Animal Breeding and Genetics Lecture Notes PDF

ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS KATHY F. SISON ASST. PROF. IV [email protected] VISION A premier Philippine university by 2028 COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science MISSION To develop virtuous human capital and sustainable innovatio...

ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS KATHY F. SISON ASST. PROF. IV [email protected] VISION A premier Philippine university by 2028 COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science MISSION To develop virtuous human capital and sustainable innovations in a knowledge- driven global economy COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science CORE VALUES 1. Knowledge. Upholding knowledge as empowerment, we aim to develop intelligent individuals who can make informed decisions. 2. Inclusiveness. We support and encourage diversity and collaboration, engaging in programs that promote growth and development for all sectors of society. 3. Professionalism. Reared in a merit-based environment, we commit ourselves to the highest standards of ethics and professionalism. 4. Spirituality and Social Responsibility. We are committed to providing holistic development that inculcates love and service to God, humanity, and the environment. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science CVM GOAL The college will strive for excellence in veterinary science in the region. It will focus on the programs and priorities of the university and the region that deal with the development and betterment in the field of veterinary medicine through research, extension, and production. Further, it will expand partnerships in both local and international institutions. Finally, the college will secure the interrelationship of animal health, public health, and the environment in safeguarding food safety and security.  PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS ZOTC 13 3 UNITS 3 LECTURES A WEEK/ 1 HOUR PER MEETING ZOO 11 PREREQUISITE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science GRADING SYSTEM MIDTERM AND FINAL EXAMINATION- 30% CLASS STANDING- ( QUIZZES, RECITATIONS, REPORTS, CLASS WORK, CLASS ACTIVITIES, ASSIGNMENTS)- 70% COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science  OBJECTIVES TO STUDY AND UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS AND ANIMAL GENETICS SPECIFICALLY TO STUDY THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION AND QUANTITATIVE GENETICS TO STUDY THE PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL BREEDING TO STUDY THE PRINCIPLES OF SELECTION COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science REFERENCES Burns, G. W. (1971). The Science of Genetics. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 50(1), 47. Flanders, F., & Gillespie, J. R. (2015). Modern Livestock & Poultry Production, 9th. Cengage Learning. Avise, J. C. (2012). Molecular markers, natural history, and evolution. Springer Science & Business Media. Passarge, E. (2001) Color Atlas of Genetics. Gerg Thieme Verlag., New York Turner, J. (2010). Animal Breeding, welfare and Society. Earthscan.London Klug, W. S., & Cummings, M. R. (1996). Essentials of genetics (No. Ed. 2). Prentice-Hall Inc.. Lasley, J. F. (1978). Genetics of livestock improvement (No. Ed. 3). Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Nicholas, F. W. (2009). Introduction to veterinary genetics. John Wiley & Sons. Pirchner, F. (1983). Population genetics in animal breeding. Strickberger MW (1968) Genetics. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York. COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science TOPICS 1. TERMINOLOGIES 2. HISTORY OF GENETICS 3. IMPORTANCE OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science  TERMINOLOGIES CHARACTER VS TRAIT Characters are specific inheritable features that can be qualitative or quantitative, influenced by genes and the environment. Example: height of an organism Traits are observable qualities that can range from physical attributes to behavioral patterns, influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Variant of character. Can be observable or measurable. Example: height of an organism (character) = tall/ dwarf (trait) tallness and deafness are both traits. example: color of eyes= blue eyes, color of coat= chestnut color COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science  TERMINOLOGIES GENES VS ALLELE Genes are a stretch or portion of DNA or RNA and contains the code for a particular characteristic of a trait. Alleles are one of a pair or series of different forms/ variant of a gene of the same trait. *can be dominant or recessive COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science TERMINOLOGIES Homozygous- if an organism has two copies of the same gene. example: AA or aa. Heterozygous- if an organism has one copy of two different alleles. example: Aa Dominance- expressed genes Recessive- masked genes COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science example BB- dominant/ expressed BB + BB =BB Bb- expressed BB + Bb =Bb bb- recessive/ masked Bb + Bb =bb COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Department of Clinical Science  TERMINOLOGIES Genotype- the set of genes example: that an organism BB (black hair)+ Bb (black hair) carries.Genetic makeup. =BB (black hair) Phenotype- observable characteristics of an organism which can be influenced by its example: genotype and the environment. phenotype= cannot taste bitter taste TERMINOLOGIES.  TERMINOLOGIES Genetics- the science of genes and how traits are passed on from generation to the next. Animal Breeding- controlled propagation of domestic animals in order to improve desirable qualities. HISTORY OF GENETICS Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 375 BCE), known as the father of medicine, believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics, and, to account for this, he devised the hypothesis known as pangenesis. He postulated that all organs of the body of a parent gave off invisible “seeds,” which were like miniaturized building components and were transmitted during sexual intercourse, reassembling themselves in the mother’s womb to form a baby. HISTORY OF GENETICS Aristotle (384–322 BCE) emphasized the importance of blood in heredity. He thought that the blood supplied generative material for building all parts of the adult body, and he reasoned that blood was the basis for passing on this generative power to the next generation. HISTORY OF GENETICS Charles Darwin, (1859)- gave the theory of evolution, species can change over time, that new species come from preexisting species, and that all species share a common ancestor. HISTORY OF Gregor Mendel, (1865)- GENETICS “Father of Genetics”, while experimenting on pea plants, has discovered the the way in which traits are passed from one generation to the next. Mendel’s Law of Inheritance- law of dominance- first law of inheritance. According to the law of dominance, hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype. The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits while the alleles that determine the trait are known as the dominant traits., law of segregation- during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.and law of independent assortment- Also known as Mendel’s second law of inheritance, the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together. HISTORY OF GENETICS Friedrich Miescher (1869)- isolated "nuclein," DNA with associated proteins, from cell nuclei from pus cells. He was the first to identify DNA as a distinct molecule. HISTORY OF GENETICS Ernst Haeckel (1871)- proved that genetic material is indeed located in the nucleus. During the 20th century to current Walter Sutton and Boveri (1902)- postulated the chromosomal theory which describes that chromosomes carry the cell’s genetic material (gene). Nettie Steven (1905)- observed the sex chromosomes X and Y. Thomas Morgan (1905)- discovered the sex linked inheritance of the white eye traits in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). William Bateson (1905)- coined the term “genetics” from the greek word “genno” which means “give birth” in order to describe the study of inheritance and variation. Reginald Punnett and William Bateson (1910)-were among the first English geneticists. Punnett devised the "Punnett Square" to depict the number and variety of genetic combinations, and had a role in shaping the Hardy-Weinberg law. Punnett and Bateson co-discovered "coupling" or gene linkage. They also coined the word”epistasis” to describe the interaction between two different traits. Oswald Avery (1944) His experiment with his colleagues proved that the DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance. During the 20th century to current James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)- they proposed the three- dimensional and double helical model of the DNA. Such discovery also paved the way for the formation of basis of other fields like cell biology and biotechnology. In the same year, the process of DNA replication was discovered. During the 20th century to current Frederick Sanger (1977)-introduced the process of sequencing the genome (set of genes of an organism) of a bacteriophage. During the 20th century to current Karry Mulis (1983-)invented the Process called Polymerase Chain Reaction. In this technique, a segment of DNA is amplified unti millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time. 1990- human genome project started. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (1996)- have successfully cloned dolly the sheep. The first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. During the 20th century to current 2003- The Human Genome- year completed the project. The results showed that the complete genetic makeup for building a human being. …the work continues… Importance of Animal Breeding Animal breeding and genetics are interrelated fields that play a crucial role in advancing agriculture, biotechnology, and conservation efforts. Here are the key reasons why they are important: Key Reasons Why Animal Breeding and Genetics are Important: 1. Improved Productivity 2. Disease Resistance 3. Adaptation to Environmental Conditions 4. Economic Benefits 5. Animal Welfare 6. Genetic Diversity and Conservation 7. Sustainable Agriculture 8. Innovation and Biotechnology 9. Food Security 10. Cultural and Social Impact ACTIVITY THINK-PAIR-SHARE Take note of the key reasons why genetics and animal breeding is important -give the reasons why these key factors are important. -give 2 example each key factor -pair with a classmate and accomplish the task -share your answers with another pair of classmates -out of the two pairs, choose a representative to share the joint results of your study. RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT: PASS NEXT MEETING GIVE THE ANSWERS OF THE FF: (1 WHOLE PAPER) 1. DEFINE CYTOGENETICS 2. PARTS OF A CHROMOSOME 3. DEFINE KARYOTYPE 4. GIVE 2 EXAMPLES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES (WILL BE PRESENTED IN CLASS) SYLLABUS: https://docs.google.com/document/d/19iJoDv2JqIrkb6IDZeBspJjr- BCAjov3/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=108105998668708431372&rtpof=true&sd =true REFERENCES https://www.britannica.com/science/genetics#ref48730 https://byjus.com/biology/mendel-laws-of-inheritance https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/dolly/facts/life-of-dolly Get in Touch With Us Send us a message or visit us City of Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines (63) 77-600-0459 [email protected] Follow us for updates facebook.com/MMSUofficial www.mmsu.edu.ph