Nursing Theories: Rogers and Orem

Study Notes

People and their surroundings are interconnected and influence each other.
Individuals are unique and should be viewed holistically, not just in terms of their symptoms.
Health is an ongoing process, not merely the absence of illness, and involves achieving harmony with one's environment.
Nurses are instrumental in guiding individuals toward achieving this balance.
The aim is to facilitate optimal living for individuals, even when a "cure" is unattainable.

Individuals possess the capacity to manage their own well-being and maintain health.
A "self-care deficit" arises when a person is unable to adequately care for themselves.
Nurses contribute by educating patients on self-care practices and bridging these gaps.
Three types of care are recognized: self-care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems.
The objective is to empower patients toward independence and enhanced well-being.

Nursing is a collaborative process aimed at assisting patients in achieving their health objectives.
Nurses and patients work together to establish and reach these goals.
Effective communication is crucial for understanding the patient's needs and preferences.
The patient's environment and life experiences significantly impact their health and goals.
Success in nursing is realized when patients attain their goals and experience improvements in their health.

Individuals are viewed as complex systems comprising physical, mental, and social components that require balance.
Stressors, such as illness or life challenges, can disrupt this equilibrium.
Nurses play a protective and restorative role by identifying and mitigating these stressors.
Three levels of prevention are emphasized: primary (preventing stress), secondary (responding to stress), and tertiary (facilitating recovery from stress).
The goal is to empower individuals to maintain strength, recover, and sustain health through effective stress management.

Individuals are continuously adapting to changes in their lives and health status.
Successful adjustment to these changes and challenges is essential to overall health.
Nurses support adaptation by addressing physical, mental, and social needs.
Adaptation occurs in four key areas: physiological-physical (body), self-concept group identity (self-esteem), role function, and interdependence (relationships).
The aim is to facilitate healthy adjustments that enable individuals to live fulfilling lives.

Individuals are composed of interconnected parts that work together to maintain health and well-being.
Each person possesses a "behavioral system" comprising various behaviors and functions.
Nurses assess the effectiveness of this system and identify any dysfunction.
The objective is to help individuals achieve balance and harmony in their behaviors.
By improving behaviors, nurses can enhance overall health and quality of life.

The nurse-patient relationship is central to patient care.
This relationship progresses through four phases: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution.
Nurses assume various roles (e.g., teacher, counselor, leader) to support patient growth and healing.

The focus is on addressing the patient's immediate needs, providing individualized care.
Effective communication is paramount, allowing nurses to comprehend and respond to the patient's feelings and needs.
Nurses use observation, feelings, and critical thinking to assess patient behavior, determine appropriate actions, and validate these actions with the patient.

Meaningful and empathetic interactions between nurses and patients are emphasized.
Patients are viewed as individuals rather than medical cases.
The nurse-patient relationship develops through stages (initial encounter, empathy, sympathy, rapport), fostering trust and connection.
Nursing aims to support patients in finding purpose and meaning in their suffering, promoting emotional well-being alongside physical care.

Core: Focuses on the patient's individual needs and preferences.
Care: Addresses the patient's personal needs, feelings, and well-being, including emotional support.
Cure: Deals with the medical aspects of care, including treatment and interventions.
This theory underscores a holistic approach to patient care, recognizing the interplay of physical, emotional, and social factors.