Nursing Conceptual Models PDF

NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS Martha Rogers' theory - Science of Unitary Human Beings - People and their surroundings are connected and affect each other. - Each person is unique and should be viewed as a whole, not just by parts (like symptoms). - Health is a process, not just the absence of sickness;...

NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODELS Martha Rogers' theory - Science of Unitary Human Beings - People and their surroundings are connected and affect each other. - Each person is unique and should be viewed as a whole, not just by parts (like symptoms). - Health is a process, not just the absence of sickness; it’s about balance with one’s environment. - Nurses help people achieve harmony with their surroundings. - The goal is to help people live their best lives, even if they can’t be “cured.” Dorothea Orem's theory - Self-Care Deficit Theory - People have the ability to take care of themselves and maintain their health. - When someone can't take care of themselves, they have a "self-care deficit." - Nurses help by teaching patients how to care for themselves and fill those gaps. - There are three types of care: self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. - The goal is to empower patients to become independent and improve their well-being. Imogene King’s theory - Theory of Goal Attainment - Nursing is a process of helping patients achieve their health goals. - Nurses and patients work together to set and reach these goals. - Communication is very important in understanding the patient’s needs and wishes. - The patient’s environment and experiences affect their health and goals. - Success in nursing happens when patients reach their goals and improve their health. Betty Neuman's theory - Neuman Systems Model - People are like systems with physical, mental, and social parts that need balance. - Stressors (like illness or life challenges) can disrupt this balance. - Nurses help protect and restore balance by identifying and reducing these stressors. - There are three levels of prevention: primary (preventing stress), secondary (responding to stress), and tertiary (helping recover from stress). - The goal is to help people stay strong, recover, and maintain health by managing stress. Sr. Callista Roy’s theory - Adaptation Model - People are constantly adapting to changes in their lives and health. - Health is about successfully adjusting to these changes and challenges. - Nurses help people adapt by supporting their physical, mental, and social needs. - There are four main areas of adaptation: physiological-physical (body), self-concept group identity (self-esteem), role function, and interdependence (relations). - The goal is to help people make healthy adjustments to live their best lives. Patient Profile: Georgia, a 34-year-old woman with recently diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Situation: Experiencing high stress due to lifestyle changes and financial difficulties related to medical expenses. She has also lost weight unintentionally and feels fatigued. Dorothy Johnson’s theory - Behavioral System Model - People are made up of different parts that work together to maintain health and well- being. - Each person has a "behavioral system" that includes different behaviors and functions. - Nurses assess how well this system is working and identify any problems. - The goal is to help people achieve balance and harmony in their behaviors. - By improving behaviors, nurses can help enhance overall health and quality of life. NURSING THEORIES Hildegard Peplau – Interpersonal Relations Theory - Focus on Nurse-Patient Relationship: Peplau’s theory centers on the interpersonal relationship between nurse and patient, viewing it as essential to patient care. - Phases of Interaction: She describes four phases in this relationship—orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution—that guide the nurse-patient interaction toward improved health. - Roles of the Nurse: Peplau identifies different roles nurses adopt (e.g., teacher, counselor, leader) to support patient growth and healing. Ida Jean Orlando – Deliberative Nursing Processes Theory - Patient-Centered Care: Orlando’s theory emphasizes that nurses should focus on the patient's immediate needs, rather than following routines, to provide individualized care. - Nurse-Patient Interaction: Effective communication between the nurse and patient is key, helping the nurse understand and respond to the patient's feelings and needs. - Deliberative Process: Nurses should use their observations, feelings, and critical thinking to assess patient behavior, decide on the right actions, and validate these actions with the patient. Joyce Travelbee – Human – Human Relationship - Human-to-Human Relationship: Travelbee's theory emphasizes meaningful, empathetic interactions between nurses and patients, seeing the patient as a unique person rather than a medical case. - Stages of Interaction: The nurse-patient relationship develops through stages—initial encounter, empathy, sympathy, and rapport—which help build trust and connection. - Purpose of Nursing: The goal is to support patients in finding purpose and meaning in their suffering, fostering emotional well-being alongside physical care. Lydia Hall – Care, Core, Cure Theory - Core: Focuses on the patient’s inner feelings and self-awareness, promoting healing through emotional support. - Care: Emphasizes the nurse's role in providing direct physical care and attending to the patient's needs. - Cure: Involves collaborating with medical professionals to treat the patient’s disease or condition. Faye Abdellah – 21 nursing problems - Patient-Centered Care: Faye Abdellah's theory emphasizes treating patients as individuals, focusing on their needs rather than just their illnesses. - 21 Nursing Problems: She identified 21 specific nursing problems, guiding nurses in assessing and addressing patient care areas, like comfort, safety, and communication. - Holistic Health: Abdellah promoted a holistic approach, encouraging nurses to consider physical, emotional, and social aspects of health in patient care. Virginia Henderson – Nursing Need Theory - Definition of Nursing: Virginia Henderson defined nursing as helping individuals perform activities that contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death, which they would perform independently if they could. - 14 Basic Needs: She identified 14 basic needs that nurses help patients meet, ranging from physiological needs (like breathing and nutrition) to emotional and spiritual needs. - Patient Independence: Henderson emphasized the importance of promoting patient independence and empowering them to take control of their own health and well-being. Nola Pender – Health Promotion Model - Focus on Health Promotion: The model emphasizes enhancing individual well-being and preventing illness rather than just treating disease. - Cognitive and Emotional Factors: It considers how beliefs, attitudes, and social influences affect health behaviors and decision-making. -Intervention and Behavior Change: The model provides a framework for designing interventions that promote healthy lifestyle choices based on individual perceptions and experiences. Madeline Leininger – Transcultural Nursing Theory - Cultural Care Diversity and Universality: Leininger's theory emphasizes the importance of understanding and integrating patients' cultural backgrounds in healthcare, promoting both cultural diversity and common care practices. - Transcultural Nursing: The theory focuses on providing care that is culturally congruent, meaning it respects and aligns with the cultural values and beliefs of patients. - Research and Education: Leininger advocated for research and education in transcultural nursing to improve patient outcomes and enhance the cultural competence of healthcare providers. Margaret A. Newman – Health as Expanding Consciousness - Health as Expanding Consciousness: Health is viewed not just as the absence of disease but as a process of expanding consciousness and personal growth throughout life. - Unity of the Individual: Newman emphasizes the interconnectedness of individuals with their environment, suggesting that changes in one aspect affect the whole person. - Nursing as a Therapeutic Relationship: The role of nursing is to facilitate the patient’s awareness of their health journey, supporting them in recognizing their potential for growth and change. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse – Theory of Human Becoming - Human Becoming: Focuses on the dynamic relationship between individuals and their environment, emphasizing personal choice and the meaning people assign to their experiences. - Health as a Process: Defines health not as a fixed state but as an ongoing process of becoming, shaped by individual values and circumstances. - Nursing as an Art and Science: Views nursing as both a science and an art, where understanding patients' experiences and promoting their health is central to nursing practice. Jean Watsons – Theory of Human Caring - Human Caring: Watson's theory emphasizes the importance of caring in nursing, suggesting that it is central to the practice and promotes healing and well-being. - Transpersonal Relationships: The theory highlights the connection between the nurse and patient, focusing on a holistic approach that considers emotional and spiritual aspects alongside physical health. - Caring Science: Watson advocates for nursing as a science of caring, which integrates empirical knowledge with the art of compassion and empathy to enhance patient care.