NS001 Module 2 - Earth's Subsystem PDF

NS001 - EARTH SCIENCE EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM  NS001 - EARTH OBJECTIVES: SCIENCE 1. Explain the different materials that compose the Earth’s subsystems and correlate their relationship. 2. Identify the layers of the atmosphere and the...

NS001 - EARTH SCIENCE EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM  NS001 - EARTH OBJECTIVES: SCIENCE 1. Explain the different materials that compose the Earth’s subsystems and correlate their relationship. 2. Identify the layers of the atmosphere and the specific activities in each layer. 3. Describe the different biomes and determine how different human activities affect them. 4. Enumerate water sources and explain how human activities affect the availability and quality of water. 5. Differentiate the layers of the Earth based on composition and characteristics.  NS001 - EARTH TOPIC OUTLINE SCIENCE 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere 3. Geosphere 4. Biosphere 5. Biogeochemical cycles ATMOSPHERE THE EARTH’S BLANKET ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is a life-giving blanket of air surrounding our Earth; it is held down by Earth’s gravitational pull. It is made up of gases that protect us from the intense ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, which allows life to flourish. COMPOSITIONArgon OF THE ATMOSPHERE 0.9% Trace amounts of Oxygen carbon dioxide, 20.9% methane, water vapor, and neon are some of the other 78% gases that make up Nitrogen the remaining 0.1 percent.  COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE Constituent Percent by Volume Concentration (in parts per million) Nitrogen 78.084 780 840.0 Oxygen 20.946 209 460.0 Argon 0.934 9340.0 Carbon dioxide 0.036 360.0 Neon 0.00182 18.2 Helium 0.00524 5.24 Methane 0.00015 1.5 Kypton 0.000114 1.14 Hydrogen 0.00005 0.5 LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE MESOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE EXOSPHERE  Layers of ATMOSPHERE TROPOSPHERE “tropos” = change temperature decreases with an increase in altitude where most of weather phenomena occurs 8 – 15 kilometers (5 to 9 miles)  Layers of ATMOSPHERE TROPOPAUSE pause = boundary Boundary between troposphere and stratosphere Region where airplanes fly  Layers of ATMOSPHERE STRATOSPHERE “strat” = layer temperature increases with an increase in altitude ozone is concentrated (ozone layer) 50 kilometers (32 miles) above sea level  Layers of ATMOSPHERE MESOSPHERE “meso” = middle temperature decreases with an increase in altitude slow downs meteorites due to condensed temperature 85 kilometers (53 miles)  Layers of ATMOSPHERE THERMOSPHERE “thermo” = heat temperature increases with an increase in altitude absorbs high energy such as X-rays and ultraviolet radiation. 600 kilometers (373 miles)  Layers of ATMOSPHERE IONOSPHERE “ion” = charged particle Ionosphere is a region where displays of light called auroras are found due to the presence of ions. (thermosphere overlaps with exosphere)  Layers of ATMOSPHERE EXOSPHERE “exo” = outside The thinnest and outermost layer of the atmosphere 3000 kilometers above Earth's surface, consists of mostly hydrogen and helium. Temperature is around 987 degree Celsius  ► HYDROSPHERE “ THE EARTH’S ► WATER HYDROSPHERE Hydrosphere is Earth's water totality, including the permanently frozen parts called the cryosphere. It is the discontinuous layer of water between the atmosphere and the solid lithosphere of the Earth, composed of oceans, seas, lakes, and surface water.  Distribution of the HYDROSPHERE SALT WATER Salt water has an average 3% salinity of 35% FRES H WAT ER 97% FRESH WATER Fresh water is defined as water SALT (Oceanic) with low concentration of WATER salt  Distribution of hydrosphere Fresh water 30.1% GROUND WATER 0.9 % OTHER 0.3 % Surface water 68.7% ICE SHEETS & GLACIERS  Distribution of hydrosphere Fresh water cryosphere Greek word ‘kryos’ = cold Cryosphere is the frozen part of Earth’s water. It includes snow, ice, glaciers etc. 68.7% Largest reservoir of freshwater ICE SHEETS & GLACIERS  Distribution of hydrosphere Fresh water Ground water water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, 30.1% sand and rock. GROUND WATER It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers.  Distribution of hydrosphere Surface water m p s swa IV E R S 11 % R 2% Surface water 87% lakes Surface water is any body of water on above ground.  Ocean zones The ocean zone is generally defined as the ocean area below the continental shelf, but operationally it is often referred to as the beginning where the water depths fall below 200 meters (660 feet), from the coast to the open sea. The zones may be horizontal or vertical.  Ocean zones Horizontal zone It divides the ocean from land to the sea. Intertidal Zone – closest to the shore Neritic Zone – above continental shelf Oceanic Zone – open ocean  Horizontal Oceanic zones Intertidal zone The intertidal zone is the area where the ocean meets the land between high and low tides. It is located on marine coastlines.  Horizontal Oceanic Zones Neritic zone It is the region of shallow water (200m depth) above the continental shelf that extends from the edge of the intertidal zone to the continental slope.  Horizontal Oceanic Zones Oceanic zone It is the open ocean out past the continental shelf. Water is much deeper. Nutrients may be scarce.  Ocean zones Vertical zone It divides the ocean based on depth, beginning at sea level to the deepest point in the ocean. There are five zones. Each zone receives different amount of sunlight.  Vertical Oceanic Zones Epipelagic zone ‘Sunlight Zone’, 0-200 m, receives the direct sunlight  Vertical Oceanic Zones Mesopelagic zone ‘Twilight Zone’, 200 – 1,000 m, limited sunlight can pass through  Vertical Oceanic Zones Bathypelagic zone ‘Midnight Zone’, 2,000 – 4,000 m, no sunlight can pass through  Vertical Oceanic Zones Abyssopelagic zone ‘Abyssal Zone’ 4,000 – 6,000 m, ocean floor lies within this zone, low temperature, high pressure  Vertical Oceanic Zones Hadalpelagic zone ‘Hadal Zone or The Trenches’ , 6,000 m – bottom, Mariana Trench GEOSPHERE THE SOLID EARTH  GEOSPHERE Geosphere is the earth itself, It includes the continental and oceanic crust and all other layers of the Earth's interior. It has three primary layers; core, mantle and crust  Layers of the Geosphere Inner and Outer core Upper and Lower mantle Oceanic and Continental crust INNER CORE OUTER CORE MANTLE  SOLID (plasma) Iron-nickel alloy 6000 °C INNER CORE  LIQUID FORM 4,000 - 5,000 °C causes magnetic field Outer core Mantle 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles) thick makes up a whopping 84% of Earth’s total volume.  Asthenosphere (liquid) Lower mantle Magma (molten rock) 4,000 °C Convection current Upper mantle Lithosphere (solid) 500 - 900 °C Earth’s Magnetic Field Also known as geomagnetic field, protects our planet from cosmic radiation and from the charged particles emitted by our Sun. The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth. It has an Crust average thickness of about 18 miles (30km) below land, and around 6 miles (10km)  Continental crust Oceanic crust  Types of Crust Continental crust granitic rocks forms the continents older & less dense thicker Lithosphere  Lithosphere Asthenosphere  Types of crust SEDIMENTS OCEANIC CRUST basaltic rocks makes up the oceanic floor younger & denser UPPER MANTLE  Discontinuities CONRAD discontinuity between upper and lower crust MOHOROVICIC REPPETI discontinuity between upper GUTENBERG and lower discontinuity mantle between lower mantle and outer core BIOSPHERE THE EARTH’S LIVING THINGS BIOSPHERE The biosphere is the portion where all the life on earth exists. These living components are dependent to the environment where they belong which provides their necessities for survival.  Biosphere & Biota Biosphere Living and non-living things interact with each other Biota Living things only  Biomes ▪ A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location. ▪ Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a particular place and form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the biome  Different Type of Biomes Desert biome Tundra biome Forest biome Taiga biome Grassland biome Aquatic biome  Type of biome Desert biome Receives the least amount of annual precipitation (less than 50 cm per year) Has a layer of soil that can either be sandy, gravelly, or stony, depending on the type of desert The low annual rainfall is caused by the lack of moisture in the wind.  Type of biome Forest biome Any habitat on land that is dominated by trees, and the characteristic communities of plants, animals, and other organisms that inhabit these regions Forests can be classified as temperate deciduous, temperate rain, or tropical rain forests.  Type of biome Grassland biome Composed of land spaces dominantly covered with grasses. This of type biome exists in areas with precipitation greater than 25 cm, but not enough to support trees domination.  Type of biome Taiga biome It is characterized with cone-bearing trees that are well adapted to the cold because of their leaves that have thick coverings. Forest experiencing temperature below 0℃. Taiga covers about 11% of the land mass of this planet making it the world's largest terrestrial biome.  Type of biome Tundra biome The distinct characteristic of tundra is its lack of tree species because of the inability of the roots to penetrate the soil. The soil beneath is permanently frozen. Another reason of lesser flora presence is the annual rainfall same with the desert. Likewise, a few animals live in tundra year-round  Type of biome Aquatic biome The aquatic biome is divided into freshwater and marine regions. Freshwater regions, such as lakes and rivers, have a low salt concentration. Marine regions, such as estuaries and the ocean, have higher salt concentrations. Biogeochemica l Cycle  Biogeochemical cycle It is any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated. The term biogeochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of each cycle.  Biogeochemical cycle Oxygen cycle  Biogeochemical cycle Carbon cycle cycle  Biogeochemical cycle Nitrogen cycle  HUMAN ACTIVITIES How does human activities affect the entire systems of the planet Earth? What can you do to lessen all the negative impacts caused by humans? HUMAN ACTIVITIES INNOVATION RESTORATION IMPLEMENTATION PRESERVATION