Post-Impressionism, Fauvism, and Other Art Movements PDF

Post-Impressionism: Fauvism: A diverse style in which the essentials of From the French word “wild beasts,” perception are portrayed through characterized by violent distortion and concentration on light, atmo...

Post-Impressionism: Fauvism: A diverse style in which the essentials of From the French word “wild beasts,” perception are portrayed through characterized by violent distortion and concentration on light, atmosphere, and outrageous coloring. color. Appeared similar to impressionist Cubism: paintings—landscapes, familiar portraits, groups, and café and nightclub scenes—but Cubist space violated all usual concepts of gave their subject matter a complex and two and three-dimensional perspective. The profoundly personal significance. space within the composition had been thought of as entirely separate from the main subject of the work—if the subject were Abstract Expressionism: removed, the space would remain unaffected Originated in New York. Two characteristics: Futurism: (1) non-traditional brushwork (2) non- representational subject matter. Technological developments and new Absolute individuality of expression and the materials also encouraged the search for new freedom to pursue irrationality underlie this forms to characterize the age. The term used style. is “futurism,” which constituted really more of an ideology than a style. It encompassed more than just the arts, and it sought to Neo-Expressionism: destroy the past—especially the Italian past— in order to institute a totally new society/ a Seeks to evoke a particular emotional new art. response. Forces the viewer to confront what may well represent repulsive images. Dadaism: The painting has nightmarish qualities and yet the fluid watercolor medium gives it a An artistic and literary movement softened, translucent quality. emphasizing the discovery of reality through the abolition of traditional cultural and aesthetic forms. Realism: Irrationality, meaningless, and harsh mechanical images occur as typical effects. An artistic style based on the theory that the method of presentation should be true to life. Surrealism: Expressionism: An artistic style emphasizing discovery of A style in visual and performing arts that reality through reliance on the subconscious. seeks to express the artist’s emotions rather Works emerged by “pure psychic than accurately represent form. automatism.” It traditionally refers to a movement in Germany between 1905 to 1930. Broadly speaking, it includes a variety of approaches, Roman Arts: mostly in Europe, that aimed at eliciting in the viewer the same feelings the artist felt in Painting survives mainly in murals and panel creating the work— a sort of joint portraits executed in a realistic style. artist/viewer response to elements in the work of art. Any element—line, form, color— might be emphasized to elicit this response. Enlightenment: The subject matter itself did not matter. What mattered was the artist consciously Emphasized rationality and new ideas in the tried to stimulate in the viewer a specific arts, seeking a balance between emotion and response similar to his or her own. intellect. Baroque Art: Expressionism is a style in visual and performing arts that In fine art, the term Baroque (derived from seeks to express the artist’s emotions rather the Portuguese 'barocco' meaning, 'irregular than accurately represent form. It pearl or stone') describes a fairly complex traditionally refers to a movement in idiom, originating in Rome. Germany between 1905 to 1930. Broadlyspeaking, it includes a variety of Baroque art above all reflected the religious approaches, mostly in Europe, that aimed at tensions of the age - notably the desire of the eliciting in the viewer the same feelings the Catholic artist felt in creating the work— a sort of joint artist/viewer response to elements in the Painting in the Baroque style appealed to the work of art. Any element—line, form, color— emotions and to a desire for magnificence might be emphasized to elicit this response. through opulent ornamentation. The subject matter itself did not matter. What mattered was the artist consciously Color and the grandeur took emphasis, as tried to stimulate in the viewer a specific well as dramatic use of light and shade response similar to his or her own. (chiaroscuro). Baroque style often exhibited intensely active Lascaux Cave Arts: compositions that emphasizes feelings rather than form, and emotion rather than intellect. Lascaux is famous for its Palaeolithic cave paintings, found in a complex of caves in the Baroque painting had a variety of Dordogne region of South western France applications. It glorified the church and and was discovered in 1940. religious sentiment, both Sections have been identified in the cave; the Great Hall of the Bulls, the Lateral Passage, Pop Art: the Shaft of the Dead Man, the Evolved in the 1950s, focused on mass Chamber of Engravings, the Painted Gallery, culture and commercial imagery. and the Chamber of Felines. Subjects exist in popular culture, often Contains nearly 2,000 figures, mainly critiquing consumerism. animals and abstract signs. Post-Modernism: Byzantine Art: A departure from traditional forms, often The content of Byzantine art focuses on blending different styles and media to human figures. The figures reveal three main challenge established norms. elements (a) Holy Figures [Christ, the Virgin Mary, the saints, the apostles with bishops and angels portrayed in their company) (b) Aristocratic Baroque: the Emperor (believed to be divinely sanctioned by God) (c) the Classical Heritage describes the art generally in the baroque (images of cherubs, mythological heroes, style that reflected the visions and purposes gods and goddesses, and personification of of an aristocracy that at this time had become virtues). increasingly aware that its power was threatened by the growing bourgeoisie or Byzantine two-dimensional art increasingly middle class. reflected a consciously derived spirituality. Byzantine art was conservative, and for most part, anonymous and impersonal. Lyricism Max Ernst: FRA ANGELICO (Guido di Pietro) known as Juxtaposed strange unrelated items to the ‘angelic painter.’ Imaginative, emotive, produce unexplainable phenomena. expressive, personal, passionate and completely subjective. Outward reality loses favor to more abstract Jackson Pollock: values, and classical intellect sublimates into a more emotional introspection. An example of Abstract Expressionism, using action painting to convey energy. Mannerism: A movement in art characterized by a Honore Daumier: "mannered" or affected appearance of subjects. Mannerist paintings seem formal often depicted urban scenes. His work, The and inward-looking. Their oddly Third Class Carriage, shows the interior of a proportional forms, icy stares, and subjective large horse-drawn bus in Paris. Daumier viewpoint make them puzzling yet intriguing. puts the viewer in the set opposite a Mannerism has an intellectual component grandmother, her daughter, and two that distorts reality, alters space, and makes grandchildren. They form a strong often obscure cultural allusions. Mannerism compositional triangle that contrasts them originated as a reaction to the harmonious with the people behind them. It seemingly classicism and the idealized naturalism of depicted urban alienation, which was an High Renaissance art as practiced by important topic during that era.Romantic Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael in the Age: first two decades of the 16th century. Romantic Age Albrecht Durer: The Romantic style had an emotional appeal, and its subjects tended toward the Albrecht Durer whom many regard as picturesque, including nature, Gothic Germany’s greatest artist, could be viewed as images, and often, the macabre. the Jerome in his Study Leonardo of the Romantic composition moved toward northern Renaissance. Durer shared fragmentation of images, with the intention Leonardo’s deep curiosity about the natural of dramatizing, personalizing, and escaping world, a curiosity expressed in his drawings, into imagination. which explore physiognomy, animals, plants, and landscapes. The Swing by Fragonard: George Seurat: is an “intrigue” picture. A young gentleman has enticed a suspecting old cleric to swing often describes as a ‘neo-impressionist’—he the gentleman’s sweetheart higher and called his approach ‘divisionism’ —departed higher so that he, strategically place, can radically from existing painting technique catch a glimpse of her exposed limbs. The with his experiments in optics and color young lady, perfectly aware of his trick, theory. His patient and systematic gladly joins in the game, kicking off her shoe application is called pointillism, because the to the statue of the God of discretion, who artists apply paint with the point of the holds his finger to his lips in admonishment brush, in this case using a mixture of short, of silence. This scene exudes dash-like, as well as dot-like, strokes. frivolous,naughtiness and sensuality, with lush foliage, foaming petticoats, and Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of luxurious colors. La Grande Jatte, illustrates both his theory of color perception and his concern for the accurate depiction of light and colorations of objects. Death of the Virgin The Scream by E. Munch: The composition is arranged around the is a proto-expressionist artwork realized by Virgin, the painting's central theme. The Norwegian painter in 1893. It depicts a compact mass of the assemblage and the deformed human figure disturbingly posturing of the figures guide the viewer's screaming in a landscape with unnatural eye toward the abandoned body. colors. Representing a universal symbol of The theatrical drape of blood-red cloth anxiety. heightens the scene's dramatic effect. The painter makes use of the nuances of light and Munch's iconic Scream is preserved in the shadow to model the volumes of the objects, National Gallery of Oslo. The Scream is part figures, and clothing. But above all he of a series known as “The Frieze of Life,” accentuates, through this process, the which depicts highly charged, affective physical presence of the Virgin, struck by a moments related to themes of life, dazzling light. The artist creates the illusion mysticism, love, and death. of depth through a series of lighter areas: from the back of Mary Magdalene's neck in the foreground, the eye penetrates further into the painting, passing from Mary's face to Masaccio Heritage: the hands and heads of the apostles. While the content of paintings might treat religious themes, the manner of expression Garima Gospels: turned toward world's most ancient illuminated gospel earthly observation and the application of manuscript from Ethiopia. mechanical perspective to the field of the painting changed the ethereal tone of medieval works to a new ‘reality’ that Mona Lisa: appeared as things appear in real life. also known as La Gioconda, the wife of The champion of this new style of painting is Francesco del Giocondo; this painting is Tommaso di Giovanni better known as painted as oil on wood. The original painting “Masaccio,” who joined the paintersguild in size is77 x 53 cm (30 x 20 7/8 in) and is Florence in 1422. The hallmark of Masaccio’s owned by the Government of France and is invention and development of a ‘new’ style on the wall in the Louvre in Paris, France. lies in the way he employs in his figures. This figure of a woman, dressed in the Florentine fashion of her day and seated in a Illuminated Manuscript: visionary, mountainous landscape, is a remarkable instance of Leonardo's sfumato are hand-written books that had been technique of soft, heavily shaded modelling. decorated with gold or silver, brilliant colors, The Mona Lisa's enigmatic expression, which or elaborate designs or miniature pictures. seems both alluring and aloof, has given the The term “illumination” originally denoted portrait universal fame. the embellishment of the text of handwritten books with gold or, more rarely, silver, giving the impression that the page had been The Garden of Earthly Delights: literally illuminated. is a big three-paneled painting. The left panel is called The Creation of Eve, contains a fairly straightforward portrayal. The figures are set Classifications of Post-Modern Arts: in a landscape populated by exotic animals and unusual semi-organic hut-shaped forms. Challenges traditional boundaries, often blending various media, styles, and concepts. High Renaissance Popular Artists: draftsmen in the history of Western used The time from around 1495 until around drawings extensively to plan his 1520, primarily in Rome and characterized compositions. by the works of Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo da Vinci. Tempera: High Renaissance painting sought a universal ideal achieved through impressive A method of painting using pigments mixed themes and styles. Figures emerged as types with a water-soluble binder like egg yolk. again, rather than individuals—godlike human beings in the Greek classical tradition. They tried to emulate rather than Fresco: to imitate. High Renaissance art idealizes all forms and delights in composition; it shows A technique of mural painting executed upon stability without immobility, variety without freshly laid wet plaster. confusion, and definition without dullness. Encaustic: MICHELANGELO Michelangelo Buonarroti was a man of great A painting technique that involves using hot faith. He showed little interest in anything wax as a binder for pigments. other than human form. His paintings and frescoes were largely taken from mythological and classical sources Mosaic: works. He managed to combine his high level Mosaic is the decorative art of creating of technical competence and his rich artistic pictures and patterns on a surface by setting imagination to produce the perfect High- small colored pieces of glass, marble or other Renaissance blend of aesthetic harmony and materials in a bed of cement, plaster or anatomical accuracy in his works. adhesive. Employed as a form of interior or exterior decoration, and originally developed LEONARDO DA VINCI in ancient Greece, mosaics were developed His work has an ethereal quality which he extensively by Roman craftsmen, mostly in achieved by delicately blending light and the form of pavements. shadow in a technique called sfumato (“smoky”). Pompeian Arts: His figures hover between reality and illusion as form disappears into another, with only Knowledge of pagan Roman murals springs the highlighted portions emerging. In The mainly from the city of Pompeii (and other Madonna of the Rocks, he interprets the nearby settlements), buried under many feet doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, of ash and pumice by the eruption of Mount which proposed that Mary remained pure, Vesuvius in the year 79. This deadly ash freed from original sin in order to be a worthy blanket converted Pompeii into a vast time vessel for the Incarnation of Christ. capsule, providing modern archaeologists with a rare glimpse into many aspects of RAPHAEL Roman life. Raphael Sanzio is generally regarded as the third painter in the High Renaissance One of these aspects was wall painting. By triumvirate. studying works at Pompeii (and the His work is admired for its clarity of form surrounding region), art historians have ideal of human grandeur. Together with identified four consecutive styles, dubbed the Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he Pompeian styles. forms the traditional trinity of great and ease of composition and for its visual achievement Pointillism: of the Neoplatonic masters of that period. Raphael was enormously productive, artists apply paint with the point of the running an unusually large workshop, and brush, in this case using a mixture of short, despite his death, at 37, a large body of his dash-like, as well as dot-like, strokes. work remains. Raphael was one of the finest  Madonna Enthroned Artists: Chiaroscuro: Artists like Giotto and Cimabue depicted the Color and the grandeur took emphasis, as Madonna enthroned, symbolizing divine well as dramatic use of light and shade authority. Sfumato: Early Christian Art Representations: blending light and shadow in a technique art history was the first period during which (smoky) a large body of Christian-themed art was produced. Arabesque: use vegetal and floral motifs to create flowing designs Genre Painting: presents mundane objects as worthy portrayal, exploring their shape, texture, color, and relationship to one another and the surrounding space. Rembrandt: Rembrandt van Rijn trained under local artists and then moved to Amsterdam. He was called the first “capitalist artist.” The quality of art could be gauged, he believed, not only on its own merits but also by its value on the open market. Rembrandt’s genius lay in depicting human emotions and character. He suggests detail without including it. The artist invites the viewer to share in an emotional experience rather than to observe. Rembrandt painted many self-portraits, and they changed in many characters over the years of his life— from experimental early on, to theatrically disguised in the 1630s, to frank toward the end of his life. Atmospheric Perspective: enhances the deep spatial naturalism. Figures appear strong, detailed, and very human.