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Questions and Answers
What does the prefix 'Bi-' signify in medical terminology?
Which suffix indicates a surgical removal of a part?
The root 'Cardio-' refers to which organ?
What does the suffix '-itis' indicate?
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Which of the following roots means 'bone'?
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What is the primary function of a negative feedback system?
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Which statement best describes a positive feedback mechanism?
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In a negative feedback mechanism, what effect does the stimulus have on the responses?
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What happens to the body's normal range during a positive feedback process?
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How does negative feedback contribute to physiological stability?
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What function does the control center serve in the process of responding to stimuli?
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Which of the following correctly describes the role of effectors in response coordination?
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What is an example of a response generated by the control center?
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Which statement best defines the role of receptors in the nervous system?
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What is NOT a function of the control center in the response to stimuli?
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What role does H2 play in redox reactions?
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Which statement accurately describes an oxidizing agent?
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Which of the following compounds is considered an organic compound?
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What is a characteristic of inorganic compounds?
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In a redox reaction, what happens to a reducing agent?
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What percentage of total body weight does water constitute?
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What role does water play in the process of maintaining homeostasis?
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Which term describes a substance that donates protons (H+) in a solution?
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What type of solution is a buffer primarily composed of?
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What condition results from an imbalance of acids and bases in body fluids?
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Which range on the pH scale indicates a basic or alkaline solution?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
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What is the optimal blood pH range for human health?
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Study Notes
Medical Terminology
- Afebrile means no fever.
- Bi- refers to two (e.g., Biventricular failure).
- Tri- refers to three (e.g., Triceps).
- Cardio- refers to the heart (e.g., Cardiogenic shock).
- Pulmo- refers to the lungs.
- Nephro- refers to the kidneys.
- Neuro- refers to nerves.
- Osteo- refers to bones.
- -otomy means incision (e.g., Craniotomy).
- -ostomy means to create an opening or hole (e.g., Colostomy).
- -ectomy means removal (e.g., Thyroidectomy).
- -itis means inflammation (e.g., Gastritis).
- -megaly means enlargement (e.g., Nerve endings in the skin, ear, and eye).
Feedback Systems
- Control Center: Receives information from the receptor, sets the range of values for a controlled condition, and evaluates the input from receptors.
- Receptor: Responds to a stimulus.
- Effector: Receives output from the control center and produces a response.
- Negative Feedback System: The response reverses a change in the stimulus, bringing the body back into homeostasis.
- Positive Feedback System: The effector produces a response that promotes the initial change, moving the body away from homeostasis.
Mechanisms of Feedback Systems
- Negative Feedback Mechanism: Initiated by a stimulus, the response slows down or terminates the stimulus. The body is brought back into homeostasis, and the normal range is achieved.
- Positive Feedback Mechanism: Promotes the original process, continuing the pathway or increasing its activity. The body is moved away from homeostasis, leading to a loss of the normal range.
Basic Chemistry
- Atoms: The smallest unit of matter.
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons (e.g., Loss from hydrogen).
- Reduction: Gain of electrons (e.g., Gain from oxygen).
- Oxidizing Agent: Accepts electrons and reduces itself to oxidize another element.
- Reducing Agent: Gives electrons and oxidizes itself to reduce another element.
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic Compounds: Contain carbon and hydrogen for forming its primary structure (e.g., Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins).
- Inorganic Compounds: Contain positive and negative ions for forming its primary structure (e.g., Water, Acids, Bases, Salts).
Inorganic Compound: Water
- Comprises 60% of total body weight.
- Acts as an excellent solvent.
- Participates in chemical reactions.
- Absorbs and releases heat slowly, helping maintain homeostasis of body temperature.
- Requires a large amount of heat to change from liquid to gas, providing an excellent cooling mechanism.
- Serves as a lubricant.
The Concept of pH & Acid-Base Balance
- Acid: A substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+). More H+ ions mean lower pH.
- Base/Alkaline: A substance that dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions (OH-). Fewer H+ ions mean higher pH
- pH Scale: Ranges from 0 to 14, with 0-7 being acidic, 7 being neutral, and 7-14 being basic or alkaline.
- Blood pH: Maintained within a narrow range of 7.35-7.45.
- Alkalosis: Process that occurs when the blood and other body fluids become more alkaline.
Buffer System in pH Maintenance
- Buffer Solution: An aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
- Buffers: Maintain a constant pH despite the addition of strong acids or bases.
- Body Fluid Buffers: Important in regulating pH changes in the body.
- Respiratory Buffers: Help regulate pH through carbon dioxide levels.
- Renal Buffers: Help regulate pH through kidney function.
Organic Compounds in the Human Body
- Carbohydrates: Provide energy, primarily glucose.
- Lipids: Provide energy storage, insulation and form cell membranes.
- Proteins: Build and repair tissues, produce enzymes and hormones, and transport substances.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) carry genetic information.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): The primary energy source for cellular processes.
- Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): A precursor to ATP and an important molecule in cellular energy metabolism.
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Description
Test your knowledge of essential medical terminology in this quiz. Learn key prefixes, suffixes, and concepts related to human anatomy and physiological systems. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone interested in understanding medical language.
