NUPC-121-REVIEW.pdf

DECENT WORK EMPLOYMENT ART. 133. Maternity leave benefits. - (a) Every employer shall grant to any pregnant woman employee who has rendered an aggregate service of at least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months, maternity leave of at least two (2) weeks prior to the expected date of delive...

DECENT WORK EMPLOYMENT ART. 133. Maternity leave benefits. - (a) Every employer shall grant to any pregnant woman employee who has rendered an aggregate service of at least six (6) months for the last twelve (12) months, maternity leave of at least two (2) weeks prior to the expected date of delivery and another four (4) weeks after normal delivery or abortion with full pay based on her regular or average weekly wages. The employer may require from any woman employee applying for maternity leave the production of a medical certificate stating that delivery will probably take place within two weeks. (b) The maternity leave shall be extended without pay on account of illness medically certified to arise out of the pregnancy, delivery, abortion or miscarriage, which renders the woman unfit for work, unless she has earned unused leave credits from which such extended leave may be charged. (c) The maternity leave provided in this Article shall be paid by the employer only for the first four (4) deliveries by a woman employee after the effectivity of this Code. Article 138. Classification of Certain Women Workers.– Any woman who is permitted or suffered to work, with or without compensation, in any night club, cocktail lounge, massage clinic, bar or similar establishments under the effective control or supervision of the employer for a substantial period of time as determined by the Secretary of Labor and Employment, shall be considered as an employee of such establishment for purposes of labor and social legislation. Hispanic and Latino Americans are Americans of full or partial Spanish and/or Latin American background, culture, or family origin. These demographics include all Americans who identify as Hispanic or Latino regardless of race. Hispanic usually refers to people with a background in a Spanish-speaking country, while Latino is typically used to identify people who hail from Latin America. Hispanic Hispanic refers to people who speak Spanish or who have a background in a Spanish-speaking country. In other words, Hispanic refers to the language that a person speaks or that their ancestors spoke. Some Hispanic people speak Spanish, but others don't. For this reason, people who are Hispanic may vary in their race and also where they live or originate. For example, a person from the Dominican Republic and a person from Mexico might both call themselves Hispanic because they share in common a spoken language and a legacy of Spanish colonies. Latino In contrast, Latino refers to geography: specifically, people from Latin America including Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. Like being Hispanic, being Latino says nothing about your race; Latinos may be White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, etc. However, it is important to note there is some discussion about whether people in the Caribbean actually identify as Latino in the case of non-Spanish-speaking countries. For example, the majority of Haitians do not identify as Latino despite being part of Latin America. Jamaica, an English-speaking nation, isn’t always included as being part of Latin America either, and Jamaicans do not tend to identify as Latino. The Bahamas, Curaçao, and Dominica are also places that are occasionally lumped into Latin America but are not Latino or Hispanic. According to Pew Research Center, two-thirds of Hispanic people feel that their Hispanic background is part of their racial background.6 This suggests that those who identify as Hispanic or Latino have a different conceptualization of race or ethnicity than others.  It's best to respect whatever label a person gives themselves or to avoid labels altogether if that is their preference. In general, there are a number of different ways in which a Hispanic/Latino person might identify themselves (or, they may not have a preference): Hispanic Latino/Latina Latinx By their country of origin (e.g. a person may identify as "Salvadoran," from El Salvador or "Colombian," from Colombia)  A hyphenated label (e.g., first-generation folks whose families are from a country outside of the U.S. might say that they are Salvadoran-American, or "my family is from El Salvador") American In general practice, it's best never to ask someone about their ethnicity unless they bring it up. For some, this implies that they are a foreigner when they might have lived in the United States their whole life. By the same token, if someone is trying to place a label on you that feels uncomfortable, you are free to choose your own identity.  Takeaways While Hispanic and Latino are sometimes used interchangeably, they have different meanings. Hispanic refers to individuals who are Spanish-speaking or have a background in a Spanish- speaking country. Latino refers to those who are from or have a background in a Latin American country. These terms encompass culture, ethnicity, and identity and are rooted in shared cultures and not racial categories. When using one of these terms to refer to a specific person, always respect their preference. Family Values Traditionally, the Hispanic family is a close-knit group and the most important social unit. The term familia usually goes beyond the nuclear family. The Hispanic "family unit" includes not only parents and children but also extended family. In most Hispanic families, the father is the head of the family, and the mother is responsible for the home. Individuals within a family have a moral responsibility to aid other members of the family experiencing financial problems, unemployment, poor health conditions, and other life issues. Family ties are very strong: when someone travels to another town or city to study or for a short visit (e.g., vacation, business, medical reasons), staying with relatives or even with friends of relatives is a common practice. Families often gather together to celebrate holidays, birthdays, baptisms, first communions, graduations, and weddings. Hispanic families instill in their children the importance of honor, good manners, and respect for authority and the elderly. Preserving the Spanish language within the family is a common practice in most Hispanic homes. Etiquette, Formality, and Eating Habits Showing good manners is one of the most important Latino family values. As a Latin family member, you’re expected to: Be silent at church Clean your plate Say “thanks,” “please,” and “bless you” Help clear the table or washing dishes, and Share your things.  To refer to someone with respect we call them sir and madam—señor and señora. And don or doña applies to someone especially highly regarded. In this context, Spanish speakers use the pronoun usted, which is a formal “you” that has its own verb conjugations.  It is important for Latino families to eat together. When we do, we have a sobremesa which is a lapse of time after eating while having coffee and dessert when we talk about our day, the weather, the news, or any topic. The sobremesa is when we bond. Father In traditional homes, the father is the sole financial provider. He works long hours and in return is taken care of at home by females. Since he is out working all day, he is not involved in the daily matters of the house. Nonetheless, he is the main authority who makes the most significant decisions and disciplines the kids when needed. Mother Hispanic mothers are famous for being submissive and sacrificing. The father is the most respected, but the mother is the most loved. We have a saying that goes madre sólo hay una or “mother there’s just one,” as if to say everyone else is replaceable. Their never-ending chores leave them with little time for anything else. They’re nurturing and employ love or tough love as they please to discipline their children. Children In some Latin American households, children have autonomy and are encouraged to speak their minds. In others, children cannot express their opinions or preferences in front of grown-ups, choose their own clothes,l or even start a conversation on their own. From a young age, children are taught what is expected of them as adults. Latino sons are expected to have fun, study, and eventually get a job. Latina girls have been instructed from a young age on the responsibilities of taking care of a household and a family. Since sharing, solidarity, and teamwork are Hispanic family values, sibling rivalry is uncommon.