Nursing Conceptual Models PDF

principles of resonance, helicy, Nursing Conceptual Models and integrality. Principles: Martha Rogers: Science of Unitary Human ○ Resonance: Nature of change Beings...

principles of resonance, helicy, Nursing Conceptual Models and integrality. Principles: Martha Rogers: Science of Unitary Human ○ Resonance: Nature of change Beings between human and environmental fields. Overview: ○ Helicy: Continuous change due ○ Martha Rogers developed the to human-environment Science of Unitary Human interaction. Beings, emphasizing the ○ Integrality: Continuous revisions inseparability of humans and their from human-environment environment. interactions. ○ Nursing is viewed as both a ○ Reciprocity: Inseparability of science and an art, focusing on man and environment, the unitary human being integral continuous probabilistic revisions. with the universe. ○ Synchrony: Change in human Assumptions: behavior determined by ○ Man is a unified whole with interaction of human and characteristics more than the sum environmental fields. of his parts. ○ Continuous exchange of matter Dorothea Orem: Self-Care Deficit Model and energy between man and environment. Overview: ○ Life process evolves irreversibly 1. Dorothea Orem developed the along the space-time continuum. Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, ○ Pattern and organization reflect focusing on individuals’ ability to man’s innovative wholeness. perform self-care to maintain life, ○ Man is characterized by health, and well-being. abstraction, imagery, language, Assumptions: thought, sensation, and emotion. 1. Humans engage in constant Key Concepts: communication and connection ○ Energy Field: Fundamental unit with their environment. of living and non-living, viewed as 2. Power to act deliberately to irreducible wholeness. identify needs and make ○ Openness: No boundaries judgments. stopping energy flow between 3. Mature humans experience human and environmental fields. privations in self-care actions. ○ Pan-dimensionality: Non-linear 4. Human agency in discovering domain without spatial or and transmitting ways to identify temporal attributes. needs. ○ Pattern: Distinguishing 5. Groups with structured characteristic of an energy field. relationships provide care to ○ Homeodynamics: Dynamic members. version of homeostasis, including Theories:  1. Theory of Self-Care: Activities ○ Imogene King developed the individuals perform to maintain Theory of Goal Attainment, life, health, and well-being. focusing on the process of action, Self-Care Requisites: reaction, and interaction between Universal: Basic nurse and patient to achieve life needs (e.g., air, goals. food, water). ○ Emphasizes communication, goal Developmental: setting, and actions to achieve Needs related to goals. developmental Key Concepts: processes. ○ Patient: Social being with needs Health Deviation: for health information, care to Needs arising from prevent illness, and care when illness or medical unable to help themselves. measures. ○ Health: Involves life experiences 2. Theory of Self-Care Deficit: and adjusting to stressors using Nursing is needed when available resources. individuals cannot provide ○ Environment: Background for effective self-care. human interaction, including Methods of Helping: internal and external Acting for others, guiding, environments. supporting, providing Interacting Systems: environment, teaching. ○ Personal System: Body image, 3. Theory of Nursing System: growth and development, Interaction between nurse and perception, self, space, and time. client when self-care demand ○ Interpersonal System: exceeds self-care agency. Communication, interaction, role, Nursing Systems: stress, and transaction. Wholly ○ Social System: Authority, Compensatory: decision-making, organization, Nurse provides all power, and status. care. Nursing Process: Partial ○ Interaction between nurse and Compensatory: client during perceiving, setting Nurse and client goals, and acting on them to share care tasks. achieve goals. Supportive-Educ ative: Nurse Betty Neuman: System Model / Health Care assists client in Theory learning self-care. Overview: Imogene King: General System Framework / 1. Focuses on individual responses Goal Attainment Theory to stressors and the impact on overall well-being. Overview: 2. Nurses help patients in all aspects of life and health.  Key Concepts: 4. Interdependence Mode: 1. Health: Condition where all parts Relational integrity through love, and subparts are in harmony. respect, and value. 2. Stressors: Classified as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and Dorothy Johnson: Behavioral System Theory extrapersonal. 3. Nursing Concern: Prevent Overview: stress invasion and help clients 1. Focuses on fostering efficient and maintain stability. effective behavioral functioning to Preventive Interventions: prevent illness. 1. Primary Prevention: Actions 2. Influenced by Florence taken when stressor is suspected Nightingale’s work. or identified. Key Concepts: 2. Secondary Prevention: 1. Behavioral System: Composed Interventions when symptoms of seven subsystems: affiliative, from stress have occurred. dependency, ingestive, 3. Tertiary Prevention: Actions eliminative, sexual, aggressive, after active treatment to prevent and achievement. recurrence. 2. Nursing Role: Assist clients in returning to a state of equilibrium. Sister Callista Roy: Adaptation Model Goals of Nursing: 1. Assist patients in meeting social Overview: demands. 1. Humans are holistic beings 2. Support biological imperatives. constantly interacting with their 3. Benefit from physician’s environment, using adaptation knowledge and skill. systems to respond to stimuli. 4. Prevent unnecessary trauma Key Concepts: from illness. 1. Person: Holistic beings using adaptation systems. Nursing Theories 2. Environment: Conditions affecting development and Faye Abdellah: Twenty-One Nursing behavior. Problems Theory 3. Health: State of continual adaptation to stimuli. Overview: 4. Nursing: Facilitators of 1. Faye Glenn Abdellah developed adaptation, promoting positive the Twenty-One Nursing interactions with the environment. Problems Theory, shifting the Adaptive Modes: focus from disease-centered to 1. Physiological-Physical Mode: patient-centered care. Physical and chemical processes. 2. Emphasizes comprehensive 2. Self-Concept Group Identity nursing care, including families Mode: Sense of unity and and the elderly. identity. Key Concepts: 3. Role Function Mode: Roles in society.  1. Patient-Centered Approach: Virginia Henderson: 14 Basic Human Needs Focus on physical, sociological, and emotional needs. Overview: 2. Categories of Nursing 1. Virginia Henderson’s Need Problems: Theory focuses on helping 1. Physical, sociological, and patients become independent emotional needs. and reach health goals. 2. Interpersonal relationships 2. Defined nursing as assisting between patient and individuals in activities nurse. contributing to health or recovery. 3. Common elements of 14 Basic Human Needs: patient care. 1. Breathe normally. 21 Nursing Problems: 2. Eat and drink adequately. 1. Maintain hygiene and physical 3. Eliminate body wastes. comfort. 4. Move and maintain desirable 2. Promote optimal activity: postures. exercise, rest, sleep. 5. Sleep and rest. 3. Promote safety and prevent 6. Select suitable clothes. accidents. 7. Maintain body temperature. 4. Maintain good body mechanics. 8. Keep the body clean. 5. Facilitate oxygen supply. 9. Avoid dangers. 6. Facilitate nutrition. 10. Communicate with others. 7. Facilitate elimination. 11. Worship according to faith. 8. Maintain fluid and electrolyte 12. Work for a sense of balance. accomplishment. 9. Recognize physiological 13. Play or participate in recreation. responses to disease. 14. Learn and discover. 10. Maintain regulatory mechanisms. 11. Maintain sensory function. Nola Pender: Health Promotion Model 12. Identify and accept expressions Overview: and feelings. ○ Nola Pender’s Health Promotion 13. Understand emotions and organic Model emphasizes health as a illness. positive dynamic state and 14. Facilitate communication. focuses on promoting healthy 15. Promote interpersonal lifestyles. relationships. Key Concepts: 16. Facilitate spiritual goals. ○ Health Promotion: Behavior 17. Create a therapeutic motivated by the desire to environment. increase well-being. 18. Recognize individual needs. ○ Health Protection: Behavior 19. Accept limitations. motivated to avoid illness or 20. Use community resources. maintain functioning within illness 21. Understand social problems constraints. influencing illness. Subconcepts: ○ Perceived benefits of action.  ○ Perceived barriers to action. 3. Communication and interviewing ○ Perceived self-efficacy. skills are fundamental. ○ Activity-related affect. 4. Nurses must understand ○ Interpersonal influences. themselves to promote client ○ Situational influences. growth. ○ Commitment to plan of action. Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship: 1. Orientation Phase: Engaging the Madeleine Leininger: Transcultural Theory client, providing information, defining problems. Overview: 2. Identification Phase: Client 1. Madeleine Leininger’s works with nurse, expresses Transcultural Theory focuses on feelings, feels stronger. cultural care and understanding 3. Exploitation Phase: Client uses cultural differences in patient services offered, explores care. problems. Key Concepts: 4. Resolution Phase: Client no 1. Cultural Care Diversity: longer needs professional Differences in care meanings, services, relationship ends. patterns, values, and lifeways. 2. Cultural Care Universality: Ida Jean Orlando: Nursing Process Theory Common definitions of care across cultures. Overview: Nursing Actions: 1. Focuses on the dynamic 1. Cultural Care Preservation or nurse-patient relationship. Maintenance. 2. All patient behavior can be a cry 2. Cultural Care Accommodation or for help, and nurses must Negotiation. interpret and address these 3. Cultural Care Repatterning or needs. Restructuring. Stages of Nursing Process: 1. Assessment: Holistic Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Model assessment of patient needs. 2. Diagnosis: Clinical judgment Overview: about health problems. 1. Known as the “Mother of 3. Planning: Setting goals and Psychiatric Nursing” and “Nurse outcomes, creating a nursing of the Century.” care plan. 2. Developed the Theory of 4. Implementation: Using the Interpersonal Relations, defining nursing care plan. nursing as a therapeutic 5. Evaluation: Assessing patient interaction between a nurse and progress, adjusting care plan as a patient. needed. Assumptions: 1. Nurse and patient can interact. Joyce Travelbee: Human-to-Human 2. Both nurse and patient mature Relationship Model through therapeutic interaction. Overview:  1. Emphasizes the importance of human relationships in nursing. 2. Nursing is accomplished through human relationships, progressing through stages of interaction. Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship: 1. Original Encounter: First impression between nurse and patient. 2. Emerging Identities: Perceiving each other as unique individuals. 3. Empathy: Sharing in the patient’s experience. 4. Sympathy: Nurse wants to lessen patient’s suffering. 5. Rapport: Establishing trust and confidence, lessening suffering. Lydia Hall: Care, Core, Cure Model Overview: 1. Focuses on three interrelated components: care, core, and cure. 2. Emphasizes the importance of the total patient rather than individual parts. Components: 1. Care: Providing bodily care, ensuring patient comfort, educating patients. 2. Core: Patient’s goals and behaviors, therapeutic use of self. 3. Cure: Administration of medications and treatments, shared with other health professionals.