing east, if the road is heading south or north and if the road is heading to east or west the blue field should be pointing north; The national flag shall not be raised when the weather is inclement. if already raised, it shall not be lowered for the whole day. Section 18: All government offices, including national or local and institutions, shall be observe the flag raising. HALF MAST Section 23: shall be flown at half mast as a sign of mourning on all the buildings and places where it is displayed, as a provided, on the day of the official announcement of the death of any of the ff officials: a. The President or Former, for 10 days; b. The VP, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, President of Senate and Speaker of House of Representatives, for 7 days; c. Cabinet Secretaries, associate justices of SC, Members of the Senate and House of Reps., chief staffs of Armed Forces of PH and Director-General of the PNP, for 5 days; d. Head of National Gov. Agencies, including Government-owned and control corporations and Government Financial Inst. for 3 days; e. The Commanding Generals of Ph Air force and Philippine Army and Flag Officer in Command of the Philippine Navy, for 3 days; g. Members of Sanguniang Panlalawigan, Panlungsod and Bayan, on the day interment; h. Barangay Chairman and Councilmen of the day of interment; i. Former national or local gov. officials, appointive or elective, on the day of interment within their jurisdiction. j. Regional Directors, Superintendents, Supervisor, Principal, Teachers, on the day of interment and by order of the proper school authorities concerned; k. Recipients of the national orders and decorations, on the day of interment and by order of the President or Congress; l. Other persons to be determined by the institute, for period of less than 7 days. The National Flag shall also be flown at half-mast during calamities/tragedies of national or international significance ordered by the office of President. The National Flag shall be permanently hoisted at half-mast day and night throughout the year at the tomb of the unknown soldier, libingan ng mga bayani....; and in all memorial cemeteries dedicated to war veterans. The National Flag of these declared sites shall be properly illuminated at night. +++ HALF-MAST RULE The flag must be raised to the top, before it is lowered to the half-mast position; and before it is lowered for the day, it must be raised to the top again. 4. RA 9165 – “ Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 Sale Trading ( Sec. 5, RA 9165) - Life imprisonment - Fine ranging (500k-10M) Maintenance of Den (Sec. 6) - Life Imprisonment - (500k-10M) Possession of Dangerous Drug (Sec. 11)  1. 10grams/more of Opium; dried latex obtained from seed capsules 2. 10g of Morphine; use to moderate pain 3. 10g Heroin; Euphoria/Analgesic Drug 4. 10g Cocaine; stimulant/message of brain to body 5. 50g Methamphetamine hydrochloride/shabu; class drugs 6. 10g Marijuana resin oil; Blood stream and to the brain/influence coordination. Possession of Equipment (Sec. 12) - 6mos and 1 day – 4 years Possession drugs to parties (Sec. 13) - Life Imprisonment, (10M) /// 1st offense - 6mos of Rehab – (Sec. 15) 2nd offense – 6 years Criminal Liability of Gov. officials and Employees (Sec. 28) - Disqualification / Life Imprisonment (Sec. 22) Reward for Assets (Section 82) PDEA – Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency signed by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  PCM 1. Communication Principle and Ethics (Effective Communication) Communication – art of creating and sharing ideas for specific purpose. Verbal Communication – use of language, sounds and tone of voice. Non-verbal Communication – body language and expression. Written Communication – journal, e-mails, text messages Visual Communication – signs, pictures, symbols, emoji’s Emphasis (Important aspect) – voice can show emphasis Effective communication – dependent on how rich those ideas are (retained) Effective communication need an open-minded Intrapersonal – taking with other ☆ No man is an island people. ☆ We communicate with a reason Interpersonal – talking with self. ☆ People are rich w/ expression Audience Analysis – anyone who expected to receive the message you are sending. - Identifying and trying to overcome possible communication barriers. Principles > Mutual Understanding > Open-minded Must be observed: ♡ Clarity – message should be clear, brief and concise ♡ Conciseness – brief, in a nutshell ♡ Completeness – message should be final and complete, accurate ♡ Organization – organize the thoughts ♡ Empathy – be sensitive and know the emotion of audience ♡ Flexibility – adjust and adopt  2. Communication and Globalization Globalization – rapid advances in technology and digitization. - regarded as the key to the worldwide integration of humanity. Communication is not confined to communication w/ people from other countries, but is inclusive within its own society. (regardless of age, gender, race and etc.) diversity, since effective communication and the ability to understand cultural differences are skills.// Meaningful social life ~ successful professional career. Globalization has affected the way people and companies communicate each other. // cultural differences have accentuated CULTURAL INSENSITIVITY. - Important to know the issues, etiquette, protocol, communication style. Cultural Sensitivity – as cultural misunderstanding often lead to misinterpretation and unnecessary tension between people. Ethics in Communication – effective com. Is ethical communication. - Only when its genuine, open, cooperative and sensitive to one’s culture and social beliefs and practices. How past experience and prejudice affect communication? - Past exp. Inevitably affects people’s communication style in future. Example: Kapag lagi kang kinokontra ng magulang mo noon, kaya in the future possible na sinasarili mo nalang yung gusto mong sabihin. Prejudice – when other people take their past exp. And make certain assumptions that the same exp. Will happen again. Showing commitment and genuine impact - Key component to ethical communication is Showing Commitment in communicative situations. Being committed means giving sufficient time and resources to any conversation/discussion and being open. Respecting Socio-cultural beliefs and practices of others - Globalization also entails changing the way people communicate to others , esp., with those different norms, cultures and belief system.  - Ethical communication requires people to respect socio-cultural beliefs and practices of others, and avoiding all kinds of stereotypes. 3. Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings (Unit 2) Communication Styles in various Multicultural Contexts - Communication styles refers to the choices people make strategies/tools they use in the process of communication. Communication Styles Matrix by: Eileen Russo Two Dimensions: (1) Assertiveness level , (2) Emotiveness Level Spirited = High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness Direct = Low Expressiveness + High Assertiveness Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness TIPS: Tips for people w/ a spirited communication style 1. Respect decisions that have been agreed upon, as well as time limits 2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes 3. Make sure you are allowing other to contribute their ideas or suggestion 4. Be certain that any request you make is clear 5. Communicate your appreciation for others’ work and input Tips for people w/ a considerate communication style 1. Recognize that others’ opinions about a topic are separate from you 2. Realize that not everyone are not comfortable discussing personal topics 3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature 4. Respect your own opinion as you respect others 5. Recognize that you don’t have to be friends with everyone Tips for people w/ a direct communication style 1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting 2. Allow time for chatting at the beginning of a meeting 3. Recognize that others may also feel the need to express 4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective and is not waste of time  5. Take some time to show your appreciation to others Tips for people w/ a systematix communication style 1. Recognize that for good working relationships, consideration for others’ feeling is important. 2. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will help you get the information you need. 3. Make sure you understand background of the discussion /scope 4. Politely ask other questions about themselves if you want to build rapport 5. If you need to ask more time to know, analyze or discuss something Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language - In Multicultural Society, people must use culturally-appropriate terms. Language Varieties – also called “Lects”, refer to the diff. variants of language that can be sufficiently delimited from one another in terms of social and etc. Pidgin – refers to new language that develops into situations where speakers need to communicate, but do not share the same language. Example: Chavacano in Philippines Creole – it is pidgin that becomes the first language of the children. Example: Gullah and the Patwa, both creole in Jamaica Regional Dialect – language spoken in a particular area of a country. Example: Cebuano Minor Dialect – variety as a marker of identity. Minority ethics group. Example: the sinama of the badjaos Indigenized Varieties – spoken mainly as second language in former colonies. Example: Singlish (Singaporean English) Language Registers – characterized by the way of a speaker uses language differently in different social circumstances. Formal Language Register – used in professional, academic and expected to be respectful. Example: Abstract  Casual Language Register – used when communicating with friends Intimate Language Register – usually between 2 people and often private. Example: Inside joke between HS friends Frozen Language Register – historic language that remains unchanged. Example: Preamble Consultative Language Register – conversation when people are speaking w/ someone who has specialized offering advice. Example: doctor’s advice Improving one’s ability in communicating in Multicultural setting - Start w/conviction and personal desire to relate more effectively w/ persons having different cultural backgrounds. ✓ Refrain from forming expectations based solely on your culture. (knowing and accepting the validity of cultural difference) ✓ Remove personal biases or any stereotype that may impede understanding. ✓ Make personal commitment to develop communication skills appropriate in Multicultural Setting. 1. I will make commitment to seek info. From person whose different from me. 2. I will try to understand how the experience of the persons from diff. cultures leads. 3. I will pay attention to the situations and context when communicating to others w/ diff. culture. 4. I will make an effort to become more flexible communicator 5. I will not insist that persons from other cultures should communicate w/ me on my terms. 4. The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids in Communication Responsible used of Social Media Social Media // the more it grows, the more we discover about do’s and don’ts 1. Golden Rule – Respect, dignity 2. Do not turn Social Media as a way to harass 3. Regardless of Privacy (Pause b4 you click) 4. Be responsible on what you post and how it could affect your reputation  5. English language and the New Media New Media – refer to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily processed, stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, search for and accessed. ♡ Blogs, Social Media, Online Newspaper, Virtual reality, Computer Games Language in new media is sometimes referred to Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) but can be called as ff: ♡ Netspeak, Computer-mediated discourse, Digital discourse, Electronic discourse, e- communication, Digitally mediated communication, keyboard-to-screen communication // The Internet is the largest area of language development we have seen in our lifetimes. - Crystal (2011): it is not going to go away, and it is going to get larger. // MUST BE PREPARED FOR ITS INEVITABLE EXPANSION. ~ Digital Discourse illuminates social and cultural processes/- which under the domain sociocultural dimension. The primary concern is not with abstract, grammatical linguists, but rather the everyday functions and use of language. This type of discourse / computer mediated communication can be described as; Vernacular Interpersonal Spontaneous Dialogical CMC is Vernacular, which means it uses language that is common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or race. Example: Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae), Initials (Atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, idk, jk, af, nvm…) Emoticons/emojis (