NUR 101 HB1- Intro of Anatomy & Physiology & Chemistry of Living Things PDF

AY2425 NUR101 Human Biological Science I Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology & Chemistry of Living Things Ms. Cissy Soong (Reg. MLT I, RN) Senior Lecturer, Saint Francis University Course Introduction Learning Define a...

AY2425 NUR101 Human Biological Science I Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology & Chemistry of Living Things Ms. Cissy Soong (Reg. MLT I, RN) Senior Lecturer, Saint Francis University Course Introduction Learning Define anatomy and physiology, explain the Objectives 01 relationship between. Identify major levels of organization in organisms, and major components of each organ system Describe different body regions, sections, relative 02 positions, and body cavities. Explain the concept of homeostasis. Understand the basic chemistry concepts from atoms 03 to matter. Distinguish between organic and inorganic compound Explain how the chemical properties of water make life 04 possible, the importance of pH and acid-base balance. Understand different types of organic compounds in human body Introduction of Anatomy & Physiology  Anatomy The study of internal and external of body structures and their The study of body functions physical relationship Biochemistry among other body parts Genetics E.g. Structure of heart Study of Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions E.g. Pumping of the heart Physiology  Structure determines the functions The principle of complementarity of structure and functions The hierarchy of structural relationship What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures The homeostasis, the tendency toward internal balance Types of Anatomy Cell Physiology- Study of cellular function- Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic Anatomy)- Process within and between cells, Study of structure without using a microscope e.g. function of cardiac cell Surface anatomy- exterior features, e.g. surface marking Organ Physiology- Regional anatomy- body areas, e.g. head Study of organ function- e.g. heart Systemic anatomy- organ systems, e.g. function cardiovascular system Clinical anatomy- medical specialties, e.g. surgical anatomy Systemic Physiology- Developmental anatomy- from conception to Study of system function- e.g. death, e.g. embrology function of cardiovascular system Microscopic Anatomy- Pathological Physiology- Study of structure with magnification using a Study of physiology and effects in microscope certain diseases- e.g. physiology of Cytology- study of cells and their structures heart failure Histology- study of tissues and their structures Types of Physiology The Importance of Studying “A & P” The Study of “Life” To discover the unity and the patterns that underlie this diversity To identify problems when the body gets sick Anatomical Problem Physiological Problem E.g. Cardiomegaly E.g. Heart failure, ischemic (Enlarged heart) heart disease, pericardial effusion, endocarditis, myocardial infraction  History of A&P Development Andreas Vesalius Aristotle (1514-64) (384-322 B.C.) Greek philosopher Anatomist Write an anatomy Barber- surgeon removed the odorous book- “On the Parts organs form the of Animals” cadaver and held them up for the students to see Published the first atlas of anatomy Claudius Galen Charles Darwin (1809-82) Hippocrates (129-216 A.D.) (460-375 B.C.) Origin of Species by Means of Greek physician Natural Selection (1859)- Greek Physician Dead body dissection was Theory of evolution, Father of Medicine banned at that time restructured biology and “Hippocratic Oah”- code of Wrote the most influential changed the view of our origin, ethic for physicians medical textbook nature, and place in universe Urges the attribution to Based on his guessing of The Descent of Man (1871)- diseases to natural causes, human anatomy of Emphasized the features of instead of gods and gladiators and animal anatomy and behavior that demons dissections reveals how humans related to other animals  Lots of medical terms come from Greek or Latin Basic Building Block of Example Prefix A-/An- No or without (e.g. Anaemia, Afebrile- Medical (Place at the beginning of no fever) a word) Terminology Bi- Tri- Two (e.g. Biventricular failure) Three (e.g. Triceps) Root Cardio- Heart (e.g. Cardiogenic shock) (Central part of a word) Pulmo- Lung Nephro- Kidney Neuro Nerve Osteo- Bone Suffix -otomy Incision (e.g. Craniotomy) (The ending part of a -ostomy Get an opening or hole (e.g. word) Colostomy) -ectomy Removal (e.g. Thyroidectomy) -itis Inflammation (e.g. Gastritis) -megaly Enlargement (e.g. Cardiomegaly) General Orientation of Human Biology Characteristics of Life The Cell Metabolism The smallest unit that can be alive Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex Differentiation substances into simpler molecules Anabolism: Chemical reactions Each cell is differentiated into that build up simple molecules into different structure and function from complex substance its precursor cell Excretion Intake & Utilization Removal of waste by metabolic reaction Build of one or more cells Intake and utilize energy and Life materials Responsiveness/ Regulation Respond to changes in the Grow & Reproduction environment e.g. Homeostasis Living things can reproduce and glow Change Position & Location Can occur at all levels of structural organization  Requirements of Organisms O2 Water Oxygen Pressure Food / Nutrients Heat Most important chemical in An application of force to all living systems Used to release something Require for many metabolic Substances that energy from food A form of energy Atmospheric pressure- the processes and provide an substances provide the body Product of metabolic force on the outside of the environment for them to take The energy drives with necessary reactions body due to the weight of air place the metabolism 02 chemicals in addition The degree of heat Important in breathing Important in regulating to water present partly determines Hydrostatic pressure- a temperature To provide energy for the rate at which these pressure a liquid exerts due Inside the cells with the organism reactions occur to the weight of water above substances dissolved to Temperature is a them constitute the intracellular measure of the degree of Blood pressure- heart action fluid heat forces blood to flow through Outside the cells, including The more heat, the more blood vessels the tissue fluid and the chemical reactions take plasma as extracellular fluid place Levels of Organization The System Level The Chemical Level The Chemical Level The Cellular Level The Organ Level The Tissue Level The Organ Level The Cellular Level The Organ System Level The Tissue Level The Organism Level The Organism Level (Shier, 2015) The Chemical Level Atoms Compose of Proton, electron, and neutron The smallest chemical units of elements like Hydrogen, Carbon, Chloride Molecules Group of atoms bond and working together  The Cellular Level Cells Groups of atoms, molecules and organelles work together Basic structural and functional units of an organism Organelles Special structures like nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes (Martini, 2015)  Groups of similar cells working together to perform a particular function 8 types of tissues- blood, bone, epithelial tissue, cartilage tissue, adipose tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue The Tissue Level The Organ Level Organs Groups of tissues work together Usually Have a recognizable shape Composed of 2 or more types of tissues Have specific functions  (Martini, 2015) The Organ Systems Level Groups of related organs working together to have a common function Humans have 11 organ systems- Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System  The Organism Level All systems of the body combine to form an organism A human is an organism (Martini, 2015) S u p e r f i c i a l A n a t o m y Locating structures on or near the body surface 01 The Anatomical Position Stands erect facing the observer Head level and eyes facing forward Feet are flat on the floor and directed forward Hands at sides with palms facing forward 02 Supine Lying down with face up 03 Prone Lying down with face down  Anatomical Directions Anterior/ Ventral Proximal The front surface Toward the point of the The belly side attachment of the limb to the trunk Posterior/ Dorsal The back surface Distal Away from the point of Superior/ Superficial attachment of the limb to the At near or relatively close to the body trunk surface Upper level from the feet Left & Right Inferior Towards the superior of the body Deep from the surface Lower level toward the feet Lateral Away from the midline Medial (Martini, 2015) Toward to the midline  (Martini, 2015) Anatomy Lines Anterior View Lateral View Posterior View Anterior Median Line/ Anterior Axillary Line Posterior Median Line Mid-Line Midaxillary Line Scapular Line Midclavicular Lines Posterior Axillary Line A n a t o m i c a l Regions/ Landmarks Major Anatomical Regions 01 Head Include skull, face 02 Neck Cervical region 03 Trunk Three major regions Thoracic region Abdominal region Pelvic region 04 Appendicular Upper limbs- arm, forearm, wrist, hands, and fingers Lower limbs- thigh, leg, ankle, (Martini, 2015) foot, and toes  Body Regions (Martini, 2015) Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic quadrants Organs insides Formed by two perpendicular lines Formed by four perpendicular lines Liver Divided into 4 parts- Divided into 9 parts- Gallbladder Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Stomach Right upper quadrant- (RUQ) Spleen Right hypochondriac region Left lower quadrant- (LLQ) Large intestine Umbilical region Right lower quadrant- (RLQ) Left lumbar region Small intestine Right lumbar region Appendix Hypogastric region Urinary bladder Left inguinal region Right inguinal region Planes and Sections Plane- A three-dimensional axis Section- A slice parallel to a plane Used to visualize internal organization and structure Important in radiological techniques MRI CT PET (Martini, 2015)  Essential Functions- Protect organs from accidental shocks Permit changes in size and shape of internal organs Serous Membranes- Body Line body cavities and cover organs Consists of parietal layer and visceral layer Parietal layer- lines cavity Cavities Visceral layer- covers organ 7 Body Cavities include- Dorsal body cavity with Cranial cavity & Vertebral cavity Ventral body cavity consists of Thoracic cavity- Superior mediastinum, Pleural cavity, Pericardial cavity Abdominalpelvic cavity- Abdominal cavity & Pelvic cavity (Shier, 2015) AMET,  The Thoracic Cavity Consists of two (Left & Right) pleural cavities separated by mediastinum Each Pleural Cavity Contain a lung Lined with a serous membrane The Pleura consists of Two layers Parietal Pleura Visceral Pleura Pleural Fluid Lubricates space between two layers Mediastinum Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and the thymus Lower portion contains pericardial cavity (Martini, 2015) Thoracic & Pleural Cavities  Abdominalpelvic Cavity Text Here Peritoneal Cavity- Chamber within the Easy to change abdominopelvic cavity colors, photos and Text. Parietal peritoneum: lines the internal body wall Visceral peritoneum: cover the organs Text Here Text Here Abdominal Cavity- Superior Portion Easy to change Easy to change Diaphragm to top of pelvic bones colors, photos and colors, photos and Text. Text. Contains digestive organs Retroperitoneal space- contain pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract Text Here Text Here Text Here Easy to change Easy to change Easy to change colors, photos and colors, photos and colors, photos and Pelvic Cavity- Inferior Portion Text. Text. Text. Within pelvic bones Contains reproductive organs, rectum, and bladder (Martini, 2015) Coordination, Homeostasis & Feedback Systems Received, Coordination & Response Equilibrium Systems receive, coordinate and respond to All body systems working together to external and internal changes maintain a stable internal environment Autoregulation (Intrinsic)- response in a cell, Dynamic equilibrium- internal tissue, or organ to some environment change conditions fluctuate within a limited Extrinsic regulation- responses controlled by range nervous and endocrine systems Essential to survival 3 components- Receptor, Control Centre & Effector Positive Feedback Negative Feedback The response of the effector The response of the effector negates increases change of the stimulus the stimulus Homeostatic Mechanism  Homeostatic Mechanism Receptor (Sensor/ Detector) A sensor which sense for environmental changes and stimulus Stimulus Send information by nerve impulses or chemical A stimulus is any disruption or change in a signals to control center controlled condition or environment E.g. Nerve endings in the skin, ear, and eye E.g. Change in temperature, sound, pH Control Center Receive the information from the receptor Sets the range of values that a controlled condition should be maintained Evaluate the input received from the receptors- Coordinate and regulation Response Generate the output commands to an effector if Response/ effect that responds to the needed commands of the control center E.g. Brain Responds to the stimulus E.g. Sweating, regulation Effector Receives output from the control center Produce a response/ effect which responds to the commands of the control center E.g. Muscle, glands and organs  A process that allows constant readjustment of physiological variables Negative Feedback System- the response reverses a change in stimulus Positive Feedback System- the effector produces a response that promotes the initial change (Shier, 2015) Feedback Systems  Mechanisms of Feedback Systems Negative Feedback Mechanism In negative feedback mechanism, the process is initiated by a stimulus cause the responses slows down or terminate the stimulus Body is brought back into homeostasis Normal range is achieved Positive Feedback Mechanism Positive feedback mechanism involves the promotion of the original process. The purpose is to continue the pathway or to increase its activity. Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost (Martini, 2015) Section Break TOILET TIME Chemistry of the Living Things Basic Chemistry  Atoms The smallest and basic unit of matter All matters (e.g. human, animals, plants, rocks, ocean, any objects) are made up of atoms in varying combination Consists of 2 basic parts: Nucleus- Protons (+ve charge) Neutrons (neutral- no charge) At the center of atom Electrons (-ve charge) Much lighter than protons Surround the neutrons, may form electron clouds The mass of atom is mainly depending on the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus  Anything that takes up space and mass Can be differentiated into pure substance and mixture Mixture: Homogenous mixture- same properties Heterogeneous mixture- consists of 2 phases of different properties: suspensions & colloids Matters  Elements is a pure substance composed of atoms of only one kind, e.g. O2 Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that still retain the characteristics of that element Each element includes all the atoms of the same number of protons, and thus the same atomic number Element Cannot be changed or broken down into simpler substance Atomic Weight An average of different atomic mass & proportion of its different isotopes Very close to its mass number of most common isotope of that element (Martini, 2015)  Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain a different number of neutrons Isotopes Different isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties except for mass number Chemical Bonds, Molecules & Compound Chemical Bond Atoms can attach to other atoms by forming chemical bonds When atoms form chemical bonds, electrons can be gaining, sharing or losing Types of bonding- Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Hydrogen Bond, Van der Waals Force Molecule O O The combination when 2 or more same element atoms share electrons, e.g. O2 O Compound Substance from by two or more elements, H H e.g. H2O  Types of Chemical Bonds Hydrogen Bond Weak force which acts between adjacent molecules Attraction between the slight positive charge on the hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond and a slight negative charge of another polar covalent bond Van der Waals Force (Martini, 2015) Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Weak and brief Atoms bond by sharing electrons Atoms that gain (cations) or lose electrons attractive force (anions) become electrically charged and generated by Single covalent bond- share one pair of electron called ions random disturbances Double covalent bond- share 2 pairs of electron The attraction between the opposite charges in the electron Nonpolar covalent bond- equal sharing of of the anions and cations, forms the bonding clouds of adjacent electron and becomes ionic compound atoms Polar covalent bond- unequal sharing of electron State of Matters Solid Atoms arranged in fixed position with shape and volume Have less kinetic energy Liquid Have a constant volume but do not have definite shape Have more kinetic energy than solid Gases Do not have a definite shape or volume Contain highest amount of kinetic energy Gases molecules is allowing move freely  Synthesis Reaction Chemical reaction that small molecules assemble into larger molecules Ty p e s o f Synthesis of new molecules called anabolism Chemical Reaction Cells stay alive and functional by controlling chemical reactions to provide energy and make up its metabolism In chemical reactions, chemical bond changes take place as atoms in the reacting substance (reactants), rearrange to form different substance (products) Decomposition Reaction Chemical reactions are reversible Chemical reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments The decomposition reaction of molecules within human body is called catabolism Exchange Reactions Parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products  Reactant Redox Reaction Oxidation The reactant loss of electron E.g. Gain from oxygen, Loss from hydrogen Product Reduction The product gain of electron E.g. Loss from oxygen, gain from hydrogen H2- reducing agent CuO- oxidizing agent Oxidizing Agent Accept electron Oxidizing agent reduces itself to oxidize the other H2- reducing agent Reducing Agent Fe3O4- oxidizing agent Give electron Reducing agent oxidizes itself to reduce the other  Organic and Inorganic Compound Organic Compound Contain carbon and hydrogen for forming its primary structure E.g. Carbohydrate, lipids, proteins Inorganic Compound Contain positive and negative ions for forming its primary structure E.g. Water, acids, bases, salts  The most important substance in the body Makes up of 60% of the total body weight An excellent solvent- a liquid or gas in which other material (solute) has been dissolved Participate in chemical reactions- An ideal medium for chemical reaction Absorbs and release heat very slowly Moderate the effect of changes in the environmental temperature Help to maintain homeostasis of the body temperature Require large amount of heat to change status from liquid to gases Provide an excellent cooling mechanism Serve as a lubricant Major part of saliva, mucus, and other lubricating fluids Necessary in thoracic and abdominal cavities, and joints Inorganic Compound- WATER  The Concept of pH & Acid-Base Balance Acid (Martini, 2015) The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution Base/ Alkaline Dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) More H+ ions means low pH, fewer H+ ions mean Dissociates in water to form Proton (H+) donor higher pH hydroxide ions (OH-) Strength of acid depends on pH scale range from 0-14 Proton (H+) acceptor dissociation level and 0 - 7- 14 (basic/alkaline) concentration level acidity in the blood and Body fluids must contain balanced quantities of acids Alkalosis- process that the other body tissues (Blood and bases to ensure homeostasis blood and other body fluid pH7.45) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 Buffer System in pH Maintenance A Buffer Solution is an aqueous solution consist of mixture of weak acid and conjugate base or a weak base and a conjugate acid A Buffer is a mixture whose pH change very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to the buffer solution The importance of moderate pH changes in human body to maintain constant pH conditions Buffer 3 buffer mechanisms in body: Solution Body fluid buffer Respiratory buffer Renal buffer  Organic Compound in Human Body L Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acid- DNA Adenosine Triphophate & RNA (ATP) & Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)  Carbohydrates The most important fuel or energy source for our human body E.g. Glucose, glycogen, starch Organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (C6H12O6) Types of carbohydrates- Monosaccharide (Simple sugar)- E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Disaccharide- E.g. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose Polysaccharide- E.g. Starch Polysaccharide- Starch  L I P I D Hydrophobic (Insoluble in water) organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Essential structural components of all cells- make up of cell membranes Important energy reserves Act as a medium for essential vitamin dissolved Adipose tissue- thermal insulation and shock- absorbing cushion function for vital organ Classification- Fatty acids- saturated and unsaturated fat Phospholipids Steriods (Shier, 2015) PROTEINS Polymers of the simple monomer- amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Amino acids link up together and become peptide Dipeptide, Tripeptide, Polypeptide Different sequence of amino acids produce different protein (great variety of protein) Largely responsible for the body cells structure, e.g. enzymes, antibodies, hormones  Most biochemical reactions do not take place spontaneously or occur slowly Enough energy must be provided as activation energy to start up the reaction Enzymes Enzymes are proteins, that act as catalysts which can speed up the chemical reactions Promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required Factors affect enzyme function: Temperature, pH (Martini, 2015)  Nucleic Acid, DNA & RNA Nucleic acid- huge molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Monomers is nucleotides made with: Phosphate group pentose sugar- deoxyribose & ribose, phosphate group and Pentose sugar Nitrogen bases nitrogen bases (Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil) Phosphate group Nucleotide (Martini, 2015)  Nucleic Acid, DNA & RNA (Martini, 2015) RNA- Ribose Nucleic Acid DNA- Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Single strain of nucleotides Long double helix chain of nucleotides Consists of ribose and bases (A,U,G,C) Consists of deoxyribose and bases (A,T,G,C) Relays instructions from the genes to transcript Complementary base pairing- A with T, G with C amino acids Forms the inherited genetic material inside each human cell Gene- a segment of a DNA molecule  A d e n o s i n e Tr i p h o s p h a t e ( AT P ) & Adenosine Diphos phate ( ADP) Main energy source for most cellular processes The building blocks of ATP are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen & phosphorus Transfer energy to power cellular activities ATP is used in- Muscles contraction Synthesis of DNA and RNA Movement of structures within cells Transport substance across cell membranes (Martini, 2015)  REFERENCE Marieb, E. N., & Keller, S. M. (2019). Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition. Pearson. Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., Bartholomew, E. F., & Ober, W. (2015). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. 2001. Pentice Hall: New Jersey, 657-687. McKinley M, O’Loughlin VD. Human Anatomy: McGraw-Hill International Edition. 2006. McGraw-Hill: New York. Shier, D., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2015). Hole’s human anatomy and physiology. McGraw- Hill Education. Tomkins, Z. (2020). Applied Anatomy & Physiology: an interdisciplinary approach. Elsevier Health Sciences, 195-225. Vander, A. J., Sherman, J. H., & Luciano, D. S. (1998). Human physiology: the mechanism of body function. Burr Ridge, IL: WCB McGraw-Hill. Reference Videos Atoms https://youtu.be/zGr6an_FpoI Ionic and Covalent Bonds https://youtu.be/_y5Tm-F82g0 Catalysts and Enzymes https://youtu.be/E6DQZI86UIQ Nucleic Acids https://youtu.be/SeOrvA9ikW8 DNA & RNA- Overview of DNA & RNA https://youtu.be/GhABWQC3YDs Q & A Section Break TOILET TIME