Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Organism PDF

lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Organism Nursing (Saint Mary's University Philippines) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloa...

lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 The Human Organism Nursing (Saint Mary's University Philippines) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Chapter 1 THE HUMAN ORGANISM SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION. Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY "The study of structure and function of the body" ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY Ana means "apart" Tomy means "to The scientific discipline cut" The scientific discipline that that deals with the investigates the STRUCTURE of the processes or FUNCTIONS of body living things Systemic Anatomy- by SYSTEM. Regional Anatomy- by AREAS. The Major Goals of Surface Anatomy- external features Physiology Anatomical Imaging- involves the use 1. To understand and predict of X-Ray, MRI, Ultrasound, etc. the body's responses to Structural and stimuli 2. To understand how the body Function part works Organizational of the Body 3. TISSUE LEVEL group of cell that perform the 1. CHEMICAL LEVEL same function simplest level of the HISTOLOGY- study of tissues structural ladder 4 TYPES OF TISSUE includes atoms and molecules 1. Epithelial Tissue- covers body Ex: Deoxyribonucleic Acid surface; lines hollow organs and (DNA) & Glucose cavities and forms glands. 2. Connective Tissue- connects, 2. CELLULAR LEVEL supports and protects body basic structural and organs while distributing blood functional units of an vessels to other tissue organism that are composed 3. Muscle Tissue- contracts to of chemical. make body part move and CYTOLOGY- study of the generates heat microscopic appearance of 4. Nervous Tissue- carries cell information through nerve Ex: Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell, impulses Epithelial Cell Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY 4. ORGAN LEVEL 6. ORGANISM LEVEL composed of two or more any living thing considered as tissues that perform the sam a whole whether composed of function one cell such as bacterium, or Ex: Stomach, Heart, Brain, of trillion of cells, such as Skin, Bones, Lungs human. PERISTALSIS- movement of gastrointestinal organs 5. SYSTEM LEVEL consists of related organs Anatomy and with a common function Physiology of Body Ex: Digestive System- breaks down and absorbs food Systems mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small inestine, large intestine, gallbladder, liver CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and pancreas. heart pumps blood through vessels blood carries oxygen and NERVOUS SYSTEM nutrients to cells and carbon generates action potentials dioxide and wastes (nerve impulses) to regulate leps regulate acid-base body activities balance, temperature and detecs changes in body's water content of body fluid internal and external environments, interpret RESPIRATORY SYSTEM changes and respond. transferred oxygen and carbon dioxide DIGESTIVE SYSTEM helps regulate acid-base achieves physical and balance of body fluids chemical breakdown of food air flowing out of lungs absorb nutrients through vocal vocal cords eliminates solid wastes produces sound. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocyte) that unite to form a new organism gonads also releases hormone that regulate reproduction SKELETAL SYSTEM and other body processes supports and protects body transport and store gametes provides surface area for muscle attachment URINARY SYSTEM aids body movements produce, store and eliminate houses cells that produce wastes blood cells (flat bones) eliminate wastes and store minerals and lipids regulates volume and (fats) (long bones) chemical composition of blood maintain body's mineral MUSCULAR SYSTEM balance participates in body helps regulate production of movements red blood cells maintain posture ERYTHROPOETIN produce heat LYMPHATIC SYSTEM INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM returns proteins and fluid to protects body blood regulate body temperature carries lipids from eliminates some wastes gastrointestinal tract to blood helps make vitamin D contains sites of maturation detects sensation such as and poliferation of B cells and touch, pain, warmth, and cold T cells that protect against store fat and provides disease-causing microbes insulation ENDOCRINE SYSTEM regulates body system by releasing hormones Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY 5. GROWTH Basic Life increase in body size; increase in the number of cells Processes 6. DEVELOPMENT/ DIFFERENTIATION changes of an organism through time 1. METABOLISM DEVELOPMENT- growth but ability to use energy also involves differentiation Two Phases of Metabolism DIFFERENTIATION- changes in 1. CATABOLISM (catabol= cell structure and function from throwing down; -ism= a generalized condition) - breakdown of complex; produce energy Homeostasis ANABOLISM (anabol= raising up) - building up smaller to Homeo- sameness complex; uses energy Stasis= stand still "The existence and 2. MOVEMENT/ORGANIZATION maintenance of the balance" refers to the specific VARIABLE- factor being interrelationships among the regulated parts of an organism and how SET VALUE POINT- normal those parts interact to range perform 3. REPRODUCTION Component of Homeostatic formation of new cell for Control System tissue growth, repair or requirement RECEPTOR- detects changes production of new individual and signal the control center CONTROL CENTER- analyzes 4. RESPONSIVENESS the information it receives and ability of an organism to determine the appropriate sense changes in the response environment EFFECTOR- receives output and produce the response Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY Feedback System 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK reverse a chage in variable 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK strengthen or reinforce a change Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy BODY POSITION RECLINING POSITION have an initial PRONE- face down reference point SUPINE- face up standard position called ANATOMICAL POSITION facing the observer; face forward ANATOMICAL lower limbs are parallel and feet are POSITION flat Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Directional CRANIAL- skull FACIAL- face Terms CEPHALIC- head FRONTAL- forehead TEMPORAL- temple SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye part OTIC- ear INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower BUCCAL- cheek part NASAL- nose ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front ORAL- mouth POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back MENTAL- chin MEDIAL- inner side CLAVICLE- neck LATERAL- outer side STERNAL- breastbone INTERMEDIATE- in between AXILLARY- armpit SUPERFICIAL- more external DEEP- more internal INSPILATERAL- same side THORACIC- chest CONTRALATERAL- opposite MAMMARY- breast side BRACHIAL_ arm PROXIMAL- near to the trunk ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow DISTAL- far to the trunk ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm ABDOMINAL- abdomen DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger UMBILICAL- navel PUBIC- pubis COXAL- hip FEMORAL- thigh INGUINAL- groin PATELLAR- front of knee PELVIC- pelvis CRURAL- leg or shin POLLEX- thumb TARSAL- ankle MANUAL- hand DIGITAL- toe PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm PEDAL- foot CARPAL- wrist DORSUM- top of foot HALLUX- great toe Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy OCCIPITAL- base of skull 1. SAGITTAL PLANE SCAPULAR- shoulder blade vertical plane that separates VERTEBRAL- spinal column right and left side DORSAL- back A. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN LUMBAR- loin PLANE- eqaul left and right SACRAL- between hips side OLECRANAL/CUBITAL- B. PARASAGITTAL PLANE- back of elbow unequal side GLUTEAL- buttock PERINEAL- region of anus & 2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE external organs vertical plane that separates DORSUM- back of hand anterior (front) and posterior POPLITEAL- hollow behind (back) portions knee cut runs from right to left side SURAL- calf or vice versa PLANTAR- sole CALCANEAL- heel 3. TRANSVERSE PLANE horizontal plane that separates superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Body Planes also known as CROSS- & Section SECTIONAL/HORIZONTAL PLANE 4. OBLIQUE PLANE diagonal cut; angle other than PLANES the right angle (90 degree) flat surface that pass through the body parts pertains to cut SECTION image/view of the body or one of its organ pertains to the view Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Body Cavities CAVITIES The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body: the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of the mediastinum. The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas, and the kidneys. The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs. The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Serous Membrane Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities. To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ, imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon. The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the parietal serous membrane. The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction The thoracic cavity contains PERICARDIAL CAVITY The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart. three serous membrane- The visceral pericardium covers the heart, lined cavities: a pericardial which is contained within a connective cavity and two pleural tissue sac lined with the parietal cavities. pericardium. The pericardial cavity, which contains pericardial fluid, is located PLEURAL CAVITY between the visceral pericardium and the A pleural cavity parietal pericardium. surrounds each lung, which is covered by visceral pleura. Parietal PERICARDIAL CAVITY pleura lines the inner The abdominopelvic cavity contains a surface of the thoracic serous membrane-lined cavity called the wall, the lateral surfaces peritoneal cavity. Visceral peritoneum of the mediastinum, and covers many of the organs of the the superior surface of the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum diaphragm. The pleural lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity cavity is located between and the inferior surface of the diaphragm. the visceral pleura and The peritoneal cavity is located between the the parietal pleura and visceral peritoneum and the parietal contains pleural fluid peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy The serous membranes can become inflamed— usually as a result of an infection. PERICARDITIS (per′i-kar-dı′tis) is inflammation of the pericardium, PLEURISY (ploor′i-s̄) is inflammation of the pleura, and PERITONITIS (per′i-t̄-nı′tis) is inflammation of the peritoneum. MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter-̄z), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs. Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal (re′tr̄ -per′i-t̄-n̄′̆l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Body Parts The central region of the body consists of the HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK. & Region The trunk can be divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen (region between the thorax and pelvis), and pelvis (the inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips). The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. The arm extends from the shoulder to the elbow, and the forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist. The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. The thigh extends from the hip to the knee, and the leg extends from the knee to the ankle. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo Language of Anatomy Body Parts & Region The abdomen is often subdivided superficially into four sections, or quadrants, by two imaginary lines—one horizontal and one vertical —that intersect at the navel. The quadrants formed are: right-upper, left-upper, right-lower, left-lower quadrants. The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into regions by four imaginary lines—two horizontal and two vertical. These four lines create an imaginary tic-tac-toe figure on the abdomen, resulting in nine regions: epigastric (ep-i-gas′trik), right and left hypochondriac (hı-p̄-kon′dr̄ -ak), umbilical (̆m-bil′i-k̆l), right and left lumbar (l̆m′bar), hypogastric (hı-p̄-gas′trik), and right and left iliac (il′̄-ak). Clinicians use the quadrants or regions as reference points for locating the underlying organs. For example, the appendix is in the right- lower quadrant, and the pain of an acute appendicitis is usually felt there. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo SUMMARY ANATOMY 1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body. 2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the study of the body by areas. 3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures. PHYSIOLOGY Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY 1. The human body can be organized into six levels: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism. 2. The eleven organ systems are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems. CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, and reproduction. HOMEOSTASIS 1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life. 2. Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. 3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback mechanisms are harmful. BODY POSITION 1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides, and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position. 2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone. DIRECTIONAL TERMS Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual position. BODY PARTS AND REGIONS 1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47750159 Created by: Johmel De Ocampo SUMMARY BODY PARTS AND REGIONS 1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs. 2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain. PLANES 1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts. 2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle. BODY CAVITIES 1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides the thoracic cavity into two parts. 2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles. 3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones. SEROUS MEMBRANES 1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs. 2. The serous membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral membranes. The serous membranes protect organs from friction. 3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs. 4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs. 5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples of retroperitoneal organs. REFERENCE Seeley's Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9th Edition. No Copyright Intended. Downloaded by Mi A ([email protected])