NCM 111 Nursing Research PDF

NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM First things to do in research undertaking? 1.1. age;...

NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM First things to do in research undertaking? 1.1. age; 1.2. gender; and Objectives 1.3. course taken To capacitate the researchers/investigators on 1.4. kinds of online games played by the how to choose appropriate research problems students; and and sources of research problems that promote 1.5. frequency of playing online games? values, aims for social upliftment, add existing knowledge, and 2. What is the academic performance of the students To train the researchers/investigators on how to who are addicted with online games? formulate research objective/problems To orient and teach the EXAMPLE 1: researchers/investigators about the typology of This investigation explores the challenging research and its applications experiences of the working students. ○ Specifically, this study seeks to address the following subissues: Finding the problem? 1. What are the challenging experiences of the working students in the university in the aspects of: What organizational or societal issue that needs to be 1.1. financial; addressed? 1.2. psychological; 1.3. time management? Why research is conducted? 2. What are the common themes that emanates ○ address problems in the organization from the challenging experience? or in the society and be able to recommended solve solution or to EXAMPLE 2 come up with an immediate action? This study intends to build up android POTENTIAL PROBLEM: application called “Kids Image Fun Explorer College students and alcoholism (KIFE)” that allows children to experience fun Cheating while enhancing their skills in color and shape Early pregnancy recognition through interacting with the Fraternity to hazing environment. Drug addiction ○ In particular, this study tries to address the Computer addiction following issues: 1. to identify key areas required for a child’s Common problem of students in school cognitive development; 2. to create a game which would target Absenteeism identified key cognitive areas; Riot 3. to integrate the game challenges with Late for school image processing and augmented reality; and 4. to define a method in implementing an Statement of the Problem interfacing system component. ➔ This study intends to determine the correlation EXAMPLE 3: between the students’ online games addiction This study aimed to develop a mobile application and their academic performance. The results “iCARE” for emergency situations. will be used in the formulation of rehabilitation ○ In order to achieve this aim, the specific program to help the students from addiction of objective were; online games. 1. to gather data/information from Local ◆ Specifically, this study seeks to address the Government Unit (LGU) and response following sub-issues: team; 2. to identify the system requirements; 1. What is the profile of the students who are and under online games addiction in terms of : NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 3. to determine the mechanism to This study aimed to develop an application generate the nearest response unit. that detects over-speeding vehicles and takes a snapshot of every vehicle that passes. EXAMPLE 4 ○ Specifically, this study intends to attain This study aimed to develop a mobile-based the following objectives: interactive trash segregation application to guide 1. to gather data about capturing a the general public in the proper solid waste moving vehicle; management and recycling. 2. to identify the appropriate tools ○The specific aims of the study were the needed in capturing a moving vehicle; following: 3. To determine image processing 1. to gather data about the different recognition technique; and classifications of solid wastes; 4. to link with the CCTO’s existing 2. to design the appropriate game database system mechanics for the system; and 3. to determine the appropriate tools needed for the implementation. EXAMPLE 5 THE PROBLEM This study aims to develop an SMS-based motorcycle security system. It is composed Objectives of the Study of a device and an Android application. This investigation aims to develop a mobile ○ In order to achieve this study, the specific application “Tigsabwag” to provide objectives are the following: information disseminator of government 1. to gather information on existing services. Through this mobile app the Filipinos vehicle security and anti-theft system; will be made aware, guided through, and be 2. to define the features and able to utilize the services of the government functionalities of the system; services using recommendation system-based 3. to identify the hardware and software user profile. components; ○ Specifically, this study seeks to address 4. to design the system architecture to the following objectives: acquire the features and 1. To create a list of various services functionalities; and offered by the government agencies in 5. to interface the hardware and software the Philippines, including the components of the system. requirements, eligibility, and steps to follow when applying and creating a EXAMPLE 6 specific structure for the services for The purpose of this study is to develop an easier processing by the system with electronic bus ticketing machine for Vallacar the use of the citizen’s charter. Transit. 2. To develop an interface for end-users ○ This study aims to attain the following to build up their profiles objectives: 3. To determine the best 1. to gather data about bus ticketing to recommendations system to use to determine appropriate tool for the match up user profiles with ticketing system; government services relevant to them. 2. to define a mechanism to notify the 4. To utilize the Citizen’s Charter to status of booking reservation for guide and accompany users on the conductors; and to steps and requirements for processing 3. to provide an interface for the an application to government conductors and drivers to monitor services. over bookings and overloading of the 5. To develop a way for the new services bus. to be dynamically added or updated by verified user. EXAMPLE 7 NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM TYPOLOGY OF RESEARCH focus and allow the mind to explore solutions to the problem Origins of a research questions 1. Master the literature 4. Choose a mentor Scholarship is necessary to good research Work with an experienced mentor who has Conduct a thorough search of published the time and interest to work with you literature in the area of study regularly Mastery of a subject entails participating in Can also provide tangible resources that are meetings and building relationship with needed office space, access to clinical experts in the fields; talk with experts populations, datasets and specimen banks, Sources of literature: specialized laboratories, financial resources Google Scholar and a research team Journals May be a difficult process but perhaps is the single most important decisions a new 2. Be alert to new ideas and technique investigator makes the FINER CRITERIA Developing a skeptical attitude about for a good research questions prevailing beliefs can stimulate good research questions ★ Feasible (Adequate number of subjects, Application of new technologies often adequate technical expertise, affordable in generates new insights and questions about time and money, manageable in scope familiar problems which in turn can generate ★ Interesting ( Getting the answer intrigues the new paradigms investigator and her friends) Taking a new concept of finding from one ★ Novel ( confirms, refutes or extends previous field applying it to a problem in a different findings & provides new findings) can lead to a good research questions ★ Ethical (Amenable to a study that instructional review board will approve Example: ★ Relevant (To scientific knowledge, clinical ➔ Arithmetic ability has significant relationship and health policy between the academic performance of accountancy THE RESEARCH QUESTION AND STUDY PLAN: 3. Keep the imagination roaming PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Careful observation of patients - descriptive studies SOURCES OF PROBLEM Teaching is an excellent source of inspiration; keep a note of these ideas for future Potential Problems Solution reference The research question is not FINER Imagining new methods to address old questions and having fun with ideas 1. 1. Not feasible Specify a smaller set of Be tenacious! Keep going back to variables Narrow down the research troublesome problem until a resolution is question reached that feels “comfortable” Many inspirations occurs while preparing 2. 2. Not enough Expand the inclusion criteria lecture, showering, surfing the internet or subjects available Eliminate or modify just sitting and thinking exclusion criteria Add other sources of subjects Fear of criticism can prematurely quash new Increase the time frame for ideas. Put an unresolved problem clearly in entry into the study NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 9. Management Practices of the Organizations Use strategies to decrease the sample size Total Quality Management Systems, ISO, 5s 3. 3. Methods beyond Collaborate with colleague the skills of the who have the skills investigator Consult experts Review the literature for TITLE OF THE RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS alternative methods ➔ After the selection of the theme or the topic to Learn skill write on, the researcher considers the title of the research and what criterion measures exist for presenting a good one. SOURCES OF PROBLEM Considerations: 1. It should not be long and should not be more 1. Subject in the classroom than 20 words. Example: 2. It should include the variables (independent and ○ Management functions, educational dependent variables) and the method of psychology analysis. ○ Study habits and motivation of the 3. It should give insight virtually on what the students research is all about. 2. Work experiences 4. It should serve as a reference for the whole Example: research report which others can use. ○ Job satisfaction of the employees 5. It should enable one to claim the paper as his ○ Management practices of a company own, and helps other researchers to refer to 3. Technological and Sciences Researches one’s words as they survey some theories themselves. Example: ○ Issues on drug addiction ○ Issues of over earthquake and typhoon ○ USe of computers for inventory SAMPLE TITLES 4. Theories which need empirical support Example: The Principles of Effective Human Resource ○ Motivation - hygiene theory Management System: For a Sustainable ○ Entrepreneurship theory Organization ○ Social exchange theory Abstract Reasoning and Arithmetic Ability 5. Offshoots of other researches Affects Academic Performance of the Students Recommendations from researches The Lived Experience of Working Students in a University 6. Suggestions from friends and administrations Why conduct the study ? 7. Specialization Concerns specialized areas of management, Rationale of the Study financial management, accounting, ➔ A striking statement or a general knowledge about economics the topic, gives the overview of the chosen 8. Instructional Programs Pursued study/topic ➔ Explains the reason/ for choosing the research Research agenda of the school, NHERA, topic; creates the need for the study NHURA NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM ➔ What has been done before and how the study 3. Empirical Researches differs; ➔ More specific than basic researches, imply their ➔ Statistics or prevailing situationer (global, nature from the use of data, whether quantitative national, local scope) or qualitative ➔ Justification on the necessity to conduct the ◆ Characteristics: study/investigation Based upon observations and experiences Derived from direct data Deal with population samples RESEARCH METHOD generally , use estimations and hypothesis testing RESEARCH Problems that involves differences and Query using most logical and valid methos relationships of behavior or measurable It can be defined in 2 words characteristic ○ Research - which implies that the object of Researches which do not use empirical or research has been done before, and the direct data, but are researches where the function of the present researcher is to laboratory is the human mind and are geared concur or improve, or negate the findings of towards the resolution or a simplification of a the previous work problem r derivation of a concept or a theory Process of using relevant data with the best r even a formula methods of analysis that can help the user develop ○ Example: new knowledge or new insights into the problem ◆ Thesis & dissertation of students for a It is a systematic way of looking at a problem with degree all the potential tools used to arrive at the most valid conclusions and generalizations usually from Characteristics of a good problem empirical data It should be of interest to the researcher Different Kinds Research himself;one can be eloquent on a subject matter which one knows and interested 1. Basic Researches Should be practical value to the researcher, the school, and the community ➔ Deal with the process of objects and things or Current and novel issue information about different topics with no Can be finished within the alloted time, depending concern for a direct payoff on the subject, w/c is a requirement ➔ Includes studies on relationships, comparative It should not carry moral or legal impediment, nor analyses, trends, and projections should it be controversial ◆ Example: Data are available a. Relationship between the intelligence Variables are clear, separable, and updated quotient and academic performance of the Incur expenses affordable to the researcher students b. Cost benefit analysis of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Cebu City Factors that influence the selection of a problem 2. Applied Research 1. Availability of Data ➔ Probe into the unknown using directly the results 2. Funds to current problem 3. Capability of a Writer ◆ Example: 4. Attitude and Interest of a Researcher a. Studies on rice substitutes 5. Interest of the Sponsor or the Benefactor b. Modern methods in medical practice 6. Importance of the Issues Involved c. Innovation of a new product 7. Regency of the Issue 8. Cooperation of the People NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 9. Facilities and Instruments are Available ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Concerned with the environment or sedng where the behavior The Relationship Between the Vocational Interests The general frame of reference that directly and Occupational Preferences of the Students influences current decision-making about specific 1. Independent Variable -Vocational Interest issues (Carp, 1989) 2. Dependent Variable- Occupational Preference Having the purpose of discovering and describing 3. Method of Analysis -Finding relationship and the culture of people or organization Correlational Analysis; Holland’s theory with Understanding the social phenomenon from the occupational preference perspective of the participants Analyzing the context of participants and narrating Total Quality Management as an Organizational their stories Development Intervention on Faculty Empowerment 1. Independent Variable -Total Quality APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY Management Inquiry - Is an act of exploration and discovery, to 2. Dependent Variable - Faculty Empowerment ask questions, and to be open to seeing new 3. Method of Analysis- Pre and Post-result, use potentials and possibilities dependent t-test Appreciate - means valuing or the act of recognizing the best in other people or the world around, affirming past and present strengths, METHODS OF RESEARCH successes, & potential, to perceive those things that give life ( vitality, health, and excellence) to living systems and to increase in value 1. QUALITATIVE METHODS Means the cooperative search for the best in people, Have major purpose of looking for meanings, not their organizations, and the world around them. for causes, differences, relationships Involves systematic discovery of what gives a Data-free system “life” when it is most effective and capable Usually researches with data from non-probability in economic, ecological, and human terms. samples Involves the art of making questions and strengths, Researches that do not seek generaliza?on of data a systems capacity to heighten “positive” potentials Used for special kinds of researches (such as: Mobilizes inquiry through crafting an unconditional ○ Ethnographic, posi?ve ques?on (involves hundreds or thousands of ○ Phenomological, people) ○ Appreciative Inquiry, ○ Historical Researches, HISTORICAL RESEARCH ○ Exploratory) Deals with past events and interprets them in the light of the present Past-oriented and is concerned in giving an account A. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH of past events or fact in the spirit inquiring critically the methodology offers ways of understanding and for the whole truth doing qualitative approach which other methods do The purpose of historical method is to explain the not offer, in contrast to the quantitative method of present or anticipate the future, based on a research, especially in the interpretative aspect systematic collection and evaluation of events or Deals with human experience,using methapor , experiences in the past, always in terms of what can narrative form, and inductive method be understood Seeks to explain rather than just merely describe the ○ Ex. Was ousting former President Estrada legal? incidents in the story (Elrich, 1998) NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 2. QUANTITATIVE METHOD c. A Longitudinal Study of the Aging 1. Researches that are not data-free, using all types of Population d. Implementation of MIS in sampling techniques UC: A Case Study 2. Researches that aim for generalization 3. Usually use probability samples Uses of Case Study 4. Infer the characteristics of the population It provides further inves?ga?on with hypothesis, that 5. Concerned with: might be difficult to study in other context, in being a. Descriptive methods a micro study with limited sample b. Experimental Methods It gives out unique situations, not in the ordinary way of doing things for the study which gives out A. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD new information deals with what is designed for the investigator Surveys to gather information about the present conditions, status, or trend, and dealing with Used when one intends to gather a rela?vely limited what are prevailing data from a rela?vely large number of subjects Descriptive the nature of situation as it exists at ○ Categories: the time of the study, and to explore the causes of Descriptive Survey - uses questonnaire/other a particular phenomenon researcher-made data to gather instruments Seek “what is” of data and not “why is it so” Descriptive Normative Survey - sources of data Merely describe what is prevailing, and develop that are standardized (IQ, Academic inferences, but cannot explain the “why” of the Performance) dynamics of the variables 2. Survey Research Descriptive Research ○ is a method which does not only contain ➔ used to gather relatively limited data from many types of research, but is a method relatively large number of cases which seems to encompass or is the umbrella ➔ The purpose is to gather information about of various types of researches prevailing conditions or about the variables under study Different types of Descriptive Method of ➔ May include correlational, assessment, or causal Research ➔ Comparative studies ➔ Serves the purpose of describing current or 1. Case Studies prevailing conditions, characteristics of a group of people or objects, opinions, attitudes, and ➔ detailed and in-depth research involving a few impressions of people respondents, ranging from one to a small size of ◆ Examples of Survey Research less than 10, over a considerable period of time. Customer Satisfaction Survey of the Student ➔ Deals with cases that are made in-depth, even if Personnel Services in UC it involves only a few cases, since it has no major Intelligence and Academic Performance of purpose of interfering their characteristics for a the Accountancy Students in a University population and may take longer time. The Nature and Antecedents of ➔ involves a unique and non-traditional way of Organizational Citizenship Behavior in UC doing things Learning Styles of the Students in the ➔ the method itself and its findings are the major College of Business and Accountancy contribution of the case study ◆ Examples: a. A Case Study of the Dengue Patients in Cebu City b. A Case Study of the Financial Losses of Real Estate Developers NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 3. Developmental Studies Factors Affecting the Utilization of ➔ When one desires reliable information about a Library Services group of people over a long period of time 5. Comparative Studies ➔ Requires one to devote a considerable period of time on participants who may be relatively ➔ Studies which have intervening variable, that heterogenous, or narrowly defined homogenous will result in differences in certain characteris?cs groups according to variables considered, without ◆ 2 Methods: determining the cause, or may cause a difference, Longitudinal Method - studying the same the laker is referred to as causal compara?ve sample of participants over an extended studies period of time ◆ Examples: ○ Example: Development of a Helping Behavior of the - A Study on the Analytical Skills Teachers During Accreditation that Accountancy Students May Develop from 1st year to 4th year 6. Correlational Studies Cross- Sectional Method - concerns ➔ These are the real “relationship,” studying participants of various age levels “correspondence”, or “association” studies. and of other characteristics at the same ➔ The word correlation is too specific for each point in time type, for it would mean using the Pearson R ○ Example: correlation coefficient to describe relationship - Determining the mathematical ➔ Determine how the variations of one variable go concepts from the 1st year to 4th with the other, including the amount or year, gedng participants from the magnitude and the direction of such variation 4th year at the same time and ➔ Relationship does not establish cause and effect drawing conclusions from the ➔ “Relationship” is used when variables are linear findings & association when variables are quantitative ◆ Examples: 4. Assessment or Evaluation Studies The Relationship Between Educational ➔ Refers to studies on the efficiency or Attainment and Economic effectiveness of policies, instruments, or the Circumstances variables that may be considered The Relationship Between Intelligence ➔ It is oftentimes subjective Quotient and Academic Performance of ➔ The word “assessment is more frequently used the Accountancy Students than ‘evaluation” ➔ Since survey deals with impression of 7. Follow-up Studies(Tracer Studies) perceptions of respondents ➔ Used when one wants to follow up the ➔ Evaluation is one more ‘strict” and rigid measure development of certain conditions or particular similar with the word ‘ impact” sets of people ◆ Examples of Assessment or Evaluation ➔ Usually employed when one wants to determine Studies where the graduates or the alumni of certain ◆ The differences in perceptions of respondents schools have gone and get current information are taken care of by statistical measures of ◆ Example: central tendency Employability of the Graduates of The Implementation of Cut-off Grade Bachelor of Science in Business for the Accountancy Students in a Administra?on University The Performance of Accountancy Graduates in the CPA Licensure Examinations NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 8. Trends and Projection Studies ➔ Other type of descriptive research involves ➔ Popular for projects that are forward-looking secondary data, or not taken by the researcher ➔ One kind of is the feasibility study, which data himself and conditions existing in the present, and the ◆ Examples: success of the future is predicted Enrollment Data as Influenced Economic ➔ This method is taken together with econometric Variables models Analysis on records taken from the ➔ Predict behavior of some economic variables, Registrar’s Office and certain assumptions have to be made, like constancy of factors or predictions or projections B. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ◆ Examples of Trends Studies Enrollment Trend in the College of The 2nd quantitative method of research is the Business and Accountancy experimental method Demand for Business Graduates in the It is different the descriptive method in the sense BPO § Occupa?on Trends in 2000-2014 of time, for it is future-oriented It is never hypothesis-free 9. Ex Post Facto Research Ushers new terms and “participants’ in the process per se, for it introduces ‘ controlled’ and ➔ It is the opinion of many others experimental variable” whether quasi or true ➔ Deals with the past experimental designs ➔ Deals with variables in retrospect, with ex post Can be easily discerned from its title, usually facto meaning “after the fact” & with researches with respect to the extent an “ experimental or where the dependent variable and the events independent variable” is “effective” on the before that have given rise to this consequence dependent variable ➔ Referred to as a systematic empirical data, only Are “solitary” designs for it cannot serve as a the researcher has no control over the composite method or collaborative method with independent variables, for they have already other methods manifested in the past and by it’s very nature Is viewed as a method with the most utilitarian cannot be manipulated and most “prestigious” and most “sophisticated 10. Particitatory Research method” in a sense that it always brings to the fore important new knowledge and ushers ➔ Used on a massive scale and concerns large advanced information populations: ○ Three Characteristics ➔ There must be sufficient time allowed for the 1. Random assignment of study participants research process to deal with the complexity of 2. Control group (business as usual) & the problem experimental/treatment group ➔ It calls for a method that allows for reflection 3. Pre test and post test done jointly by the researchers and members of a culture where the research is done ➔ It requires that the research process must be I. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY permanent sequence of statement, action, Idea or observation that attracts attention or reflection , and analysis initiates speculation. The need for established ethical frameworks and 11. Documentary practices in business communities has never ➔ Involves the gathering of information by been greater. Corporate Social Responsibility analyzing written records and documents to solve (CSR) has also risen up the corporate agenda, as a problem society is increasingly demanding that corporations act responsibly. A core part of CSR is ethical behavior. NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM ○ Example: - A wide array of challenges and CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK opportuni?es brought about by an ever changing set of economic and social Concepts are the building blocks of any theory or factors besets modern-day model. Concepts are crucial in the researcher’ s tool organiza?ons. Between the two bag. They serve a number of important functions: parameters, the social component appears to have a long las?ng impact ○ Concept are the foundation of communication on any. A major social determinant of ○ Concepts introduce a perspective. achieving organiza?onal success is the ○ Concepts are means of classification and kind of behaviour the members of an generalization. en?ty exhibit, which is discre?onary ○ Concepts serve as components of theories but directly or indirectly recognized by (models) and of explanations as well as a company’s reward system. predictions. Problem that poses a research question. A Conceptual Framework of the knowledge Many companies today place a high premium Management Cycle on employees who manifest a discretionary behavior, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system but can contribute a lot to the sustainability of the operations of the firm. Despite this notion, it is evident that workers today are not inclined to go an extra mile to serve the company. Instead, they would rather do what is expected from them, and will not go beyond what is the expected output set by the firm. This attitude has given rise to problems relating to in role and extra role behaviors of the workers. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is deemed as the premier monetary authority in the Philippines. To concretize this goal, the bank has placed knowledge management as the forefront of its operating philosophy to ensure that all tacit information of the various stakeholders of the bank will share their knowhow not only to attain personal but organizational goals as well. The foremost goal of the university is to produce globally compe??ve graduates. For the College of Business and Accountancy, one of the parameters of producing excellent graduates under the accountancy program is a high passing rate in the Cer?fied Public Accountant (CPA) Board Examina?ons given by the Professional Regula?ons Commission (PRC). NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM THEORETICAL BACKGROUND the organizational identity that its employees form (Brown et al., 2006). A theory may be viewed as a system for ordering concepts in a way that produces understanding or insights. A theory includes REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE more than one concept and how these concepts are linked together. A theory is a set of In writing the review of the literature there are certain interrelated concepts, definitions and rules that you should observe. propositions that present a systematic view of specifying relations among variables with the The review should be: purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Complete - Ensure that all the necessary information This study is anchored on the theory espoused relating to the research problem is included by Lou and Bhattacharya who said that “being a high profile notion that has strategic significance to business Correct firms, corporate citizenship represents a firm’s activities and status related to its perceived societal and - Ensure that all quotations, facts and figures stakeholder obligations.” Corporate citizenship often are accurate and verifiable occurs when a firm engages in activities that advance a Clear social agenda beyond that merely required by law (Siegel and Vitaliano, 2007). - Ensure that words and terms used in the descriptions are unambiguous Corporate citizenship is valuable to organizations in terms of social identity theory, because Coherent the perceptions of an organization’s identity – the - Ensure that ideas arranged in a logical beliefs held by its employees regarding its central, sequence enduring and legitimate attributes – largely affect the strength of the employees’ identification and their Concise subsequent citizenship behavior inside the organization (Dutton et al., 1994). Organizational identification - Ensure that the review is an appropriate length contributes to an individual’s self-concept, and an considering the overall length of the report individual’s positive and negative cognitive HIERARCHY OF INFORMATION SOURCES relationships with a work organization that provides the important basis for social identify (Berger et al., 2006; Elsbach, 1999), substantially affecting job satisfaction, Strongest 1. Scholarly empirical organizational commitment, and desirable work related Documentary articles behaviors ( Brown et al., 2006) such as Support dissertations, intraorganizational cooperation (Berger et al., 2006), monographs, and lower turnover and organizational citizenship behaviors. the like 2. Scholarly non - Dutton et al (1994) indicated that the better r e p empirical articles utationemployeesmadewiththeir 3. texts organization, the more they identify with it, eventually affecting their organizational behavior. In fact, Moderately 4. Certain nationally reputation often comes into play in social identity Viable/Useful and internationally theory ( Emler and Hopkins, 1990; Whetten and Documentary Sources recognized news Mackey, 2002). An organization often quests for its magazines (e.g., intended reputation (or image) to be compatible with NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 2. CONSULTATIONS Time, Newsweek) 5. Certain Consult the librarian for information about nationally and the collection and cataloguing procedures interntionally Discuss the research problem with specialist recognized and or colleagues for help in finding sources newspapers (e.g., of literature The New York Times, The 3. PRELIMINARY SOURCES Washington Post, Using key words check the preliminary The Times [of sources or references: London]) ○ Catalog, indexes, annotated bibliographies, abstracts, Lower - Order Sources 6. Lower order bibliographies but acceptable newspapers (e.g., 4. SECONDARY SOURCES TheBoston Globe, USA Today) Locate textbooks, articles and other secondary 7. Only when all sources other sources Check secondary sources for relevance and are unavailable background information should one use a 5. PRIMARY SOURCES local newspaper 8. Written personal Locate research reports written specifically communications about the research problem 9. Oral personal Check other primary sources for information communications on research design and methodology 6. CONTACTS write to organizations institutions that may A PLAN FOR OBTAINING LITERATURE have an interest in and/or the supply information or additional research problem The following plan, arranged in logical order and be able to contacts is intended to provide a systematic means of from the survey of primary sources, contact obtaining relevant literature, once the general any person who may have conducted research area of the research question has been in the area, if it is felt that this may be useful established. STAGES IN THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING A 1. KEY WORDS REVIEW OF LITERATURE Compile a list of key words and terms that relate 1. STATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS specifically to the research problem Ensure that the list is exhaustive by checking Can you write a succinct statement which terms in an educational dictionary defines the problem area? Cross reference terms/descriptors by using educational thesaurus (if possible) 2. COMPLETE LIST OF TERMS/ DESCRIPTIONS Do you have a list of terms that help you define the problem NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER WHATS THE PROBLEM 3. IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC SOURCES FROM 11. WRITE TEXT WHICH INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED Does the information provide a Are you aware of all the possible sources complete and critical appraisal of the of information on your topic research problem 4. ADOPT A PLAN FOR OBTAINING LITERATURE 12. PREPARE CITATIONS SYSTEMATICALLY Have you referenced all quotations Do you know: adequately and correctly ○ Which searching tools are available? ○ How you are going to ensure that you cover all type of literature 5. SEARCH IN LIBRARY (AND RESOURCE CENNTERS) Are you aware of the facilities available in the library? 6. RECORD REFERENCE DETAILS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY CRADS Have you obtained necessary details order to write the citations on bibliography cards 7. DETERMINE RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION IN LITERATURE Have you related the information to the thesis of your work 8. SUMMARIZE DETAILS ABOUT THE INFORMATION IN LITERATURE Can you summarize succinctly the information that relates to the research problems? 9. DEVELOP SYSTEM FOR CODING NOTE CARDS Have you divided the information into “topic area” nd established a “code” for each area? 10. COLLATE INFORMATION Have you gathered together the information necessary to write the review NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD RESEARCH METHOD generally , use estimations and hypothesis testing Problems that involves differences and RESEARCH relationships of behavior or measurable Query using most logical and valid methos characteristic It can be defined in 2 words Researches which do not use empirical or ○ Research - which implies that the object of direct data, but are researches where the research has been done before, and the laboratory is the human mind and are geared function of the present researcher is to towards the resolution or a simplification of a concur or improve, or negate the findings of problem r derivation of a concept or a theory the previous work r even a formula Process of using relevant data with the best ○ Example: methods of analysis that can help the user develop ◆ Thesis & dissertation of students for a new knowledge or new insights into the problem degree It is a systematic way of looking at a problem with all the potential tools used to arrive at the most valid conclusions and generalizations usually from Characteristics of a good problem empirical data It should be of interest to the researcher Different Kinds Research himself;one can be eloquent on a subject matter which one knows and interested 1. Basic Researches Should be practical value to the researcher, the school, and the community ➔ Deal with the process of objects and things or Current and novel issue information about different topics with no Can be finished within the alloted time, depending concern for a direct payoff on the subject, w/c is a requirement ➔ Includes studies on relationships, comparative It should not carry moral or legal impediment, nor analyses, trends, and projections should it be controversial ◆ Example: Data are available a. Relationship between the intelligence Variables are clear, separable, and updated quotient and academic performance of the Incur expenses affordable to the researcher students b. Cost benefit analysis of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Cebu City Factors that influence the selection of a problem 2. Applied Research 1. Availability of Data ➔ Probe into the unknown using directly the results 2. Funds to current problem 3. Capability of a Writer ◆ Example: 4. Attitude and Interest of a Researcher a. Studies on rice substitutes 5. Interest of the Sponsor or the Benefactor b. Modern methods in medical practice 6. Importance of the Issues Involved c. Innovation of a new product 7. Regency of the Issue 3. Empirical Researches 8. Cooperation of the People ➔ More specific than basic researches, imply their 9. Facilities and Instruments are Available nature from the use of data, whether quantitative or qualitative The Relationship Between the Vocational Interests ◆ Characteristics: and Occupational Preferences of the Students Based upon observations and experiences Derived from direct data 1. Independent Variable -Vocational Interest Deal with population samples 2. Dependent Variable- Occupational Preference NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD 3. Method of Analysis -Finding relationship and Understanding the social phenomenon from the Correlational Analysis; Holland’s theory with perspective of the participants occupational preference Analyzing the context of participants and narrating their stories Total Quality Management as an Organizational Development Intervention on Faculty Empowerment APPRECIATIVE INQUIRY 1. Independent Variable -Total Quality Inquiry - Is an act of exploration and discovery, to Management ask questions, and to be open to seeing new 2. Dependent Variable - Faculty Empowerment potentials and possibilities 3. Method of Analysis- Pre and Post-result, use Appreciate - means valuing or the act of dependent t-test recognizing the best in other people or the world around, affirming past and present strengths, successes, & potential, to perceive those things that give life ( vitality, health, and excellence) to living METHODS OF RESEARCH systems and to increase in value Means the cooperative search for the best in people, 1. QUALITATIVE METHODS their organizations, and the world around them. Have major purpose of looking for meanings, not Involves systematic discovery of what gives a for causes, differences, relationships system “life” when it is most effective and capable Data-free in economic, ecological, and human terms. Usually researches with data from non-probability Involves the art of making questions and strengths, samples a systems capacity to heighten “positive” potentials Researches that do not seek generaliza?on of data Mobilizes inquiry through crafting an unconditional Used for special kinds of researches (such as: posi?ve ques?on (involves hundreds or thousands of ○ Ethnographic, people) ○ Phenomological, HISTORICAL RESEARCH ○ Appreciative Inquiry, ○ Historical Researches, Deals with past events and interprets them in the ○ Exploratory) light of the present Past-oriented and is concerned in giving an account of past events or fact in the spirit inquiring critically A. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH for the whole truth the methodology offers ways of understanding and The purpose of historical method is to explain the doing qualitative approach which other methods do present or anticipate the future, based on a not offer, in contrast to the quantitative method of systematic collection and evaluation of events or research, especially in the interpretative aspect experiences in the past, always in terms of what can Deals with human experience,using methapor , be understood narrative form, and inductive method ○ Ex. Was ousting former President Estrada legal? Seeks to explain rather than just merely describe the incidents in the story (Elrich, 1998) ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH 2. QUANTITATIVE METHOD 1. Researches that are not data-free, using all types of Concerned with the environment or sedng where sampling techniques the behavior 2. Researches that aim for generalization The general frame of reference that directly 3. Usually use probability samples influences current decision-making about specific 4. Infer the characteristics of the population issues (Carp, 1989) 5. Concerned with: Having the purpose of discovering and describing a. Descriptive methods the culture of people or organization b. Experimental Methods NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD A. DESCRIPTIVE METHOD It gives out unique situations, not in the ordinary way of doing things for the study which gives out deals with what is designed for the investigator new information to gather information about the present conditions, status, or trend, and dealing with Surveys what are prevailing Used when one intends to gather a rela?vely limited Descriptive the nature of situation as it exists at data from a rela?vely large number of subjects the time of the study, and to explore the causes of ○ Categories: a particular phenomenon Descriptive Survey - uses questonnaire/other Seek “what is” of data and not “why is it so” researcher-made data to gather instruments Merely describe what is prevailing, and develop Descriptive Normative Survey - sources of data inferences, but cannot explain the “why” of the that are standardized (IQ, Academic dynamics of the variables Performance) Descriptive Research ○ is a method which does not only contain 2. Survey Research many types of research, but is a method ➔ used to gather relatively limited data from which seems to encompass or is the umbrella relatively large number of cases of various types of researches ➔ The purpose is to gather information about Different types of Descriptive Method of prevailing conditions or about the variables under Research study ➔ May include correlational, assessment, or causal ➔ Comparative studies 1. Case Studies ➔ Serves the purpose of describing current or ➔ detailed and in-depth research involving a few prevailing conditions, characteristics of a group of respondents, ranging from one to a small size of people or objects, opinions, attitudes, and less than 10, over a considerable period of time. impressions of people ➔ Deals with cases that are made in-depth, even if ◆ Examples of Survey Research it involves only a few cases, since it has no major Customer Satisfaction Survey of the Student purpose of interfering their characteristics for a Personnel Services in UC population and may take longer time. Intelligence and Academic Performance of ➔ involves a unique and non-traditional way of the Accountancy Students in a University doing things The Nature and Antecedents of ➔ the method itself and its findings are the major Organizational Citizenship Behavior in UC contribution of the case study Learning Styles of the Students in the ◆ Examples: College of Business and Accountancy a. A Case Study of the Dengue Patients in Cebu City b. A Case Study of the Financial Losses of Real Estate Developers 3. Developmental Studies c. A Longitudinal Study of the Aging ➔ When one desires reliable information about a Population d. Implementation of MIS in group of people over a long period of time UC: A Case Study ➔ Requires one to devote a considerable period of time on participants who may be relatively Uses of Case Study heterogenous, or narrowly defined homogenous It provides further inves?ga?on with hypothesis, that groups might be difficult to study in other context, in being ◆ 2 Methods: a micro study with limited sample NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD Longitudinal Method - studying the same the laker is referred to as causal compara?ve sample of participants over an extended studies period of time ◆ Examples: ○ Example: Development of a Helping Behavior of the - A Study on the Analytical Skills Teachers During Accreditation that Accountancy Students May Develop from 1st year to 4th year 6. Correlational Studies Cross- Sectional Method - concerns ➔ These are the real “relationship,” studying participants of various age levels “correspondence”, or “association” studies. and of other characteristics at the same ➔ The word correlation is too specific for each point in time type, for it would mean using the Pearson R ○ Example: correlation coefficient to describe relationship - Determining the mathematical ➔ Determine how the variations of one variable go concepts from the 1st year to 4th with the other, including the amount or year, gedng participants from the magnitude and the direction of such variation 4th year at the same time and ➔ Relationship does not establish cause and effect drawing conclusions from the ➔ “Relationship” is used when variables are linear findings & association when variables are quantitative ◆ Examples: 4. Assessment or Evaluation Studies The Relationship Between Educational ➔ Refers to studies on the efficiency or Attainment and Economic effectiveness of policies, instruments, or the Circumstances variables that may be considered The Relationship Between Intelligence ➔ It is oftentimes subjective Quotient and Academic Performance of ➔ The word “assessment is more frequently used the Accountancy Students than ‘evaluation” ➔ Since survey deals with impression of 7. Follow-up Studies(Tracer Studies) perceptions of respondents ➔ Used when one wants to follow up the ➔ Evaluation is one more ‘strict” and rigid measure development of certain conditions or particular similar with the word ‘ impact” sets of people ◆ Examples of Assessment or Evaluation ➔ Usually employed when one wants to determine Studies where the graduates or the alumni of certain ◆ The differences in perceptions of respondents schools have gone and get current information are taken care of by statistical measures of ◆ Example: central tendency Employability of the Graduates of The Implementation of Cut-off Grade Bachelor of Science in Business for the Accountancy Students in a Administra?on University The Performance of Accountancy Graduates in the CPA Licensure Examinations 8. Trends and Projection Studies Factors Affecting the Utilization of Library Services ➔ Popular for projects that are forward-looking ➔ One kind of is the feasibility study, which data 5. Comparative Studies and conditions existing in the present, and the success of the future is predicted ➔ Studies which have intervening variable, that ➔ This method is taken together with econometric will result in differences in certain characteris?cs models according to variables considered, without determining the cause, or may cause a difference, NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD ➔ Predict behavior of some economic variables, B. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD and certain assumptions have to be made, like constancy of factors or predictions or projections The 2nd quantitative method of research is the ◆ Examples of Trends Studies experimental method Enrollment Trend in the College of It is different the descriptive method in the sense Business and Accountancy of time, for it is future-oriented Demand for Business Graduates in the It is never hypothesis-free BPO § Occupa?on Trends in 2000-2014 Ushers new terms and “participants’ in the process per se, for it introduces ‘ controlled’ and 9. Ex Post Facto Research experimental variable” whether quasi or true ➔ It is the opinion of many others experimental designs ➔ Deals with the past Can be easily discerned from its title, usually ➔ Deals with variables in retrospect, with ex post with respect to the extent an “ experimental or facto meaning “after the fact” & with researches independent variable” is “effective” on the where the dependent variable and the events dependent variable before that have given rise to this consequence Are “solitary” designs for it cannot serve as a ➔ Referred to as a systematic empirical data, only composite method or collaborative method with the researcher has no control over the other methods independent variables, for they have already Is viewed as a method with the most utilitarian manifested in the past and by it’s very nature and most “prestigious” and most “sophisticated cannot be manipulated method” in a sense that it always brings to the fore important new knowledge and ushers 10. Particitatory Research advanced information ○ Three Characteristics ➔ Used on a massive scale and concerns large 1. Random assignment of study participants populations: 2. Control group (business as usual) & ➔ There must be sufficient time allowed for the experimental/treatment group research process to deal with the complexity of 3. Pre test and post test the problem ➔ It calls for a method that allows for reflection done jointly by the researchers and members of a I. RATIONALE OF THE STUDY culture where the research is done ➔ It requires that the research process must be Idea or observation that attracts attention or permanent sequence of statement, action, initiates speculation. reflection , and analysis The need for established ethical frameworks and practices in business communities has never 11. Documentary been greater. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has also risen up the corporate agenda, as ➔ Involves the gathering of information by society is increasingly demanding that analyzing written records and documents to solve corporations act responsibly. A core part of CSR a problem is ethical behavior. ➔ Other type of descriptive research involves ○ Example: secondary data, or not taken by the researcher - A wide array of challenges and himself opportuni?es brought about by an ever ◆ Examples: changing set of economic and social Enrollment Data as Influenced Economic factors besets modern-day Variables organiza?ons. Between the two Analysis on records taken from the parameters, the social component Registrar’s Office appears to have a long las?ng impact on any. A major social determinant of NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD achieving organiza?onal success is the CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK kind of behaviour the members of an en?ty exhibit, which is discre?onary but directly or indirectly recognized by Concepts are the building blocks of any theory or a company’s reward system. model. Concepts are crucial in the researcher’ s tool bag. They serve a number of important functions: Problem that poses a research question. ○ Concept are the foundation of communication Many companies today place a high premium ○ Concepts introduce a perspective. on employees who manifest a discretionary ○ Concepts are means of classification and behavior, not directly or explicitly recognized generalization. by the formal reward system but can contribute ○ Concepts serve as components of theories a lot to the sustainability of the operations of (models) and of explanations as well as the firm. Despite this notion, it is evident that predictions. workers today are not inclined to go an extra mile to serve the company. Instead, they would A Conceptual Framework of the knowledge rather do what is expected from them, and will Management Cycle not go beyond what is the expected output set by the firm. This attitude has given rise to problems relating to in role and extra role behaviors of the workers. The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is deemed as the premier monetary authority in the Philippines. To concretize this goal, the bank has placed knowledge management as the forefront of its operating philosophy to ensure that all tacit information of the various stakeholders of the bank will share their knowhow not only to attain personal but organizational goals as well. The foremost goal of the university is to produce globally compe??ve graduates. For the College of Business and Accountancy, one of the parameters of producing excellent graduates under the accountancy program is a high passing rate in the Cer?fied Public Accountant (CPA) Board Examina?ons given by the Professional Regula?ons Commission (PRC). NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD THEORETICAL BACKGROUND the organizational identity that its employees form (Brown et al., 2006). A theory may be viewed as a system for ordering concepts in a way that produces understanding or insights. A theory includes REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE more than one concept and how these concepts are linked together. A theory is a set of In writing the review of the literature there are certain interrelated concepts, definitions and rules that you should observe. propositions that present a systematic view of specifying relations among variables with the The review should be: purpose of explaining and predicting phenomena. Complete - Ensure that all the necessary information This study is anchored on the theory espoused relating to the research problem is included by Lou and Bhattacharya who said that “being a high profile notion that has strategic significance to business Correct firms, corporate citizenship represents a firm’s activities and status related to its perceived societal and - Ensure that all quotations, facts and figures stakeholder obligations.” Corporate citizenship often are accurate and verifiable occurs when a firm engages in activities that advance a Clear social agenda beyond that merely required by law (Siegel and Vitaliano, 2007). - Ensure that words and terms used in the descriptions are unambiguous Corporate citizenship is valuable to organizations in terms of social identity theory, because Coherent the perceptions of an organization’s identity – the - Ensure that ideas arranged in a logical beliefs held by its employees regarding its central, sequence enduring and legitimate attributes – largely affect the strength of the employees’ identification and their Concise subsequent citizenship behavior inside the organization (Dutton et al., 1994). Organizational identification - Ensure that the review is an appropriate length contributes to an individual’s self-concept, and an considering the overall length of the report individual’s positive and negative cognitive HIERARCHY OF INFORMATION SOURCES relationships with a work organization that provides the important basis for social identify (Berger et al., 2006; Elsbach, 1999), substantially affecting job satisfaction, Strongest 1. Scholarly empirical organizational commitment, and desirable work related Documentary articles behaviors ( Brown et al., 2006) such as Support dissertations, intraorganizational cooperation (Berger et al., 2006), monographs, and lower turnover and organizational citizenship behaviors. the like 2. Scholarly non - Dutton et al (1994) indicated that the better r e p empirical articles utationemployeesmadewiththeir 3. texts organization, the more they identify with it, eventually affecting their organizational behavior. In fact, Moderately 4. Certain nationally reputation often comes into play in social identity Viable/Useful and internationally theory ( Emler and Hopkins, 1990; Whetten and Documentary Sources recognized news Mackey, 2002). An organization often quests for its magazines (e.g., intended reputation (or image) to be compatible with NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD 2. CONSULTATIONS Time, Newsweek) 5. Certain Consult the librarian for information about nationally and the collection and cataloguing procedures interntionally Discuss the research problem with specialist recognized and or colleagues for help in finding sources newspapers (e.g., of literature The New York Times, The 3. PRELIMINARY SOURCES Washington Post, Using key words check the preliminary The Times [of sources or references: London]) ○ Catalog, indexes, annotated bibliographies, abstracts, Lower - Order Sources 6. Lower order bibliographies but acceptable newspapers (e.g., 4. SECONDARY SOURCES TheBoston Globe, USA Today) Locate textbooks, articles and other secondary 7. Only when all sources other sources Check secondary sources for relevance and are unavailable background information should one use a 5. PRIMARY SOURCES local newspaper 8. Written personal Locate research reports written specifically communications about the research problem 9. Oral personal Check other primary sources for information communications on research design and methodology 6. CONTACTS write to organizations institutions that may A PLAN FOR OBTAINING LITERATURE have an interest in and/or the supply information or additional research problem The following plan, arranged in logical order and be able to contacts is intended to provide a systematic means of from the survey of primary sources, contact obtaining relevant literature, once the general any person who may have conducted research area of the research question has been in the area, if it is felt that this may be useful established. STAGES IN THE PROCESS OF CONDUCTING A 1. KEY WORDS REVIEW OF LITERATURE Compile a list of key words and terms that relate 1. STATE RESEARCH QUESTIONS specifically to the research problem Ensure that the list is exhaustive by checking Can you write a succinct statement which terms in an educational dictionary defines the problem area? Cross reference terms/descriptors by using educational thesaurus (if possible) 2. COMPLETE LIST OF TERMS/ DESCRIPTIONS Do you have a list of terms that help you define the problem NCM 111 | NURSING RESEARCH JINGLE IRA DIEZ | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU - BANILAD | FIRST SEMESTER RESEARCH METHOD 3. IDENTIFY THE SPECIFIC SOURCES FROM 11. WRITE TEXT WHICH INFORMATION CAN BE OBTAINED Does the information provide a Are you aware of all the possible sources complete and critical appraisal of the of information on your topic research problem 4. ADOPT A PLAN FOR OBTAINING LITERATURE 12. PREPARE CITATIONS SYSTEMATICALLY Have you referenced all quotations Do you know: adequately and correctly ○ Which searching tools are available? ○ How you are going to ensure that you cover all type of literature 5. SEARCH IN LIBRARY (AND RESOURCE CENNTERS) Are you aware of the facilities available in the library? 6. RECORD REFERENCE DETAILS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY CRADS Have you obtained necessary details order to write the citations on bibliography cards 7. DETERMINE RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION IN LITERATURE Have you related the information to the thesis of your work 8. SUMMARIZE DETAILS ABOUT THE INFORMATION IN LITERATURE Can you summarize succinctly the information that relates to the research problems? 9. DEVELOP SYSTEM FOR CODING NOTE CARDS