Nutrition - Part 2 PDF

NUTRITION – PART 2 VTHT 2201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES DIFFERENTIATE THE NUTRITIONAL NEEDS UNDERSTAND THE ROLES OF EACH OF DOGS AND CATS AND UNDERSTAND LEARN HOW TO DISCUSS OBESITY AND NUTRIENT HOW NEEDS MAY VARY WEIGHT...

NUTRITION – PART 2 VTHT 2201 LEARNING OBJECTIVES DIFFERENTIATE THE NUTRITIONAL NEEDS UNDERSTAND THE ROLES OF EACH OF DOGS AND CATS AND UNDERSTAND LEARN HOW TO DISCUSS OBESITY AND NUTRIENT HOW NEEDS MAY VARY WEIGHT LOSS WITH CLIENTS WHAT DOGS THINK THEIR DIET SHOULD BE… UNDERSTANDING NUTRIENTS  What are nutrients?  Nutrient needs change throughout an animal’s life  What are the determining factors?  Excess levels of nutrients vs. insufficient levels  Common nutrients in excess in current diets – sodium, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium  All can cause specific health problems  What is the difference between nutrients and ingredients?  __________ are what the animal needs  __________ supply __________ NUTRIENT PYRAMID Which of these provides the most energy? Which of the six nutrients is the most critical? WATER  Most important, most plentiful substance  Needed in the largest amounts  60-70% of body weight  Used in all body processes  10% dehydration = serious illness  15% dehydration = death CARBOHYDRATES  Provide calories/energy  Digestible – starches and sugar  Source of energy  Cereal grains, fruits, veggies  Indigestible – fiber  Stool quality  Low calorie foods  Cellulose, peanut hulls, soy mill run  Pectin – soluble, very digestible but produces a lot of gas  Cellulose – insoluble, slowly fermentable, non- digestible  Usually use middle of the road fiber – bran, oat fiber, beet pulp PROTEIN  Used for tissue building and growth  Found in blood, hormones, muscle, hair, antibodies, cartilage, ligaments, collagen, etc. = very important!  Large molecule made up of building blocks called __________ __________  Two types: ________________ and _________________  Essentials must be in the diet  Non-essentials are made by animal’s body breaking down the substrates such as corn  When would non-essentials become essential (conditionally)?  Protein quality = _________ value  measure of how many amino acids in the protein are usable by the body  Just because beef/chicken/fish is listed first does not mean it is high quality (could have low biological value)  Egg, casein, beef, chicken, pork, soybean, wheat, white rice, corn all have a good biological value (94 to 59)  Egg is the most bio-available protein  Animal-vegetable sources are complimentary  Increased protein quality = decreased protein required MORE ABOUT PROTEIN  Excess protein is not necessary  Becomes waste or fat  Broken down by liver and by-product is excreted by kidneys which can cause health problems  Guaranteed analysis does not provide the biologic value  Do dogs or cats need more protein?  Dogs are ______________ and cats are _______________.  Cats need __________ = Essential AA for healthy heart and eyes  Protein is the most common food __________  Dogs – beef, dairy, wheat, lamb, egg, chicken, soy  Cats – beef, dairy, fish FATS  Help transport nutrients, control inflammation, form hormones, speed of nerve signals, and provide barrier against infection  Concentrated source of energy  Slow but the most efficient  Calories  Storage  Made up of building blocks called _________ _________  Palatable  Fat soluble vitamins require presence of fat  Essential fatty acids are provided in the diet  Costly  Too much can lead to obesity VITAMINS  Regulate metabolism, assist with bone formation, clotting, vision  ________ soluble  C, B-complex  ________ soluble  A, D, E, K  Can cause toxicity when in excess  Antioxidants  E, C, beta-carotene  Act to reduce cell damage caused by ________ _________  Produced when food is broken down  Compounds that prevent ____________  Slow down process of aging  Ongoing, destructive, cumulative MINERALS  Macrominerals  Needed in large amounts – expressed in % of daily intake  Nerve conduction  Acid-base balance  Ex. Calcium, sodium, potassium  Microminerals  Trace minerals – expressed in ppm  Needed in small amounts  Ex. Iron, zinc  All minerals are related  If you change one, you influence the others  Imbalances and excesses can be harmful WHAT IS ALL THE BUZZ ABOUT GRAIN-FREE DIETS?  These diets have become quite popular over the last decade due to consumer beliefs about grain allergens  Fact: Less than 1% of dogs are grain-sensitive  Fact: Properly cooked grains can have 90% utilization by the body  Grain-free diets replace the grains with starchy foods which provide similar levels of carbs but minimal nutrients  These diets are associated with DCM in dogs  FDA and researchers working to determine cause  Lack of certain nutrients? Ingredients toxic to the heart?  What should we recommend to clients feeding these diets? IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT NUTRITION  ~____% of obese pets have >50% BFI  By-product is secondary result that happens when producing something else  There is low and high-quality by-product  ___________ is the most essential quality in a pet food  Corn is digestible and is a source of protein, carbs, fatty acids, and antioxidants  ________ ________is a source of highly digestible carbs used for energy  Ingredients on a label are listed by pre-cooked weight  Most plentiful is first  Meat contains water so that creates false “weight” in dry foods  Canned food does not have _____________ = spoils quickly  Studies show that _________ don’t need variety, __________ eat based on smell, and _________ have a kibble shape preference  Pet weight loss programs are only successful _______% of the time…WHY?!  Pet weight loss foods are usually high _________ and low _____________  There are many ways to a pet’s ideal weight, but a rough estimate can be gathered by seeing what the pet weighed around 1yr old ASSIGNING BCS TIPS FOR CRUCIAL CONVERSATIONS ABOUT PET WEIGHT LOSS  Have a detailed history and physical exam  Know what you are talking about  Delicately explain the client’s role in the pet’s body condition  Have evidence-based discussions  Educate clients about health risks associated with obesity  Vet should prescribe a nutritional plan/lifestyle changes and tech should help client implement it  Avoid using negative words  Uncover any issues that may prevent compliance  Follow-up care and communication