Animal Breeding and Genetics PDF

Animal Breeding and Genetics Animal Breeding and Genetics Terminologies Rusty E. Cagas, MSc  Additive effects The effect of each allele in the locus where no interaction exists. Alleles One ore more alternative forms of a gene occupying the...

Animal Breeding and Genetics Animal Breeding and Genetics Terminologies Rusty E. Cagas, MSc  Additive effects The effect of each allele in the locus where no interaction exists. Alleles One ore more alternative forms of a gene occupying the same site (locus) on a chromosome, one of a pair of controlling genes  Allelic gene Genes that occupy the same locus in the chromosomes Autosomal linkages state when genes are located in the same autosomes  Autosome the type of chromosome other than the sex chromosome Bases the type of chromosome other than the sex chromosome  Chromosome the colored bodies in the nucleus that contain the DNA. Chromatid a longitudinally divided half chromosome which occur during mitosis and meiosis.  Crossbreeding the breeding of individuals from one population to individuals from another distinctly different population. Dominance the condition where the expression of a gene suppression that of its alternative allele  Diploid The occurrence of chromosome in pairs Epistasis A type of genetic interaction, where a gene in one locus suppresses the action of a gene in another locus  Gamete The collective term for the reproductive cells from either the male or female Gametogenesis The process of production of gametes  Gene 1. The carrier of hereditary characteristics 2. A segment of the DNA that determines the base sequence of the nucleotides in the mRNA that makes up the code for a certain biological function Genetics The process of production of gametes  Gene frequency The proportion of particular gene at a given locus Genotype The specific combination of genes in the diploid phase representing a phenotype  Genotypic frequency The proportion of a particular phenotype present in the population or breeding group Haploid The state of an organism or cell having only one compete set of chromosomes, e.g. gamete  Heritability The degree by which a character is genetically transmitted from parent to offspring Heterogametic sex The sex that carries different sex, e.g. X and Y in the mammals  Homogametic sex The sex that carries identical sex chromosomes, e.g. X and X in the mammals Hybrid vigor or heterosis A condition where the heterozygote is better than the average of the homozygotes  Inbreeding The process of mating animals that are closely related by decent Law of Independence In Mendelian inheritance, members of one pair genes segregates independently with other pairs of genes  Locus The specific location of a pair of genes in the chromosomes ( pl. loci) Maternal inheritance Inheritance of maternal characteristics through the distinctive maternal phonotypes; e.g. lack of teats in the udder of the sow could retard the growth of some piglets  Meiosis The process of cell multiplication in which the number of chromosomes in the reproductive cells are reduced from diploid to haploid as in gametogenesis  Mutation Spontaneous change in the biochemical or structural characteristics in the genetic material that results in a different biological action  Oogenesis The production of female gamete  Phenotype The observable effect of a gene action  Random Mating Process where each individual of one sex has an equal chance of mating with any other individual in the opposite sex  Recombinant type gamete A gamete that carries two or more genes resulting from the crossover of segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis Segregation The separation of the pair of genes in the process of gametogenesis  Selection The process where certain individuals are able to contribute more progeny in the next generation than other individuals Sex chromosomes The chromosomes that determines the sex of the individual  Sex-linkage The state where a gene is located in the sex chromosomes  Spermatogenesis The process of producing sperm cells  Test-crossing Crossing of an individual of unknown genotype to be completely recessive genotype  Transcription The process whereby the sequence of the bases in the eDNA is transcribed by the mRNA in the nucleus for subsequent translation into the corresponding protein  Translation The process of synthesis of the polypeptide chain based on the sequence in the mRNA  Zygote Fertilized egg