OMR EXAM PDF Environmental Law Principles

 NATURE? SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE ENVIRONMENT: Earth's land, water&atmospher e. - Micro- plants,animallife. organisms, Any part/ oftheabove& theinterrelationshi...

 NATURE? SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: THE ENVIRONMENT: Earth's land, water&atmospher e. - Micro- plants,animallife. organisms, Any part/ oftheabove& theinterrelationshi between them. combination p Their physicalchemical,aesthetic & cultural properties & conditions that influence human health& well- , being. PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: 1.INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY: generation holdstheplane i n trust for Current future - generations. t Responsi manag resources throug sustainableuse. bly e h Ensure environmental benefits & burdensa r e equal shared. ly justuse landa s they please Owners can't i.. Southern Africa Case:"Sec theenvironment be protect forthe ofpresent&futuregeneration "require benefit BP 24(b)s ed s." "Balanci environmental justifiabl interests with social & economic developmenconceptualis ng e ts ed beyon present generation d "These principles s." intergenerati of equit qualif the righ t o landownership." onal y y t Fuel Retailers Case:"Sustaina implie continuitya concern forsocial& developmentequit betweengeneration bility "Concern' s , al y s." i nthe principleofintergeneratequity." reflected - s "Principl embodied sec24"& "NEMA's ional principle environmental manageme e's in s" of nt." 2.PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE: -Public available resources thatcan'tbe privatl owned/sold. ly Roman-DutchLaw:Res y extra commercium. "Environment's held interest." i n publictrust forpeopleal benefici NINA: , use ofits resources mustservepublic Illinois CentralRailroad Co.Case: "Ifstate holds resources available for freepubli use,courtwill lookskepticao n Stateconduct c calculated lly relocate self-interest." to resourcet o morerestricteduseso r to serveprivate 3.PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE: FuelRetailersCase:Applica ifdueto"unavailable scientificknowlethere's futureimpact propos developme ble dge" certaintya s to ofed nt. Environmental legislati (NEMA)adopte risk-averse &cautious approac i. a t o dutiesimposeon authorities. on d h d "see2417) "that requires: This approach' especialimportanti n light s ly of (b) 1)Investig potenti al impact o n environment? socio-economic conditions. ate Assessment 2) ofsignificanof potenti al impacts. ce NEMA2(4) (vii): Appl risk-averse & cautious approac consideri limits of current knowle aboutconsequences. y h ng dge MIRA: Must apply precaution approache i.ro manageme & developmofmarine livin resources. ary s nt ent g RioDeclaration.Principl 15:I fthere'sthreats ofseriousirreversibledamag lack ofscientific certaint can'tbeuseda s a reason e e, y forpostponin cost- measures to prevent environmental degradati effective g on.  WWESACase:Failuretoappl precautiona principl grounforfindindecisionunlawful a. Can't y ry e's d g do projec unlessit's shown i t won'tcause serious environmental degradation/ Authorities t pollution. mustinsisto n adequat precautionameasures t o safeguaagainst harm. e rd ry 4.PREVENTATIVE PRINCIPLES: Anticipat environmental harm & - assess risk. e Minimise harm bytakin actiona t earl stageideall befor dama occurs. - an e g y , y ge NEMA2(4) (a)(ii): "Avoid environmental pollutioo r degradatio r minimise& reme if unavoidable." n on, dy 5.POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLES: Cost pollutio should bepolluter responsibilit - ofn s notsociet i ngenera y? l. y RioDeclaration.Principl 16:"Authorities must internalise environmental costs,consideri approac thatpolluterbearscosts." e try h ng White Pape Environmental Managemei nSA:"Those responsibl fordamag must human health& on pay coststo environment, r nt e e preventative measures." "Ifthere'sno responsi ble State personexists. mayaccept responsib for rehab." ility 6.PRINCIPLE OF NON-REGRESSION: - Noti n NEMA(new). Prohibits roll back established - of environmental protection. - of Oncecertain level environmentalprotection' achieved can'tbe lowered, maintain consistenc& progressi s it to improve y vely of standards environmental governanc e. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT: CHALLENGES:URBANISATION Increasi concentration populati urban settlement. ng ofon in Urban culturalhotspotthatdepen areas are economic,politica& o n resource extraction. l s d Demand forurban resources i s influenced by change populatio lifestyl housi densit in n, e: s ng y. Conseque Resource Demand: nces of f - Deforestation. 1.Citiesare linkedt o destruction ofremote areas.→ Agricultu intensification. ral 2.Loss ofbiodiversit ↳ Wildlife trade. y. Climate 3. chang e. PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNINGS: 1.Anthropocentrism. Human's central entity & priority world. - arethe i n the Duties towards humansdetermines moral duties towards theworld?decision- favour humansinterests' needs. & making s  SA's Anthropocentr Context: ic Constitutional norm ofintergeneratiequity. onal dec2 NEMA:Environmental managemen mustplacepeopl & needs forefron concerns. - its at of e t t 2.Biocentrism Ethical concern: life-centred, alllivin thing haveinherentvaluebecause they'r membersofearth. Conservatioefforts: s g individual e D uty from dut n to protect species i s independen t t o humans. y 3.Ecocentrism Ethical concern: Allelementsofecosyste includi non- Conservatioefforts: Holistic m, ng living. n integrit ofecosystem s. y CRITIQUES & AFRICAN CUSTOMARY LAW: Critique: Exploit naturalresources infinite. SDfailed t o delivero n the tripartite promises. as if f - - s Failed because - it persues'neoliberal economic developme ' nt." exacerbat anthropo - SD contributed & es theconditions ofthecene. Problem s withBrundtland Definition: from exploiti natural resources. 1.SDcouldn't beallowedt o imped profit e s ng * V.1.T* 2. Assumed technolo solutions degradat would be made. to environmental gical ion 3.Weakened by vague?contradict stances on ecologi limits& economic processes. ory cal Ubuntu: - Indigen value expressin African humanness. ous g "Human ofindividuals onl complet re-affirms that others." of - ity y e ifi t Argume Use a s a n alternative worldview to SDt o underlie& support environmental law because it's basedo n relationalit nt: y, compassiosocialjustice, fairnesssolidaritrespec forhumans. n, , y, t - Decolonises environmental law by showi indigenovalues are relevant:applicabl ng us e. Beadica Case:Ubuntu's foundation constitutional value. a al Courts i tt o decideo n disputes outoftheirownvolition. invoke can SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: I Economic developmen 1. t. Environmental protection 2. / components. Tripartite. Brundtland Commission Report 3.Social protection. ""Developm ↗. thatmeets needs forpresentgeneratio w/o compromisi futuregenerationabilit tomeettheirownneeds." ent ns ng s y Specific of essential needs worlds thatshould overridi - ally poor get priority. ng - Limittechnologi social&economic developme t o match environments'abilityt omeetpressures&futureneeds." cal, nt IICOMstitut.IO:0#ii a)Rightt oa n environmentthatisn't harmful t o theirhealth& well- b) Environment protecte i) d for Preventpollutio ecologi & benefit present futur of degradati &e generatio ns, h being, throug /"generational 4 - 2l ve & "generationa rightConqualified) reasonablelegislati other → measures that: " right(qualified). teditfse36. n cal on. Ii) Promote conservation. ↳Limitedbystateresources. Iii)Secure ecologic sustainabledevelopm ent &useofnaturalresources while promotin justifiableconomic &socialdevelopmen e t. ally g ↳ Balance economicdevelopment v environmental protection. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? CONSTITUTION: Rightto Sustainable Development: Rightto SDi n Constitution' contested;i t doesn'tbestowexpress& distinctright s -. See24 (iii)obligat state secureecologic SD. (b) to es ally See24 expressmentions tripartitedefinitionalelements SD.→ led Baleni's findin of to gs. ly BaleniCase:The constitutionaldut i n sec24(b) fallsi n broad scopeofwhatcourtconsideredpart rightt o SD. of y "Constitutio"NEMA,NPRDA. Righta s provid fori nn, ed Environmental Duties: Authorisation: Obligati to Consider & Balance Tripartit Compone (Fuel Retailers Case): on e nts Constitutio n recogniseinterrelations hip between protectio n of environment & socio-economicdevelopme(see24). nt Constitution s contempla integratio tes of environmental protectio & socio-economicdevelopme&thatthe2 willbe n nt balanced throug n h ideal of SD (See 24). - SDprovide framewo forreconcil socio-economic developme& environmentalprotectionactin a s mediati principi n reconcili s rk ing nt ng ; g le ng environmental developmenconsiderations. & tal Obligati t o consider socio-economic factor includes obligati - s to consider developmenimpact. on on t's 1.t o NEMA,it'sa wideobligati & includes assessin cumulative impacto n theenvironment. on g Authorities mustcompl with compuls & material conditions prescribe bylawforgrantin authorisation for large- projects y ory d g scale. Unsustainable developme inheren detrimental - are to environment. nts tly Source s of Responsibil ity: !niiI?iiiiiiiini tne.fi#ietunaioIitttiiiii. a)Environment. (excludenational marine) % a)Pollution b)Nature,conservation s parks,botanicalgarden. b)Water& sanitationservices. s, c)Pollution & soil conservation. Accountabil & Chapte 9 Institutions: ity r Althou healt environment, environmental failur protec environment. a rightt o crisis duet o state's there's there's an to ghHuman hy e t capaci challen corruption,complexi ofconcurrent environmental governanc ty ges, ty e. Failure leads pollutioof land, rivers:otherwatercourses thataffectshumans& ecosyste to n air, ms.  SAARC v MUNDUZI: (Non- with license/ compliance legislation). fulfilldut remediate environment byfailin Facts:Declarator reliefagains localmunicipal y to of care& municip t o operate al t ity y g waste dispos site i n line with environmental legislati & applica norms. al on ble SAARCinvestiga &foun mismanagem breach statutes protecti natural resources infring d in of & ed o n sec24. ted ent ng Locus Standi:SAARC has leg standi fromsec 38Constitution + see 32NEMA. Held:Waste al ng managemen a regulat activity ts ed. Municipaliti have statutor obligati manag landfillsites mannerthat doesn't cause environmental harm. to in es y on e Failed - to discharobligati underNEMA. ge ons Breached statutor dut ofcare & obligati to remediate environmental damagduties - i t. o see28+ 2 NEMA y y on e, NEMA'sthestatuteenvisage - by sec 24thatmandatesstatet o takeappropriatmeasures. d e Forthemeasures bemeaningfenforceme authorities empowe issue complian notices. - to nt are to ul, red ce COMPONENTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: 1.Substantive Component s 1.Integrati of 4.Right to developm environmental protectio &economic developme on n nt. ent. 5.Intergenerat equity. Sustainable utilisation: conservation natural resources. 2. of Procedural elements ional 3. ofSD. 6.Intragenerati equity. onal 2.Lega Component s lPreservation natural 1. of systems for benefit offuturegeneration s. (Bp, 2.Exploitatioofnatural resourcesi n sustainable rational & way. age. n 3.e Equitabl use of natural resources. proje Incorpora 4.te intoeconomic& developme plans,programmes, ntal cts.) ENVIRONMENTALSUSTAINABILITY: "Presen generatio mustprotect&maintainresources forthe offutur generatio benefi t t e n ns." ofonal Basis:Principl intergenerati equity. e Aims: 1.Limitnon-renewableconsumptioi n favou of renewable. n r 2.Improv peopl well- in economicterms & notjust GDPscale. e es' being 3.Avoid pollutio& mitigat impacts. n e Protect 4. ecosyst fromirrepara damag em ble e. of Reduceimpact human harm. 5. Environmental Sustainabil i.to Municipa Services(See1 MunicipaSystem' Act): ity l l s "Itmeanstheprovisionofmunicipa l services aimeda tensuring : 1.Riskofharmtoenvironment & human possi circumstances. health's minimised to extentreasona in bly ble Potentialbenefit humanhealthsmaximised extentreasona possi 2. toenvironment& to i ncircumstances. bly ble Comp 3. with legislati protecti human environment, health safety & ly on ng. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: "Socialtransformati economics basichumanneeds &enhance lifequalit& on tomeet." y Aims ofEnvironmental Justice: 1.Equaaccess tonaturalresources. &affordabl shelter. healthcare 3.Righttoadequat e l e 2.Righttocleanair& water. 4.Rightto safeworkpla ce. Khangi Case:Mustchallenabuse of powerresultini nthepoordisproportio sufferi s effect ofenvironmental damag sa ge g nately ng e. FuelRetailersCase:Equitab environmental benefits, services tomeetbasicneeds. accesst o resources, le Speci - al measuresto ensure access t o categorie ofpreviou disadvanta s sly ged. ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORK LEGISLATION MEANING: "Provid fora n integrateco- orientated leg regim thatpermitsa viewoftheecosyste holistic e Framewor ed, system e al m." legislati Aims defineoverarchin genericprinciple which sectoral- legislati embedded enhance & co- k to i t. o on: g: s specific on's operative environmental governanc Provides e. gener basicnormsthatcanbeusedt ointroducenewenvironmental legislati amend existing or al on. See Constitution:Princip framewo which legislatimustbe interpret 24 al rk i t. o on ed. Principa environmental framewor law. NINA: k l CHARACTERISTICS: Genericelements. 1. 2.FlexibilitBroad-basedpolic principl environmental to address issues&respo t ochangi nsocio-economic&ecologi parameter y: es y nd es cal s. 3.ArrangemforOverarchi Sectoral- Specific legislatioWhitepapers.polic statements&discussiondocuments. ents Inclusion ng: n: EnvironmentalPolic PrincipleFramewor y enhancesustainabibybalanc 4. of & k agains s: which to consideractions, aimingt o tripartite. y t lity ing  NEMA: Enacted from WhitePape Environmental on Managem recommendations. r ent Tripartit e Elements of Environmental Concern: Conservatio 1.n & exploitati of environmental resources. on Pollution control 2. & wastemanageme Land-use nt. 3. plannin& developme g nt. Purpos e of NEMA: "legislatio envisag i n see24." n ed Righ environmentthatisntharmful health well- (Preamble) - to to or t being. Statemust respect,protecpromote fulfillsocial,economic environmental rights(Preamble) - & & t,. (Preamble) - of Unequ distribution wealth & resources& resulti pover are causes& results ofenvironmen harmfupractise.. al ng tally l ty Righ to haveenvironment protect forpresent& futur generation (Preamble) t ed e s. factors (Preamble). intoplanninimplemen& evaluat social,economic,environmental decisions - SD requires integrati ng g, ting ing Caselaw Confirm Statute Envisag it's ing ed: EndangerWildlife Trust Case. SAARC Msundazi.. v ed - Fuel RetailersCase. -Minin & Environmental Justice Commu Case. ArcelorMittal g nity - SALtd. Case. HTFDevelope Case rs f%ÉÉÉÉÉ%ÉÉ%%%%%%% Mention tripartiteelements. w̅ %%É%%%%É%Éf%% %É%É %%%%É%%É%%% %É%%I Mention 4 thingsi n Preamble.W Mention 4 Casesthatconfirmthis.W e PRINCIPLES (SELL): 44,4!!!!!!MENTAL MANAGEMENT ** - NINA's principle apply to all State actions that may significa impacttheenvironment. s ntly General framewor which environmental formulat k in manageme & implementati must be nt on ed. Guidelines make environmental - when organs must decision concernin protection. g Guides NEMA's interpretationadministration& implementati. on. Principle relatin s (a))* P.R.A.W.N.L.E.BA t o SD: (Sec 2(4) "Developm g be socialleconomic environmensustainable consider follow factors: & &must must " ent allyy, tally ing i)Avoid minimise & remed disturbin eco- or g & loss biodiversi of ty. ( Te s t ) )A ) y systems ii) Avoid minimise & remedenvironmental pollutiondegradati or y : on. iii) Avoid orminimise&reme disturbi landscap&sites constituti nationalculturalheritag es (AnalyseconceptofS D i n dy ng ng es. ) Avoid iv) o rminimisewastebyre- recycli o r responsi disposal Regulator framework:NEMAs e c2 using, ng ble. Ct y n o use of consideringfollowin factors. Responsi& equita 1)ble ble non-renewable resources, consideri depletion. S D requires ng g Vi)Developmeuse& exploitati ofrenewable resources mustn'tjeopardis integrit nt, on e y. Vii)Appl risk-averse & cautiousapproac thatconsiders limits of decision. y h of current knowle & consequences dge Viii)Anticipateprevent o r minimise&remed negativ impactso n environment& people right. : y e 's Principle relating Environmental law: to s 214710)) 1.Environment'sheld i n public trust forthepeopl(see e Beneficial - use ofresourcesmust serve public interest. Environment must be protect a s people common heritag ed 's e. 2. Those responsi forenvironmental harm must for: ble pay - Remedyi pollutioenvironmental degradati &adverse health effects. ng n, on - Preventincontrollinminimising further (above). g, g, Principles relating Environmental Justice: to Pursued 1. so adverseenvironmental impactsaren'tunfairldistributed (c)). i na waythatunfairl discriminates (see2(4) y y Equitabaccess resources,benefits & services human well- (Sec 214) (d)). 2. to tomeet needs &ensure le being 3.Promote participation ofallinterested& affecte governance(See214) (f)) environmental partiesi n d. ofall Considerneeds,interests,values a)Vulnerable:disadvantag affected, recognisinordinar& knowled(Sec 2(4) traditional (g)). ed: g y ge. Promote b)Effective : communitwell- & empowermenvia environmental education, awareness, sharing knowle &experience(Sec214)(h)). y being t dge Right t o refuseworkthat's harmful human health/environment: 4. to informed ofdanger s. Indigeno Values& Knowled us ge Mustconsider indigeno values & principle to mitigate climatechang bysecurin ecologic sustainable developmen us s e g ally t. Inadequac ies ofSD can bemitigat byincludi indigenovalue systems. ed ng us Indigenovalue systems judiciall recognis unwritten foundi constitutionalvaluesserving interpretativeaids&adjudicativ tools. - are as as us y ed ng e BathoPele: - "Puttin peopl first." g e Duet o sec214)requirements courts emphasis needt o balance decisionaboutenvironmentwithrightsinterests,valuesofaffected peopl e , e. - VanderMerwev Taylor:"Batho peleensures publicadministration serve'spublics bestinterest byenabli achievementofindividualrights. ng " Applicati mustbe first. on mustbe understood within context sec 212),s o of decisions based o ntheinterest people of Fuel RetailersCase:NEMA requires peopl & needs beplace forefron environmental e to att d managemen of t. BathoPelerequires: consultation. 1.Public 2.Rightt o refuse ecologicunsustainable developmen t. ally Sustaini theWildcoastCase:Puttin peopl firsts fundament grantin to environmental authorisation for fossilexploratio g al ng e g n.  Ubuntu: Current:Right ethical foundati to health environment(24)i stheoverridin y g on ofenvironmental law. Critique:Anthropocen orientation tric of human rights, laws basedthereon reprodu so ce same limitation. Current:SD's themainprincipl ofenvironmental governance e. CritiqueFails commit overridi goal, economic considerations getting priority. to to so : ng canbeuseda sjustificatio fornew ofenvironmental rights. Ubuntu dimensions n Ubuntu prescrib conduct protectenvironment fromharm. can be used to to e canbe influence Ubuntu used to nature&scope oflega l remedies. Principle relatin Environmental Manageme to s g nt: 1.Mustbeintegrat acknowledallenvironmentalelements are linked effectpeopl environment.(see &mustconsiderhowdecisions & (b)) 2(4) ed; ging e 2.Mustconsider,assess&evaluatesocial,economic& impactof (i)). activities& decisionsmustbeappropriat(Sec214) environmental e 3.Mustmakedecisions i n open& transparenway& providaccesst o info.(Sec 2 (k)) (4) t e Role ofAuthorities: harmonisation legislatio action.(Sec 214711 1.Intergovernm ental co-ordination & ofenvironmental policie s, n? 7) 2. Conflict resolutionprocedure forconflic betweenorgans.(Sec2(4) (m)) s t nationalinterest.(See214) 3.Dischar glob & international responsibilit in (n)) ge al ies Authorisation: Must from befor conducti getauthorisation competentauthori activity. e ty ng Authorisation comes withconditions ofuset oensure SD. Steps for Authorisation: 1.Applicati i n prescrib form. on ed environmsocioecono cultur 2.Compl reportthatconsiders,investigate assessespotenti impacto nent, mic conditions &al herita ete s: al ge. MinimumRequirementReport Must Cover: (Sec 2417)) * C.A.B.E.P.G# s 1.Investig environment likel to besignifica affected + alternatives. ate y ntly Investi socio-economic conditions:cultural herita assess significa potentiimpacts 2. gate cumulative effect on environment, ge + nce ofal. 3.Investigmitigatio & rehabilitationoptions. ate n Ensure publi 4. participatiobythose affected c n. 5.Repoanygapsi n knowled rt ge. Lawfu Authorisation Requirement l s: 1.Complet environmental impact assessment. ed Complianwithadministrative law(appl theirminds)(Fuel Retailers Case). 2.ce y Conside climate chang(Internation law Earth 3.r impact ofal + life Africa). Conside e coast). cultural impact(Sustaini 4.r the Wild ng  Sustainabil Assessment: ity Fuel Retailers Case: Facts:Concerned nature& scope ofauthorities whenmakin g decisionsthat mayimpact specific intersection betweensocio- environment, ally developm & environmental protectio economic ent n. Constitutio Held: n recognis interrelationsbetweenenvironmentalprotectio& socio-economic developme(See24). es hip n nt Constitutio (Sec24). n - contempla integrati tes environmental protectio n of & socio-economic developme nt on Balancedthroug framewor forreconcil the2. S D which provide k h s ing SDactsa s mediat principl in reconcili the2. e ng Authorities ingconsidersocio-economic factor (NEMA) - must s 1.Impacofproliferatofproject:propos projec o n existin ones. t ion ed t g (Sec2 (i)) Wide obligati t oassess cumulativeimpact environment 2. on on ofpropos ed project. (4) Unsustainable developme themselves detrimental environment. 3. arei n to nts Authoritie s mustcompl with compuls& materialconditionsprescrib bylaw forgrantin authorisation. y ory ed g Pure - economic factor s aren't a decisive, uthorities must consider of impact developm ent o n environment&socio-economic conditions. - NEMA requires risk-averse& cautious approach,consideri limitsofcurrent knowled ng ge. Exploitati ofresources foreconomicdevelopmeshouldn't affectother constitutional rights. on nt Balancin Tripartit Considerations: g e WWFSouthern Africav MAFF: Facts: Authorisedperson made TAC beforedecisionwasn'tbased scientifi evidence. samea syear, o nc Worki groupestablishedbydepartme investigat& reportTAC recommended decrease. - to a ng nt e Argu thatdetermini TAC - via processthatignore scienceo n preventi overexploitatthey ignoresee24. ed ng d ng ion d Argu sec24breach,didn't secure righttohaveenvironment protect viameasurespromoti conservation& secure SD. - ed ed ng Held: Securin quotasfor TAC qualifie legislati contemplai n s as ve measure sec 24. g ted See2 NEMAobligeauthoriser considerobjective principle protectioconservation&sustainab makin decisions that - s to s: s ofn, ility in g may affectenvironment,includesexercisin poweri n otherActs. g - Allsec2 principle&objectiveare bindin s g. s - Authorit to discretion decide howthe should bebalanced but: y's y Can'tbearbitrary *. * Mustberationa of connected information befor them. t opurpose statutoryprovisio & e lly Irrationaldecision n i. if it'sbased beliefthat principl overridesanother. on one e i. Decisionmust bebased scientific evidence a s require by on law. international d Decision mustbebased requireby Constitution; i. o n intergeneratiequitya s sec ( 24b) (o)NEMA. 2(4) onal d Decisionmustbebased precautiona principl on ry e.  WASTE MANAGEMENT & WATER POLLUTION CONTROL: DEFINITIONS: Pollution: "Chang environment causedby: es in * S.R.N * Substances. 1. Radioactive 2. o rotherwaves heat" 3.Noise,odours,dusto r Sources ofPollution: "Anyactivity, engag byany persono r state organincludin * S.I.C.S* in ed g: Construction 1.Storag 3. e, Treatment 2. ofwaste& substances 4.Provisionofservices. Where thatchangadvers effects human health/well-o r e ely being * M.EH.*. Advers effects the compositio resilience, productivofnatural o r manageecosystemo r ely n, ity s, Onmaterialsusefulto peopl o r will have sucha n effecti n the future. e WaterPollution (Sec/ NWA): " _Direct/indirect ofwaterresource'sphysicachemical,biologi propertiess oa s t o makei t :* H.A.LA l, cal , 1. Less fitfor beneficial forwhichi t reasona beexpect t obeused. any purpose may ed bly 2.Harmful/ harmful human's welfare, health to o r safety; potentially Harmful aquatic/non- 3. t o any organisms o r to theresourcequalityo r to property aquatic ; ,. Waste: National Environmental ManagemenWaste Act t: "Any substance o rnoti tcan be material,whether reduced,reused, recycledrecovered, or : That's surplus,unwanted, rejecteabandoned,discarded o rdisposeof. d, d Includi allwaste defined i nschedule - 3.o r ng Anysubstance,material,objecnoti nSchedule3 thatcanbedefineda swastebyMini n 66Notice." t When Will Cease Waste: A.R.EE# it t o be * required 1.Whenitsreused,recovered o r recycl (No application' s ). ed 2.Approv ofapplicatio for its reuse,recovery, recyclin n al g. thereof Ministerexempte waste/ 3. generatebya particul processfromwaste'sdefinitio i t. osee74. d portion d ar n thereoffromwaste'sdefinition. 4.Minister,i n prescrib waste stream/ excluded manner, ed portion Contaminated: "Presenc in/under land, buildin site, structures. e gs, Ofa substance o r miro- abovetheconcentration that's normall presentin/underthatland, organism y environment." Which substance o r miro- directly/ affects o rmayadvers affectthequalit ofsoilo r organism indirectly ely y  DUTY OFCARE (WASTE MANAGEMENT) Dutyof Sellers: (Sec16:) Personwhosellsproduc thatcan beusedby publi that's likel t ogenerate hazardous waste. t c y - Musttake reasonable stepstoinform oftheimpact ofwasteonenvironment& human health. DutyofWaste Holder: (Sec 16)* P.A.R.T.ME# generatio ofwaste. Avoid/minimise 1. n 2.Reduce, reuse,recyclrecover waste. e, Treate 3. &dispos e ofwaste i nenvironme ntally sound way. visualimpact 4.Manag wastei nwaythatdoesn'tendang health/ environment o rcausenuisancethrougnoise,odour, e er h. Preventemployee/ undertheircontrolfromcontraveninAct. 5. person g usingwastefor Prevent unauthorised 6. purposes. Duty of Minister(Sec 19): Minister publis noticelistin wastemanageme activitiesthat likel detrimentaimpactenvironment. - mayh a re to g nt y lly Notice whether license's require conduct * mustsay a wastemanagemen to activity. t d * Notice muststate requirements/ standards ifn o licence's needed. Conseque Notice(See 20): nce of - Noonecan commence,undertake, conduct wastemanageme activity,excepti naccordancewith; nt 1.Requirements/ standards setouti n notice. 2.Waste license. manageme nt HABILITY FOR CONTAMINATED LAND: Scope & Application: Retrospectiapplicatio land contaminated before Actcommenced. to ve n Applie contamination originatin landreferred - to o n landotherthan to i nsec38. s g - Applie contamination arising/ to to arisea ta different time fromactivit causin contamination. s likely y g Applie contamination arisingthrougperson'activityresulti s to i n changtopre- contamination. h s ng e existing Content ofRemediation Order: * M?0.I.P?N # - Deedd Personresponsib forundertaki remediation. 1. (Ministermustnotif Registr of ) le ng y ar land landsdeclaredremediated 2. to which orderapplies. Chen s i te of Nature contamination. 3. I 4.Measures thatmustbetakentoremediateo rstandardsthatmustbecomplie d withdurin remediation. g 5.Period withinwhichordermustbecomplie with. d Any limitations lands 6. i.ro use. taken monitor/ 7.Measuresthatmustbe to risks. manage 8.Anyother prescrib matter. ed Transfer ofContaminated/Remediated Land: Requirement Transfer: to * C.I N* s 1.Inform transfere e lands contaminated. 3.Comp withconditions specifi by Minister. ly ed (Remediate land). 2.Notif Ministerd y Contaminated land Register: Ministermustregister investigati areas. - ofon Content ofRegistrar : * L.O.S.T.R.MX userof Owner& Contamination's 1. area. 4. nature&origin. ofinvestigatio 5.Typ ofinvestigati area. Location 2. n. e on Status remediationactivities. 3. of 6.Restrictions ofuse. Typeof Investigat Areas: s Contaminated ion health/ 1. , presents riskto environment thatmustbeurgentremediated. health/ ly Contaminated specifie period 2,. presents riskto environment thatmustberemediated in d. Contaminate 3. d butdoesn'tpresentimmediateriskbutrequire measurestoaddressthemonitoringmanageme s : nt ofrisk. Isn'tcontaminated. 4. CASE STUDY: ACID MINE DRAINAGE MINING: Has been central SA's economicdevelopmebutby natureadvers impactsenvironment. - to nt its ely 1.Depletionofmineralresources. process createslarge- Extraction waste & pollutio 2. scale n. SavetheVaal Environment Case:"Minin potenti damagi environment sustainabil & contrarytoidealof to g's ally ng ity." AND & ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES: "AND's natural chemical reaction thatproduce highl acidicwater." a s y General Problems with AND: 6.Floodin infrastructure 1.Hig acidit& metalproble dissolved undergro h g. y m. und has limited dilution potenti (lowrainfall). Dissolvi 2.SA 1. cementstructures. al ng Contributes Increase i n livin bioaccumulation infrastructure 3. to organisms 8. seismicactivity mayeffect property:. g. Health 4.Destroy aquaticlife. 9. risk mainl impactin poorpeopldependeo nnatural resources. s y g e nt terrestrial life depende 5.Impact onwater resource. s nt CHALLENGES FOR LAW& GOVERNANCE: "Tempor challeng defunctownerless difficultfor law& liabilit regime aimed facilitat rehabilitation + minesmakei t a t mining & al es y s ing environmental protectio n." Tempor Challen al ge: historical - AND'sa proble thatsaggravat bypresenmining practises. m ed t AND's futur proble because haspotenti ae it t o occuri nperpetuit m al y. Ownerless Mines: Shifts liabilitState(taxpayewhoaren'tresponsi & benefithe least. - to t y rs) ble Goes holdspolluter liable. - against NEMINAthat s Poor Environmental Governance: - Fragme governanc & legislatiopoorlenforce nted n's d. e y Follows fromenvironmental protectio a n economicagend separate a n. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK:  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL: DEFINITION: "An chang airscompositicaused shoksoftdustcindesolidpartic aerostolodori substance kind,gasifunie y e in on" bye, , , rs, les ofany s, s, s? us s." Pollution's Affect Humans: on Oneofthegreatesenvironmental risksto kidshealth. t Ambient pollutiocaused 2019:991.world'spopulati livedi nareaswhereWHO'sairqualitguidelinweren'tmet. millionprematuredeathsworldwide. on es air n 4.2 y Combine effects ambient household pollutionassociated d of + air with6.7millionprematur 's deaths a e year. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: AIRQUALITY ACT Objective (See2): sProtect measures for:* P.ES* reasonable environment byprovidi 1. ng Protectio enhancement a) n &. of SA'sairquality Preventio b) n airof polluti & ecologi degradati on cal on. Secureecologic c) SDwhile promotinjustifiablsocial&economicdevelopme nt. ally g e Giveeffect 2. (b)t oenhanceambientairqualitt osecureenvironment thatisn'tharmfult o health/well- to see24 y being. Plannin Tools (Chapter 2): g Part National Framework I: Within Lyrs framewor achieve Acts object - ofsection'seffectMinistermustestablishnationalk to s. Framework Include:(Sec711)) WhatMust * 1.C.E Q. * international 1.Mechanisms,system & procedurt ogetcomplianwithambientairqualitstandards&giveeffecttoSA's obligati i t. o agreemen s es ce y ons ts. National 2. norms& standards forcontrolliemissions frompoint&non- sources. ng point 3.Nationalnorms&standardsforair qualitymonitorinmanageme plannin& informatio n manageme g, nt g, nt. Framework' Applicati& Scop(See713)): s on e Bindsallorgansofstateinallsphereofgovernanc s e. CanassignresponsibilitforActsimplementati - ies on to differentsphere s ofgovernme nt or State organs. AimsofNational Norms& Standard (See712)):* R.A.P.PE.* s 1.Opportuni for publi participatioi n protectin& enhanciair qualit ties c n g ng y. Public information. 2. accessto Preventio 3.n ofairpollutio& degradatofairquality n ion. 4.Effectiv e airqualit monitorin y g. 5.Regul reporti o nairqualit ar ng y. Part National,Provincial&local Ambient AirQualityEmissionStandards 2: NationalStandards (See : 9): - Ministermustidenti substances/ thatpresent/ believe d to threaten health,well- o renvironment. mixtures fy