NURS 12 Midterms PDF

𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 1 NURS 12 SEMESTER 1 | Dr. Evelyn M. Del Mundo MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF RESEARCH L1: RESEARCH AND NURSING L2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NURSING...

𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 1 NURS 12 SEMESTER 1 | Dr. Evelyn M. Del Mundo MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPT OF RESEARCH L1: RESEARCH AND NURSING L2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NURSING RESEARCH A RESEARCH NURSING RESEARCH HISTORY It is derived from the old French word cerchier, meaning to “seek or search” and re meaning Early Florence Nightingale - considered “again”. Beginnings the pioneer of nursing research. Her A formal, systematic and intensive process of work during the Crimean War carrying on a scientific analysis for the purpose (1853-1856) laid the foundation for of discovery and development of an organized modern nursing practices. body of knowledge. A1 PURPOSE/GOAL Early 20th 1900s Establishment of the Century first university-based Discover new facts of known phenomena nursing program at the To develop, refine and expand a body of University of Minnesota knowledge. in 1909. Provide basis for decision making in any undertaking 1920s The Rockefeller Satisfy the researcher’s curiosity Foundation funded a Improve educational practices by raising the significant study on quality of school products. nursing and nursing Improve health and prolonging life education in 1923. Enhance man’s basic life Mid-20th 1936 Establishment of Sigma Century Theta Tau, the first A2 NURSING RESEARCH nursing research A scientific process that validates and refines organization. existing knowledge and generate new knowledge that directly influences nursing 1940s to Increased government practice. 1950s funding for nursing Concerned with the systematic study and research. assessment of nursing problem or phenomena, finding ways to improve nursing practice and Late 20th 1960s to Growth in nursing patient care through creative studies; initiating Century 1970s research publications and evaluating change; and taking action to and journals. make new knowledge useful in nursing. 1993 Establishment of the A3 PRIMARY GOAL National Institute of To develop scientific knowledge base for Nursing Research nursing practice; to answer question or solve (NINR), which problems of relevance to the nursing problem. significantly advanced the field. A4 SPECIFIC PURPOSES Identification Modern Day Current Trends - focus on Description evidence-based practice, Exploration patient-centered care, and Prediction interdisciplinary research. Control BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 1 NURS 12 SEMESTER 1 | Dr. Evelyn M. Del Mundo MODULE 2: THE RESEARCH TITLE The title has a special role in the text because it automatically grabs the reader‘s attention and affects L1: THE RESEARCH TITLE his or her decision to read the article or not. It’s a smart idea to capitalize on this reality by creating a succinct, descriptive, and catchy title that will entice the reader. A CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD Condensing the entire paper to a short phrase RESEARCH TITLE without losing anything relevant while still hooking the reader could cost you a few head scratches. In this 1. A good title predicts the content of the article, we’ll look at what makes a decent title and how research. to get the desired outcome. ○ A good title correctly tells the reader about the contents of the post. A title’s A1 GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE TITLE key dutty is to clarify what the article is 1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start about without confusing or creating of the study. It may be revised and refined later false assumptions. Be certain that it if there is a need. does not have something that your 2. It must contain the subject matter of the study, reader would not be able to find in the locate, the population involved and the paper. period when the data were gathered or will be 2. A good title should be interesting to the gathered. reader. 3. It must be as brief and concise as possible. ○ Using words that make a good impact 4. Avoid using the terms: “An Analysis of”, “A and attract the reader’s imagination to Study of”, “An Investigation of” make the title exciting, 5. If possible, it should not contain more than 15 attention-grabbing, and easy to read. words. The title in the preceding case is 6. If the title contains more than one line, it must memorable enough to be used as a be written like an inverted pyramid, all words in title. capital letter. ○ However, if you try to use a catchy word, you should exercise caution. About the fact that stylistic devices A2 SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF RESEARCH make titles wittier and more appealing, certain titles can be unclear. When 1. Determine (recognize) the problem - TITLE attempting to incorporate that zing, 2. Forming the Hypotheses ensure that the title conveys facts in an 3. Doing the library research unambiguous and concise way, 4. Designing the study expresses the meaning simply, and 5. Developing the instrument for collecting data does not allow different meanings. 6. Collecting the data 3. It reflects the tone of writing. 7. Analyzing the data ○ It is important to describe the tone of 8. Determining implications and conclusions from your study in the title and maintain it in the findings the article. Avoid using ornate or 9. Making the recommendation conversational language with an A3 RESEARCH PROBLEM informal or enjoyable title whether it is a serious and conventional scholarly Is any significant and challenging situation study. A perplexing situation after it has been 4. It contains important keywords. translated into a questions ○ Keywords are key words and ideas that S - specific appear often in the research paper. M - measurable Using them in the title allows you to A - attainable immediately present the subject, R - realistic problem, or solution. T - time bounded BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN A4 ELEMENTS OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. Why - aim or purpose 2. What - subject matter/topic 3. Where - place/locate 4. When - period of time which the data will be collected 5. Who - population/respondents EXAMPLE ”LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE ON NEWBORN SCREENING AMONG POSTPARTUM MOTHERS OF GEN. EMILIO AGUINALDO MEMORIAL HOSPITAL” 1. Aim: to assess the level of knowledge 2. Topic: Newborn Screening 3. Locate: GEAMH 4. Time: no specified time; include it in scope & delimitation 5. Population: postpartum mothers A5 GUIDELINES IN SELECTING YOUR RESEARCH PROBLEM (SOURCES): 1. Must be chosen by the researcher himself 2. Within the interest of the researcher 3. Within the specialization of the researchers 4. Within the competence of the researcher to tackle 5. Within the ability of the researcher to finance 6. Researchable and manageable a. Data are available & accessible b. Data must meet the standards of accuracy, objectivity & verifiability (not biased) c. Answers to the specific problem d. Testable hypothesis (it can be accepted & rejected) A6 CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM 1. Enthusiastic 2. Relevant to the government’s thrust 3. Relevant to the neeeds of the patients and people 4. Innovative 5. Inventive 6. Cost effective 7. Return of Investments 8. Measurable 9. Time bound BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 1 NURS 12 SEMESTER 1 | Dr. Evelyn M. Del Mundo MODULE 3: HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 1 on some puzzle, problem or phenomenon of interest. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Relation of theory to the research process A theory, conceptual model or A THE INTRODUCTION theoretical framework identifies parameters for the study, guides data The introduction of a thesis should contain a discussion collection and provides a perspective in of any or all of the following: the interpretation of data to enable the 1. Presentation of the problem. 2. The existence of an unsatisfactory researcher to structure facts into an condition, a felt problem that needs orderly system. solution. 3. Rationale of the study. CONCEPTS – are abstractions that categorize 4. Historical background of the problem. observations based on commonalities and differences. 5. A desire to have a deeper and clearer ○ Are the building blocks of theories and understanding of a situation, circumstances or phenomenon. they vary in level of abstraction. 6. A desire to find a better way of doing CONSTRUCTS – is a group of concepts that are something or of improving a product. directly or indirectly observable. 7. A desire to discover something. ○ They are derived from a combination of 8. Geographical conditions of the study locale. academic and clinical knowledge and 9. A link between the introduction and add meaning and scope to a theory. statement of the problem. PROPOSITION – are statements that describe the relationship of two or more concepts. A1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY THE GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL or PARADIGM: STUDY LOCALE The historical background of your research 1. Is a diagram or a picture that represents the problem/topic structure and parts of the theory. A2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Written by stating the general problem then CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK – represents a less followed by the specific question or formal attempt at organizing phenomena. It is sub-problems (where the gen. problem is assembled by virtue of its relevance to a common broken up) theme. A3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ○ A tentative explanation or theoretical THEORY - from the Greek word “Theoria” which means explanation of the phenomenon or a beholding spectacle or speculation. problem and serves as the basis for the ○ Is a set of interrelated constructs, manipulation of the research definitions, and prepositions that hypotheses. present a systematic view of ○ It consists of the investigator’s own phenomena by specifying relations position on a problem after his among variables with the purpose of exposure to various theories that have explaining and predicting the bearing on the problem. phenomena. (Kerlinger, 1973) ○ It becomes the central theme, the ○ Any statement that attempts to focus, the main thrust of the study. describe, explain, predict or shed light BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - is derived from one or A declarative sentence followed by a series more theories or paradigms through the processes of of questions induction and deduction. It postulates relationships among concepts and permits empirical testing. A5 HYPOTHESES CRITERIA FOR JUDGING A THEORY “Wise guess”, or inference, an “intellectual proposition” formulated to explain observed 2. What is the significance of the theory? Does facts or conditions in order to guide the it address a problem of particular interest to investigation further. nurses or society? It must be empirically testable and verifiable 3. Does the theory offer the possibility of Are statements of the researcher’s explaining or systematically describing some expectations regarding the relationship phenomena? between and among the variables under 4. Is the theory testable? Can the concepts be investigation observed and measured, and can hypothesis Are speculations of how variables in the study be deduced? will work out It provides predicted answers to research questions RESEARCH PARADIGM – is the diagrammatic It translates problem statements into representation of a conceptual framework predictions of expected outcomes and is thus a ○ It depicts a more vivid way what the technique in answering a problem conceptual framework wants to convey. It is tested and, if found to be true, accepted. If ○ It can take different diagrammatic forms not, rejected. A4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Must be clearly stated PURPOSE OF HYPOTHESES: Must be expressed in precise terms as the subject of inquiry 1. Unify theory and reality It indicates the population and the major 2. Give direction to research by determining variables of the study research design, data collection procedures, It is consisting of the major or main problem analysis and interpretation of data and the specific or sub- problems 3. Enhance knowledge by inducing critical thinking and deepening insights WAYS OF STATING THE PROBLEM A question and/or several question CHARACTERISTICS OF HYPOTHESES: Example: 1. Does smoking causes lung cancer among 1. Testability adults? (single question) 2. It states anticipated relationship between two 2. Is the selection of a particular method or more variables influenced by religion, socioeconomic status 3. They are logical and justifiable, and or education? (single question followed by a consistent with an existing body of series of questions) knowledge or research findings. Problems stated in the form of a declarative 4. Relate directly to the research problem. sentence 5. Factually and theoretically based. Example: 6. Set the limits of the study. 1. To identify common problems of Chief 7. Stated in such a way that they are either Nurses in some government emergency accepted or rejected. hospitals?? (single declarative sentence) 2. The study attempts to determine: (series of declarative sentence) TYPES OF HYPOTHESES ○ The general food patterns and food 1. Simple Hypothesis – predicts the relationship intake between 1 independent and 1 dependent ○ The food groups variable. ○ How adequate BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  Example: Performance in the College of Nursing is related to success in the nurses’ LIMITATIONS of the STUDY: licensure examination. Researcher issues and concerns, the duration 2. Complex Hypothesis – predicts the of the study, and the constraints that have relationship between 2 or more independent direct bearing variables and 2 or more dependent variables. Weaknesses of the study beyond the control of Example: Heredity, home environment, and the researcher quality of instruction are related to intelligence, A7 IMPORTANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF THE motivation, and performance in school. STUDY 3. Directional/Predictive Hypothesis – specifies the direction of the relationship Is stated either in the deductive or the inductive between the variables being studied. form Example: People who smoke are more prone to ○ DEDUCTIVE FORM – the presentation lung cancer than those who do not smoke. is from general to particular; it starts 4. Non-Directional Hypothesis – predicts only from the country down to the target that there is a relationship between variables beneficiaries being studied but does not specify what it is. ○ INDUCTIVE FORM - starts from the Example: There is a difference in the level of beneficiaries to the country. anxiety of pre-surgical patients who received GUIDELINES IN EXPLAINING THE IMPORTANCE pre-operative instruction than those who do not OF THE STUDY receive such instruction. 5. Null hypothesis – is an assumption that there It must contain explanations or discussions of any or is no difference between studied variables. all of the following: Researcher’s hopes to reject the 1. The rationale, timeliness, and/or relevance of the study, statement of no difference 2. Possible solutions to existing With psychological advantage in stating problems or improvement to a hypothesis in the null or no unsatisfactory conditions. relationship format since objectivity 3. Who are to be benefitted and how appears to pervade it they are going to be benefitted. Example: There is no difference between 4. Possible contribution to the fund of liberalization of attitudes and completion of a knowledge. 5. Possible implications. course in human sexuality. Relevance to: A6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS A. Solving the problem and need Includes the coverage of the study area, the B. Linking a knowledge gap subjects, the research apparatus, equipment or C. Improving social, economic and health instrument conditions of the people D. Enriching/improving research instruments, GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE SCOPE & approaches, methods and strategies DELIMITATIONS E. Supporting government thrusts 1. A brief statement of the general purpose of A8 DEFINITION OF TERMS the study. 2. The subject matter and topics studied and Two ways of defining terms: discussed. 1. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION– based on the 3. The locale of the study, where the data were dictionary, encyclopedia, and unpublished gathered or the entity to which that data journals belong. 2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION– based on 4. The population or universe from which the observable characteristics and how it is used in respondents were selected. This must be large enough to make generalizations the study. significant. GUIDELINES IN DEFINING TERMS 5. The period of time of the study. BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  A. Only terms, words or phrases which have special or unique meanings in the study are defined. B. Terms should be defined operationally, that is, how they are used in the study. C. Based from the characteristics of the term. D. Can be taken from encyclopedias, books, magazines and newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other publications. E. Brief, clear and unequivocal as possible. F. Acronyms should be spelled out fully especially if it is not commonly known to use for the first time. BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 1 NURS 12 SEMESTER 1 | Dr. Evelyn M. Del Mundo MODULE 4: HOW TO WRITE CHAPTER 2 Example: According to Enriquez et al., praise REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE helps much 2. By topic – if different authors have the same opinion about the same topic, the topic is discussed and cited under the names of the A TWO KINDS OF REVIEW OF REVIEWED authors. LITERATURE Summary of their opinions 1. Research – previously done studies To avoid separate and long 2. Non-research – experiences, opinions and discussions of the same topic theories of experts along the problem area. Example: It has been found out that praise is ○ Related readings – are laws, an important aid in the learning of children. - Footnote constitutions and department directives 3. Chronological – according to the year they such as circulars and memoranda were written, especially if citation is by which serve as legal bases of the author. If by topic, chronological citation can prepared study. be done in the footnote. ○ Related Literature – includes articles WHAT TO CITE: Emphasize only the: (can be taken from books, journals, magazines, summarized and paraphrased) and other sources. Major findings Ideas PURPOSES: Generalizations Principles or conclusions 1. Useful in developing the researcher’s JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY: understanding It should be made clear that there is no 2. Development of the background duplication of the other studies. 3. A links to past researches The present inquiry may only be a replication of 4. Define research questions, methods and another study. tools that may be useful in problem Stressed that in spite the similarities of the identification, research design and studies, the present study is still necessary to instrument development. find out if the findings of studies in other places 5. To reveal difficulties of others that may save are also true in the locale of the present study. time, money and error. 6. To identify studies that may be replicated or A need to continue with the present investigation to affirm or negate the findings of other re-tested inquiries about the same research problem or topic so CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATERIALS CITED: that generalizations may be formulated. 1. The materials must be as recent as possible. A1 HOW TO CITE A WEBSITE 2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as possible. 1. Include the author’s name (if available). 3. Materials must be relevant to the study. 2. Include the publication date. 4. Materials must not be too few but not too many. 3. Include the title of the page or article. 4. Include the website name. WAYS OF CITING RELATED LITERATURE AND 5. Include the URL. STUDIES A2 HOW TO CITE A BOOK 1. By author or writer 1. APA Style: List the author’s last name and initials, the year of publication, the title (in BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN  italics), the edition (if specified), and the publisher. Add a DOI or URL if available. 2. Basic Works-Cited Entry: Include the author, title, publisher, and publication date. 3. In-Text Citation: Use the author’s last name and year. 4. Reference List: Start with the author’s last name and initials, followed by the year. Write the book title in sentence case. A3 HOW TO CITE A JOURNAL 1. In-text citation: Include the author's name and publication year in parentheses within the text. 2. Reference: Include the author's name, article title, journal name, volume and issue numbers, page range, and URL or DOI in the reference list. GENERAL APA GUIDELINES 1. Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. 2. Double-space all text, including headings. 3. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. 4. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.). 5. Include a page number on every page. BSN 3-4 CUSTODIO, AR., SN