Nursing Anatomy & Physiology - Module 1 PDF

Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: ________________________________________________________________...

Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Lesson title: THE HUMAN ORGANISM Learning Targets: At the end of the module, students will be able to: 1. Identify the classroom rules and regulations; Materials: Book, pen and notebook 2. Define anatomy and physiology with the significance of structural and functional organization of human body; 3. Enumerate the eleven organ systems and define their vital role in human body; 4. List and define characteristics of life; 5. Explain homeostasis and the mechanisms involved in the human body; 6. Describe the organ systems of the body; 7. Identify the anatomical and common names of some body parts, anteriorly and posteriorly; References: 8. Describe the anatomical position of the human body and VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. directional terms in able to locate specific body parts; (2019). Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & 9. Name the human body’s major planes and trunk cavities with physiology (10th ed.). New York, NY: their divisions; and, McGraw-Hill Education. 10. Define the serous membranes with their parts and functions. A. SUBJECT ORIENTATION Your classroom instructor for this subject, Anatomy and Physiology, is ____________________________. (You write in this area the vital policies, rules & regulations to be noted in this class. You may also refer to the Course Outline to be distributed by your instructor.) This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 1 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ B. MAIN LESSON You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 1 of the book. Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body Physiology – the study of the processes and functions of the body. 6 Levels of Organization for Human Body 1. Chemical – involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules 2. Cell – basic structural and functional units of organisms 3. Tissue – a group of similar cells and the material surrounding them 4. Organ – composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions 5. Organ System – a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions 6. Organism – a complex of organ systems that are mutually dependent upon one another 11 Organ Systems of Human Body System Function Some Organs Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, 1. Integumentary water loss, helps produce vitamin D sweat glands Provides protection and support, allows body bones, associated cartilages, 2. Skeletal movements, produces blood cells, stores mineral and ligaments, joints adipose tissue Produces body movements, maintains posture, produces muscles attached to the skeleton by 3. Muscular body heat tendons Major regulatory system that detects sensations and brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory 4. Nervous controls movements, physiological processes, receptors intellectual functions Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, endocrine glands, such as pituitary, 5. Endocrine growth, reproduction that secrete hormones Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and 6. Cardiovascular hormones throughout the body, plays a role in the heart, blood vessels, and blood immune response and regulation of body temperature Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and 7. Lymphatic combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, absorbs other lymphatic organs dietary fats from digestive tract Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the 8. Respiratory lungs and respiratory passages blood and air, regulates blood pH Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of mouth, esophagus, stomach, 9. Digestive digestion, absorption of nutrients, elimination of wastes intestines, and accessory organs Removes waste products from the blood and regulates 10. Urinary kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters blood pH, ion balance, water balance Produces oocytes for females and sperm cells for males female (ovaries, uterus, vagina) 11. Reproductive for reproduction and hormones that influence sexual male (testes, ducts, penis) functions and behaviors This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 2 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ 6 Essential Characteristics of Life 1. Organization – refers to a specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism. 2. Metabolism – the ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction. 3. Responsiveness – the ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life. 4. Growth – refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism 5. Development – includes the changes an organism undergoes through time 6. Reproduction – the formation of new cells or new organisms. Homeostasis – the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. Negative Feedback Mechanism – regulates most systems of the body; occurs when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted Positive Feedback Mechanism – occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 1 of the book. Organ Systems of the Body (Refer to Figure 1.3 of the book, pages 6-7) Body Parts: Anterior and Posterior View (Refer to Figure 1.9 of the book, pages 13-14) Anatomical Position – refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward. Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position. TERM DEFINITION Right Toward the body’s right side Left Toward the body’s left side Inferior Below Superior Above Anterior Toward the front of the body Posterior Toward the back of the body Dorsal Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) Ventral Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) Proximal Closer to a point of attachment Distal Farther from a point of attachment Lateral Away from the midline of the body Medial Toward the middle or midline of the body Superficial Toward or on the surface Deep Away from the surface, internal This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 3 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Planes: ▪ Sagittal Plane – runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts ▪ Median Plane – a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of body, dividing it into equal right & left halves ▪ Transverse / Horizontal Plane – runs parallel to the surface of ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts ▪ Frontal / Coronal Plane – runs vertically from right to left & divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Sections: ▪ Longitudinal – a cut along the length of the organ ▪ Transverse / Cross Section – cuts completely through an organ, similar to cutting a hot dog into round pieces ▪ Oblique – a cut is made diagonally across the long axis Trunk Cavities: ▪ Thoracic Cavity – surrounded by rib cage & is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm ▪ Abdominal Cavity – bounded primarily by abdominal muscles; contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys ▪ Pelvic Cavity – a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis; contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs. Serous Membranes: ▪ Visceral – membranes that are in contact with the organ/s ▪ Parietal – membranes that are in contact with the walls of the cavity CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity. Multiple Choice: 1. Which of the following activities does NOT represent an anatomical study: a. making a section through the heart to observe its interior b. examining the surface of a bone c. viewing muscle tissue through a microscope d. studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses e. observing the parts of a reproducing cell ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 4 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ 2. Which of the following components of the control system is responsible for detecting any change and motor the value of variables? a. Control Center c. Effector b. Stimulus d. Receptor ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 3. All are considered negative feedback mechanism, except: a. Body temperature regulation c. Increase in blood pressure b. Uterine contractions during delivery d. Doing exercises ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 4. Which basic approach to study anatomy is taken in the vast majority of medical and dentals schools? a. Regional Anatomy c. Surface Anatomy b. Systemic Anatomy d. Anatomical Imaging ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 5. As a student, you understand that it is important to study how the human body works because: a. it is fixed and unchanging. b. it provides a way to understand how the body maintains external conditions. c. it can predict the responses that the body can do in every stimulus. d. it has a wide range of values to maintain homeostasis. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 6. Differentiation in an organism depicts a change in cell structure and function from generalize to specialized. This process is involved in: a. Growth and development c. Growth b. Metabolism d. Development ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 7. The mechanism of homeostasis is mainly governed by: a. Cardiovascular and nervous system b. Nervous and endocrine system This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 5 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ c. Endocrine and urinary system d. Urinary and respiratory system ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 8. During summer, Pepper and her friends would go on a trip and hike at noon. As a student, Pepper knows that her body would compensate with the change in core temperature. All of the following are expected, except: a. The hypothalamus stimulates the blood vessels in the skin to constrict. b. The sweat glands produce sweat. c. The blood vessels send more blood to the body’s surface. d. All the aforementioned statements are correct. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 9. Disruption in normal functioning of cells may result in death. One possible cause of disruption is occurrence of disease. a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong. b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct. c. Both of the statements are correct. d. Both of the statements are wrong. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 10. There are four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. To be able to perform its function, each system is composed of only one specific type of tissue. a. The first statement is correct. The second statement is wrong. b. The first statement is wrong. The second statement is correct. c. Both of the statements are correct. d. Both of the statements are wrong. ANSWER: ________ RATIO:______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 6 of 7  Anatomy & Physiology – Lecture (Nursing) Module #1 Student Activity Sheet Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ C. LESSON WRAP-UP AL Activity: CAT: MUDDIEST POINT This technique will help you determine which key points were missed in the main lesson. You will respond to only one question: In today’s session, what was least clear to you? This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION 7 of 7